1 Introduction[*]

At present Bangladesh is a standout amongst the most populated nations in South Asia having roughly 150 million individuals where the quantity of populace per square kilometer is 1,125 [1]. During the period of 1951, rural area of this country had 95.67% of the entire population [2]. Only 4.3% people lived in city, but this circumstance began to change because of quick urbanization as population of urban area has been expanding at a disturbing rate every year (3.27%) while 1.4% is calculated in case of rural area which brought about migration from rural region to urban region for having a better life and better civilities [2]. The urban population of this nation is presently 40 million, which is 28% of the total population of this nation and it is anticipated that it will be 140 million in 2040 which is unquestionably going to be a fiasco [3,4]. Among the urban zones of Bangladesh, Dhaka city is at the most noteworthy danger. As per the Economics Intelligence Unit, Dhaka city is the second most exceedingly bad place of this planet to live. This city of 14.2 million [5] individuals, where the population is expanding at a rate of 6% every year [6] and it is assessed that by 2020, population of this city will be 20 million [7]. In spite of the fact that Dhaka is the heart of the nation, yet with the quickly expanding population, the physical development of Dhaka is extremely impromptu and erratic [8]. On account of the impromptu and unmanageable development, the city is confronting major issues like poverty, inadequate lodging for the city tenants etc. [9]. Under these situations, Dhaka city has also been facing several environmental issues like sanitation blockage, absence of water supply, air contamination, water pollution, traffic congestion, waste management problem, deforestation etc. [10]. Among these, solid waste management has turned into a noteworthy concern towards the urban communities and towns of Bangladesh. Controlling urban solid waste is an inevitable challenge in developing countries, basically in the larger urban centers like Dhaka city [11]. Hasty and unpremeditated urbanization leaves regions to a great extent, overpowered with regards to the gathering and dumping of mounting measures of solid waste [12]. Absence of monetary assets, institutional shortcoming and inappropriate choice of technology and absence of public consciousness have made solid waste management services far from satisfactory [2]. City administrations in many urban areas and towns are as of now over-troubled, and just can't take care of the developing demand for municipal administrations, bringing about unhygienic and smudged living condition in the areas [13]. So as to manage the overall circumstance, legitimate study is required to break down the urban waste management situation of Dhaka City [14].

Economic improvement, urbanization and enhancing expectations for everyday comforts in urban areas have prompted an increment in the amount and multifaceted nature of producing waste [7]. Solid waste management represents a prominent issue in light of the fact that it prompts land contamination if transparently dumped, water contamination if dumped in the swamps and air contamination if smoldered [13]. Dhaka city is confronting serious environmental imbalance because of the uncollected transfer of waste on avenues and other open territories, obstructed seepage by tainting of water assets [15]. The residents of this city are not content about the present circumstance. Authority is searching for approaches to enhance the general circumstance likewise by expanding recycling rates [16,17]. A huge volume of solid waste is produced each day in the city regions and shockingly solid waste management is being disintegrated step by step because of the constrained assets. The urban zone of Bangladesh produces roughly 16,015 tons of waste for each day, which indicates more than 5.84 million tons every year [18]. It is anticipated this sum will grow up to 47,000 tons per day and near 17.16 million tons for each year by 2025 because of rapid development, both in the population and the increment in per capita waste generation [18]. Per capita waste generation rate is estimated at 0.41 kg on a daily basis in urban territory of Bangladesh [2]. If we think globally, the calculated amount of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is 1.7 – 1.9 billion metric ton [19]. Near about 40% waste is collected by the authority, but uncollected waste is dropped in open dustbin beside the road which is very detrimental to the environment. Considering the Dhaka city's fast development and lacking waste management, the requirement for enhanced strong waste management shows a key open door for concurrently tending to the environmental and health issue [20]. There is a variation of waste generation between Old Dhaka and New Dhaka. Dhaka creates roughly 1.65 million metric waste every year and per person waste generation is somewhere around 0.29 and 0.60 kilograms dependent upon the people of various income levels [4] and this city is now producing 4,600-5,110 tons of waste per day [21].

The two administrative units of Dhaka city (Dhaka North City Corporation and Dhaka South City Corporation) are in charge of collecting waste and its disposal in their particular ranges. A recent report of 2007 assessed that around 42% of the whole city's waste are managed by DSCC and DNCC and 14-17% of the city corporation budget is used for solid waste management [22]. Around 7,500 cleaners are occupied with road clearing and waste accumulation action as they collect waste from the bin located at several points in the area, but there is no specific rule and regulation of locating the dustbin [23].

Old Dhaka, part of the DSCC is extremely dense in terms of population, trade and business activities. Very old and compact building structures, tight roads, commercial activities, absence of open spaces and inadvertent growth are the main characteristics of the area. Because of the profoundly populated region, it is extremely difficult for the city corporation authority to afford adequate support for waste collection. It is previously specified that, waste collection is unsatisfactory in DSCC regions as the administrative capacity of the authority is very poor. Considering the capability of the authority and context of the Old Dhaka region, this study was attempted to investigate the waste collection status, coverage of waste collection service, waste collection system, status of waste dumping station, proficiency of ward authority of waste collection and to sort the areas where waste collection service is not present.

2 Objectives and Site Selection

In the broader context, the aim of the study is to explore the waste collection status and system in the study area. More specifically the objectives of the study are

a. To identify the methods and coverage of the waste collection services.

b. To identify the waste dumping spots in the study area.

c. To explore the strength of the authority to collect the wastes.

Ward 33 of Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC) has been chosen for the present study. This area is very compact in terms of population and commercial activity. As indicated by Population and Housing Census 2011, more than 65 thousand individuals live in 12,891 family units (BBS, 2012). The size of the average family size unit is 4.9. 10,723 households live in residential units, 16 households are official and 2,152 households are kept in another category [12]. Most of the household’s source of income is service activity. Table 1 illustrates the basic statistics of ward 33 and figure 2 shows the administrative units of the study area.

3 Methodology

Base map of ward 33 was collected from two sources. One is from the Dhaka City Authority (DCA) and another is from the Center for Urban Studies (CUS). Both these maps comprehend the major characteristics of the study region. Secondary data have been collected from different reports and statistics. Magellan Triton 300 Handheld GPS (Global Positioning System) was used in order to identify the van routes by which city authority collects waste, bin & its capacity, unauthorized dumping spots and those areas which do not get any waste collection service. Institutional survey was directed to identify the capacity of the ward authority regarding waste collection system by consulting with the people of ward office. Collected data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 10 and mapping was done using ArcGIS 10.1.

3 Results and Findings

Like other parts of the city, Ward 33 has a likewise absence of solid waste management service. It is difficult to collect waste material from each part of the area due to the mixed land use pattern, high population density and narrow road structure. According to Ward Authority, everyday more than 32 metric tons of household solid waste are generated in Ward-33. But the city authority can collect and manage only 80% of the generated waste. Around there are two sorts of waste collection framework existed in the vast majority of the zone. In most of the area, the city authority collects the household and industrial waste. City authority provides door to door services in some areas.

Figure 2: Administrative Map of DSCC (Ward No.33)

Table 1: Demographic Characteristics of the Study Area (Source: BBS, 2012)

Population	65,289
Households	12,891
Average Household Size	4.9
Household Types
Dwelling	Institutional	Others
10,723	16	2,152
Literacy Rate	73.40%
Source of Income
Agriculture	Industrial	Service
Male-17, Female-0	Male-395, Female-9	Male-5,168, Female-789
Electricity Coverage (% of HH)	99.80%
Sanitation Coverage (% of HH)	96.90%
Sources of Drinking Water
Tap	Tube well	Other
96.10%	3.60%	0.20%
Type of Household Structure
Pucca	Semi Pucca	Jhupri
86.20%	13.20%	0.30%

Table 2: Waste Collection System and Coverage

Mahallah name	Coverage (%)	Service available		Road side dumping
Mahallah name	Coverage (%)	Van	Dustbin	Road side dumping
Abul Hasnat Road	Maximum (70%)			No
Agamasi Lane	Full			Yes
Ali Naki Deure	Partiall (30%)			Yes
B.K Ganguli Lane	Full			Yes
Abdul Hadi Lane	Full			No
Sikkatuli Lane	Partiall (40%)			No
Chankharpool Lane	Maximum (80%)			No
Nawab Katara	Full			No
Nazimuddin Road	Full			No
Uttar Bangshal Road	Partiall (20%)			Yes
Aga Sadeque Lane	Full			No

3.3.6 Sikkatuli Lane

Sikkatuli Lane is mainly an industrial area. Van service is not available in this area. People use the nearest dumping station to dump the waste. The city authority collects waste from those dustbins 3-4 days in a week.

3.3.7 Chankharpool Lane

Approximately 80% area gets services from the city authority. Although door to door service is available, but it is not on a regular basis (only a few days in a week). Road side waste dumping was not seen in that area during the survey.

3.3.8 Nawab Katara Road

The waste collection service of this area is satisfactory. Door to door collection by van service is available in the whole area and road side dumping is not visible in this area.

3.3.9 Nazimuddin Road

Nazimuddin Road area is mainly a commercial area but there are some households also. Although van service is available, but there is no dustbin in this area.

3.3.10 Uttar Bangshal Road

This area is mainly an industrial area and road side dumping is the highest in this area. Sometimes the city authority collects waste from the road. In areal context, the coverage is not more than 25%.

3.4 Capacity of Ward Authority to Collect Waste

Capacity of ward authority to collect waste is limited. There is an acute shortage of manpower and equipment also. This ward is different from the other regions of Dhaka city because of its high population density and waste generation. The management system is also found very week. There are only two trucks for transporting collected garbage, but each truck has 1¹/₂tons capacity only (Table 3). To collect waste from household and road side garbage, there are only 8 vans, which are insufficient to collect and manage the regular waste.

4 Conclusion

In the old part of Dhaka, solid waste management is relatively much poorer than the other area. In this study, it has been tried to explore the state of solid waste collection system in ward 33 of old Dhaka. Ward 33 is one of the most densely populated areas in Dhaka city and the land use pattern of the area is characterized by intensive commercial, industrial and residential uses. Because of the high density, generation of solid waste is also very high. The overall solid waste collection was found to be moderate. In most of the areas, household wastes are collected by vans although the service is not regular. Central part of the ward 33 is found quiet good because of the availability of the door to door waste collection system. Six mahallahs among eleven are fully under coverage of waste collection. Van service is available in eight mahallahs and authorized dustbins are available in seven mahallahs. The route of vans and location of authorized and unauthorized dumping stations are mapped in order to identify the service gap in Ward 33. The capacity of the authority is not sufficient to support all the areas of ward. So for the proper management of the waste, it is necessary to enhance the capacity of the authority and aware people to participate in that process.

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Correspoding author: S. M. Saify Iqbal, Research Assistant, Centre for Climate Justice, Bangladesh (CCJ-B).

E-mail: dusaify@gmail.com.

Name of the equipment	Number of the equipment	Capacity
Bin and Container	11	5 tons (2) and 3 tons (9)
Open Truck	2	1.5 tons
Van	8	-