Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2015, Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages: 126-133
126
Seasonal Variations in Physico-Chemical Parameters of Sri
Kamatchiamman Temple Pond Chidambaram Taluk, Tamilnadu
B. Elayaraj and M. Selvaraju*
Division of Environmental Science, Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar - 608 002, Tamilnadu,
India.
Received: 02/02/2015 Accepted: 08/06/2015 Published: 30/06/2015
Abstract
In present work an attempt has been made to study the physico-chemical water quality parameters of Sri
Kamatchiamman temple pond (SKT pond), which is an ancient water body located in Kavarappattu village, Chidambaram
taluk. The study was carried out for a period of one year from January to December 2014. Monthly details were collected
and represented seasonally. Different physico-chemical parameters like Air and Water temperature, Turbidity, Electrical
conductivity, Total solids, Total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, Total alkalinity, Total hardness, pH, Free CO
2
,
Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Calcium, Magnesium,
Chloride, Phosphate and Nitrate were analysed. The result indicates that the pond water is in eutrophication and polluted
condition.
Key words: Sri Kamatchiamman temple pond, Physico-chemical parameters, Eutrophication.
1 Introduction
1
Water is one of the most important resources,
whether it is for irrigation, power generation or for
purposes of drinking, manufacturing, etc. The quality of
water is getting vastly deteriorated due to unscientific
waste disposal, improper water management and
carelessness towards the environment; this has led to
scarcity of potable water affecting the human health.
About 71% of the earth surface is covered with water in
which Marine (97.3%), only freshwater (2.7%). Out of
this (freshwater) rivers and lakes form 0.01%, ground
water 0.59% and ice and glacier 2.1%. India is bestowed
with vast freshwater regimes consisting of 45000 km of
rivers, 26,325 km of canals, 2.36 million hectares of
ponds/tanks and 2.05 million hectares of reservoirs. The
water quality in ponds, rivers and streams may vary
depending on the geological morphology, vegetation and
land use (modification by human activities such as
agriculture, industrialization and urbanization) in the
catchment.
Industries, agriculture and urban settlements produce
nutrients (sewage effluent and fertilizers) and toxic
substances, such as organic and inorganic pollutants, and
other chemicals including heavy metals. Water pollution
occurs when these substances, which degrade the water
quality of river, enter the waterway and alter their natural
function. Where ponds and lakes have been profoundly
altered and have lost much of their value, the scientific
understanding of these water bodies is being used in
prescribing restoration methods [1]. Recent reviews
indicate that land degradation, forest loss, biodiversity
and habitat degradation, scarcity and pollution of fresh
Corresponding author: M. Selvaraju, Division of
Environmental Science, Department of Botany,
Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar - 608 002,
Tamilnadu, India. Email: dr.mselvaraju66@gmail.com,
Phone: +919443876130
water are increasing hence this limnological study is
important. There are many man-made ponds in the
village and water from these ponds in used for drinking
purposes. The pond is very economical and eco-friendly
management for harvesting rain water to check the
ground water level depletion. Industrial sewage and
municipal wastes are being added to water reservoirs
affecting physico-chemical quality of water and making
unfit for use of livestock and other organism [2].
Physico-chemical factors are very important in
pollutant or contaminant. The chemical and biological
factors are interrelated and interdependent. The main
objective of the physico-chemical analysis of water is to
determine the status of different chemical constituents,
which are present in the natural and disturbed aquatic
ecosystem. The quality of water may be affected in
various ways due to pollution. The pollution manifests
itself either by altering the existing elements in the water
or by generating new substances (e.g. Ammonia, nitrates,
etc.). Hence, an attempt was made to analyse the
physico-chemical parameters of Sri Kamatchiamman
temple pond water at different seasons.
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study area
The pond selected for the present investigation, is Sri
Kamatchiamman Temple Pond (SKT pond) near
Kavarappattu Village and it is situated at 11º 22' N
latitude and 79º 44' E longitude at an elevation of 7.00 m
above the msl., at a distance of about 7 Km, South East
of Chidambaram Taluk in Cuddalore district of
Tamilnadu state (Fig. 1).
Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com
J. Environ. Treat. Tech.
ISSN: 2309-1185
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2015, Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages: 126-133
127
Fig. 1. Satellite map of SKT pond in Kavarapattu, Chidambaram taluk (TN)
2.2 Sampling collection and analysis
This rain fed pond is partly loaded by the inflow of
municipal sewage and also anthropogenic activities.
Present investigation was carried out to study the
physico-chemical parameters of the Sri Kamatchiamman
temple pond (SKT pond) for four seasons post-monsoon
(January to March), summer (April to June), pre-
monsoon (July to September) and monsoon (October to
December). The sampling stations were selected on the
basis of nature and degree of pollution load being added
to the pond. The water samples for the present study
were collected at a monthly interval for a period of one
year from January to December 2014. Samples were
collected every month from the surface of the pond at
09.00 am - 11.00 pm in order to maintain uniformity.
Since the pond is shallow, samples were collected from
the surface level so as to give integrated sample [3]. The
analysis was carried out as per APHA [4] method.
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Physical parameters
3.1.1 Air temperature and Water temperature (ºC)
The air temperature was recorded high 37.2ºC in
summer season and low 28.0 ºC in monsoon season and
the maximum temperature of pond water was recorded as
36.8ºC in summer season and minimum of 27.4 ºC
monsoon season (Fig.2.). Temperature plays an
important role, which governs the seasonal succession of
the biota. Temperature was high in the months of May
and June which is associated with decreased solubility of
gases in the pond. This investigation is also in close
conformity with the findings of [5 and 6].
3.1.2 Turbidity (NTU)
Turbidity reduces the amount of light penetrating the
water due to the presence of various suspended particles
such as clay, silt, plankton, algae, etc. These suspended
particles absorb more light and results in rising of the
water temperature. High value of turbidity (59.1 NTU)
seen during summer season and low value (31.7 NTU)
during monsoon season respectively (Fig.2.). The high
turbidity during summer season might be responsible for
the higher water temperature because suspended particles
absorb heat from the sun light making the water warm
[7].
3.1.3 Electrical conductivity (µS)
The electrical conductivity (EC) was maximum
(788.9 µS) in monsoon season and minimum (619.5 µS)
in summer season respectively (Fig.3.). The high values
of EC are due to high concentration of ionic constituents
present in the water bodies and reflect the pollution by
domestic wastes. EC is found to be good indicators of the
overall water quality [8, 9].
3.1.4 Total solids (mg/l)
The maximum total solids were recorded as 139 mg/l
in monsoon season and the minimum of 113 mg/l was
noted during summer season in pond water (Fig.3.).
According to [3] total solids in the most of the cases are
organic in nature and pose serious problems of pollution.
These observations also support the findings of [6, 9 and
10].
3.1.6 Total suspended solids (mg/l)
The maximum TSS was recorded as 51.7 mg/l in
summer season and minimum of 42.0 mg/l in monsoon
season (Fig.4.). Solids refer to suspended and dissolved
matter in water. They are very useful parameters in
describing the chemical constituents of the water and can
be considered as a general of edaphic relations that
contribute to productivity within the water body [14].
3.2 Chemical parameters
3.2.1 Total alkalinity (mg/l)
Total alkalinity was high (103.2 mg/l) during
summer season and low (81.2 mg/l) in monsoon season
(Fig.5.). The higher alkalinity values may be due to the
discharge of municipal sewage, domestic sewage and
urban wash off into the fresh water bodies. The
maximum alkalinity was obtained in summer season
whereas minimum in monsoon season may be because of
presence of bicarbonate and hydroxide of Ca, Mg, Na, K
and protein in pond water. The result is also in close
conformity with the findings of [5 and 9].
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2015, Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages: 126-133
128
Fig.2. Seasonal variations of Air temperature, Water temperature and Turbidity of SKT pond
Fig. 3: Seasonal variations of Electrical conductivity and Total solids of SKT pond
Fig. 4: Seasonal variations of Total dissolved solids and Total suspended solids of SKT pond
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Air temperature (º C) Water temperature (º C) Turbidity (NTU)
Concentration (mg/L)
Post-monsoon January Post-monsoon February Post-monsoon March Summer April
Summer May Summer June Pre-monsoon July Pre-monsoon August
Pre-monsoon September Monsoon October Monsoon November Monsoon December
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Electrical conductivity (µS) Total solids (mg/l)
Concentration (mg/L)
Post-monsoon January Post-monsoon February Post-monsoon March Summer April
Summer May Summer June Pre-monsoon July Pre-monsoon August
Pre-monsoon September Monsoon October Monsoon November Monsoon December
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Total dissolved solids (mg/l) Total suspended solids (mg/l)
Concentration (mg/L)
Post-monsoon January Post-monsoon February Post-monsoon March Summer April
Summer May Summer June Pre-monsoon July Pre-monsoon August
Pre-monsoon September Monsoon October Monsoon November Monsoon December
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2015, Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages: 126-133
129
Fig. 5: Seasonal variations of Total alkalinity and Total hardness of SKT pond
3.2.2 Total hardness (mg/l)
The maximum value of total hardness in pond water
was observed as 67.1 mg/l during summer season.
However the minimum value was observed as 56.7 mg/l
in the monsoon season (Fig.5.). The increase in hardness
can be attributed to the decrease in water volume and
increase in the rate of evaporation at high temperature,
high loading organic substances, detergents, chlorides
and other pollutants [15].
3.2.3 pH
The maximum pH value was recorded as 9.09 in
summer season and minimum of 7.67 in monsoon season
(Fig.6.). The lower pH during monsoon is due to high
turbidity and in summer the temperature enhances
microbial activity, causing excessive production of CO
2
and reduced pH. Higher pH value was normally
associated with the high photosynthetic activity in water.
Mishra et al, [9] also found the pH in alkaline trend
throughout the study period. This investigation is also in
close conformity with the report of [5].
3.2.4 Free Carbon dioxide (mg/l)
Carbon dioxide in a water body may be derived from
the atmospheric sources, biotic respiration, inflowing
ground water which seep into the pond, decomposition of
organic matter due to bacteria and may also from within
the water body itself in combination of other substances
mainly calcium, magnesium etc. The maximum (3.38
mg/l) free carbon dioxide (FCO
2
) was observed during
summer season and minimum (2.91 mg/l) value was
observed during monsoon season (Fig.6.). The maximum
free carbon dioxide in summer is due to the
decomposition of organic matter and the respiration of
aquatic flora and fauna, however minimum free carbon
dioxide during monsoon is probably due to a decrease in
the photosynthetic activity of aquatic flora. This
investigation is also in close conformity with the report
of [16].
3.2.5 Dissolved oxygen (mg/l)
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the important
parameters in water quality assessment. Dissolved
oxygen was high (7.65 mg/l) during monsoon season and
low (6.01 mg/l) in summer season during the study
period (Fig.6.). During summer low value of DO was
noticed which may be due to increase values of
phytoplankton or decrease of photosynthetic activity. DO
is regulator of metabolic activities of organisms and thus
governs metabolism of the biological community as a
whole and also acts as an indicator of trophic status of
the water body [17]. Dissolved oxygen showed inverse
relationship with water temperature [18].
3.2.6 Biological oxygen demand (mg/l)
The Biological oxygen demand (BOD) was
maximum (4.68 mg/l) during summer season and the
minimum (2.57 mg/l) during post-monsoon season
(Fig.7.). The increased levels of BOD and COD
indicated the nature of chemical pollution by the entry of
sewage water and industrial effluents. The reason for
high BOD in summer was several microbes present in
the water bodies accelerated their metabolic activities
with concentrated amount of organic matter in the form
of municipal and domestic wastes discharge into water
bodies and hence required more amount of oxygen and
so the demand of O
2
increased [19].
3.2.7 Chemical oxygen demand (mg/l)
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of
oxygen required for complete oxidation of organic matter
by a strong oxidant. The Chemical oxygen demand was
high (7.84 mg/l) during post-monsoon season and low
(5.58 mg/l) in pre-monsoon season during the study
period (Fig.7.). During the course of study the value of
COD were found to be higher than BOD values. The
high COD values indicate that some degree of non-
biodegradable oxygen demanding pollutants were
present in the water. The values of COD in conjugation
with BOD are helpful in knowing the toxic conditions
and presence of biologically resist organic substances.
These observations support the findings of [20 and 21).
The other factor responsible for increased COD
concentration might be the establishment of human
colonies at the bank of pond who are responsible for
adding domestic sewage thus resulting in higher COD
[22 and 23].
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Total alkalinity (mg/l) Total hardness (mg/l)
Concentration (mg/L)
Post-monsoon January Post-monsoon February Post-monsoon March Summer April
Summer May Summer June Pre-monsoon July Pre-monsoon August
Pre-monsoon September Monsoon October Monsoon November Monsoon December
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2015, Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages: 126-133
130
Fig.6. Seasonal variations of pH, Free CO
2
and Dissolved oxygen of SKT pond
Fig. 7: Seasonal variations of Biological Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand of SKT pond
3.2.8 Calcium (mg/l)
Calcium is an important nutrient for aquatic
organism and it is commonly present in all water bodies
[24]. The maximum (36.2 mg/l) amount of calcium in the
water was recorded during summer season and minimum
(26.61 mg/l) amount was recorded during monsoon
season (Fig.8.). Calcium is present in water naturally, but
the addition of sewage waste might also be responsible
for the increase in amount of calcium [25 and 26]. The
decrease in amount of calcium may be due to its
absorption by living organisms.
3.2.9 Magnesium (mg/l)
Magnesium is found in various salt and minerals,
frequently in association with iron compound.
Magnesium is vital micronutrient for both plant and
animal. Magnesium is often associated with calcium in
all kind of water, but its concentration remains generally
lower than the calcium [27]. The maximum (15.8 mg/l)
amount of magnesium in the water was recorded during
summer season and minimum (9.48 mg/l) amount was
recorded during monsoon season (Fig.8.). Decrease in
level of magnesium reduces the phytoplankton
population [28] suggested that the considerable amount
of magnesium influence water quality. Various sub-
processes like bating, picking, tanning, dyeing and fat
liquoring causes water pollution [29).
3.2.10 Chloride (mg/l)
The chloride content was maximum (70.88 mg/l)
during summer season and minimum (59.64 mg/l) during
post-monsoon season (Fig.8.). The higher concentration
of Chloride is considered to be an indicator of higher
pollution due to higher organic waste of animal origin.
Moundiotiya et al, [10], Mishra et al, [9] and Arya et al,
[5] also reported similar results. Govindan and
Sundaresan [30] observed that concentration of higher
Chloride in the summer period could be also due to
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
pH Free Carbon dioxide (mg/l) Dissolved oxygen (mg/l)
Concentration (mg/L)
Post-monsoon January Post-monsoon February Post-monsoon March Summer April
Summer May Summer June Pre-monsoon July Pre-monsoon August
Pre-monsoon September Monsoon October Monsoon November Monsoon December
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2015, Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages: 126-133
131
sewage mixing and increased temperature and
evaporation by water.
3.2.11 Phosphate (mg/l)
The maximum phosphate content was recorded (2.26
mg/l) during summer season and minimum (1.8 mg/l) in
monsoon season (Fig.9.). Phosphate has a few sources in
nature and also acts as a regulating factor for
productivity of water body. Phosphate may occur in lake
as result of domestic waste, detergent and agricultural
run-off containing fertilizer [31]. Higher concentration of
phosphate is an indicator of pollution, which induce
possibility of eutrophication [32].
Fig.8. Seasonal variations of Calcium, Magnesium and Chloride of SKT pond
Fig.9. Seasonal variations of Phosphate and Nitrate of SKT pond
3.2.1 Nitrate (mg/l)
During the study period pond water showed the
maximum nitrate content 3.27 mg/l respectively during
post-monsoon season and minimum of 2.78 mg/l in
summer and monsoon season respectively (Fig.9.). The
different water sources showed significant effect on pond
water nitrate content. Nitrogen-nitrite is the middle step
of nitrogen. Oxidation of ammonia first produces nitrite
and then nitrate. Lower concentration of nitrite in
summer and monsoon may due to the utilization by
eutrophication [33].
4 Conclusions
The critical parameters like TS, TDS, TSS, total
alkalinity, total hardness, BOD and COD are above
prescribed limits. The summer and post-monsoon season
are more polluted when compared to other seasons. The
pond water is highly polluted and unsafe for human use.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Calcium (mg/l) Magnesium (mg/l) Chloride (mg/l)
Concentration (mg/L)
Post-monsoon January Post-monsoon February Post-monsoon March Summer April
Summer May Summer June Pre-monsoon July Pre-monsoon August
Pre-monsoon September Monsoon October Monsoon November Monsoon December
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Phosphate (mg/l) Nitrate (mg/l)
Post-monsoon January Post-monsoon February Post-monsoon March Summer April
Summer May Summer June Pre-monsoon July Pre-monsoon August
Pre-monsoon September Monsoon October Monsoon November Monsoon December
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2015, Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages: 126-133
132
The analysis of physico-chemical parameters had
indicated the wider human activity and influx of
domestic waste in ponds which caused eutrophication.
Therefore it can be concluded through this study that the
Sri Kamatchiamman temple (SKT) pond with social and
cultural importance is degrading at an alarming rate. It is
suggested that an awareness programmes should be taken
up in the adjoin area to educate people about the adverse
effect of water pollution. Also, periodic monitoring of
water quality in the pond to ensure no further
degradation has been recommended.
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