Removal of CO2 from Gas Mixture by Aqueous Blends of Monoethanolamine Piperazine and Thermodynamic Analysis Using the Improved Kent Eisenberg Model

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages: 142-149

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

Green Synthesis and Characterization of

Spherical Structure Silver Nanoparticles Using

Wheatgrass Extract

†

1,2

†1

Mohammad Amin Jadidi Kouhbanani , Nasrin Beheshtkhoo , Gholamreza Fotoohiardakani ,

1,6

Hossein Hosseini-Nave , Saeed Taghizadeh , Ali Mohammad Amani *

1-Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of

Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

- NanoBioElectrochemistry Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran

- Depatment of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran

- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran.

5- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical

Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

- Applied Nanobiophotonics Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Received: 03/09/2018 Accepted: 10/02/2019 Published: 30/03/2019

Abstract

In this research, silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using green approaches. Biosynthesis using plant extract

was applied as a green method to the preparation of silver nanoparticles. In this work, the effect of Wheatgrass extract was

investigated as reducing an agent. As-synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized using several physical methods such as,

powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FT-IR analysis, UV-vis spectroscopy and dynamic

light scattering method (DLS). The result of TEM images showed that silver nanoparticles were formed as spherical particles with

high monodispersity and size 21-32 nm. Additionally, the size distribution of these nanoparticles was calculated with DLS

histogram which the result was in agreement with the result of TEM image with average size 28 nm. Since, the Wheatgrass extract

play an important role as the capping agent, the present of this extract on the surface of silver nanoparticles was to study using

FTIR analysis and the result approved the present of many functional groups on the surface of nanoparticles. Briefly, this strategy

provides a simple, cost effect and eco-friendly way to prepare nanoparticles without using hazardous chemical agents.

Keywords: Silver nanoparticles, Green synthesis, Biosynthesis, Wheatgrass extract

as well as the presence of impurities (such as organic and

Introduction

inorganic materials) in final nanostructures. On the other

hand, instead of chemical and physical methods, the

replacement of green synthesis approaches is due to the

advantages of this method, which includes simple, eco-

friendly, inexpensive and availability (2). The green

synthesis of the nanomaterials was carried out using the

types of microorganism (8), plant (9), different fruit extracts

Environmental engineering is an important field of study

to increase the quality of human life. Nanotechnology has a

wide range of applications in environmental engineering.

Over the last few decades, green eco-friendly strategy has

remarkably been considered for the synthesis of a wide range

of nanostructures (1). Many types of nanostructures, such as

metal nanostructures (2), magnetic nanoparticles (3),

nanocomposite (4) and metal oxide nanoparticles (5), were

synthesized using this method. The synthesis of

nanomaterials by conventional methods have a fundamental

challenge during synthesis procedures due to applying

chemical substrate as the capping agent, surfactant and

reducing the agent (6,7). These challenges include the

introduction of harmful contaminations into an environment

(

10) and biodegradable polymers (11). These natural agents

greatly affect the particle size, stability and morphology of

nanostructures (11).

Nowadays, metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have

dramatically attracted many researchers because of

physicochemical properties and also an application in

various fields (12,13). The size of nanoparticles are between

to 100 nm that play a major role in properties and

Corresponding author: Dr. Ali Mohammad Amani, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical

Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. E-mail: Amani_a@sums.ac.ir. Tel: +98

171324701.

†

These authors contributed equally to this work.

142

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2019, Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages: 142-149

application of this material (14). Beside, large surface to

volume ratio of nanoparticles has a significant effect on its

activity and performance in all of applications (15,16). Some

applications of these structures involve industrial (17),

agricultural (18), water treatment (19) and medicine (20) and

also these materials were used as computer transistors (21),

medical imaging agent (22), chemical sensors (23) and

filters (24).

Noble metal nanostructures such as gold (Au) (25),

silver (Ag) (26) and platinum (Pt) (27) were known as main

nanoparticles in nanotechnology and nanomedicine fields

because of surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) properties

environment and also contrary to the principles of green

chemistry. In this regard, applying microorganism and plant

was developed as the green agent for the synthesis of silver

nanoparticles (41,42). Additionally, some types of natural

agents, such as fungus (43) and enzymes (43), were

considered by researchers, while plant and plant extract has

widely been progressed as the agent to achieve this aim.

Plant extract can be played not only the capping agent but

also the surfactant role in this synthesis method. In addition,

the plant extract is a non-toxic and safe substitute for

hazardous chemical reducing the agents in green synthesis

of Ag nanoparticles (2). In previous literatures, several types

of plant were reported such as Bamboo charcoal (44),

marigold flower (45), Aloe vera (46), Tamarind fruiti (47),

Diospyros paniculata (48), Azadirachta indicia (49) and

Artocarpus heterophyllus (50).

Wheatgrass plant was also known with other names such

as Agropyron repens, Brote del Trigo, Agropyre, Doggrass,

Elymus repens, Graminis Rhizoma, Quackgrass, Scotch

Quelch, Triticum repens and Wheat Grass. This plant is

formed in young grass of the common wheat plant that is

usually called as triticum aestivum. Wheatgrass has many

pharmaceutical properties as juice and powder for both

humans and animals (51). Some medicines properties of this

plant involve reducing high blood pressure and cholesterol,

preventing tooth decay, heal wounds and antibacterial.

(

28). In recent years, Ag NP has been considered in

comparison with others due to its unique properties. This

material was employed in various application as catalyst/

photo-catalyst in combination with other materials (29,30),

sensor/biosensor (31) and antimicrobial agent (32).

According to previse literatures, silver nanoparticle can be

an inhibitory effect on several types of gram positive and

gram negative bacteria such as aureus, Syphillis,

Escherichia coli, Vibria cholera, Bacillus subtilis,

Staphylococcus typhus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Also,

Ag NP was used in several drugs form such as topical

ointments as antibacterial agent (33,34). Exceptional

properties of Ag NPs are strongly related to the synthesis

methods and strategies. Some physical and chemical

approaches were employed for the preparation of silver

nanoparticles using chemical agent and device. These

methods included photochemical reduction (35),

evaporation- condensation (36), laser ablation (37),

electrochemical techniques (38), chemical reaction by

organic and inorganic agents, gamma irradiation (39),

thermal decomposition of silver oxide in water and ethylen

glycol (15), microwave processing (40). All of chemical

methods need to hazardous and toxic agent such as the

surfactant and capping agent as well as in physical method

need to high energy (such as microwave and UV irradiation)

and complex device for synthesis of Ag NPs. Indeed, using

these methods can be a threat to the health of the

Extract wheatgrass was composed of

a variety of

compounds such as vitamin C, vitamin E, thiamin, niacin,

pantothenic acid, protein, riboflavin, polyphenol, amino acid

and so on (52). Although several studies have been carried

out on syntheses of nanoparticles (53–65), in this research,

silver nanoparticle has been synthesized by the green

strategy applying extract wheatgrass in mild condition.

Aqueous wheatgrass solution provides a safe, cost effect and

environment friendly approach for the green synthesis of Ag

NPs in water media. Additionally, the final product was

characterized by many types of the physical method.

Fig. 1. Display of the important molecular structure in wheatgrass extract

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2019, Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages: 142-149

distillated water and transferred to Soxhlet system for the

extract and then the fresh extract was cooled at room

temperature to use in next step.

Material and Method

.1 Instruments

The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern

measurements of the samples were recorded on a Holland-

Philips X-ray powder diffractometer using Cu K radiation

.2.2 Synthesis of silver nanoparticles

At first, 20 ml different concentrations of Wheatgrass

(λ= 0.1542 nm) with scattering angles (2) of 5-80◦,

extract from 5% to 20% was prepared and also 5 ml an

aqueous solution from Ag NO (0.01mM,) prepared for per

synthesis of Ag NPs in separately backer. In each test, 20 ml

of fresh Wheatgrass extract was added to 5 ml AgNO

0.01nm) in round-bottom flask and stirred with magnetic

operating at 40 kV and a cathode current of 20 mA.

Additionally, some specimens of synthesized Ag NPs for

TEM studies were prepared by ultrasonic dispersion of the

NPs in ethanol, and the suspensions were dropped onto a

carbon-coated copper grid. TEM was carried out using a

(

stirrer under reflux condition for 30 min which after this

time, the color of suspension changed from light- yellow to

dark-brown. Specifically, changing the color in synthesis of

Ag nanoparticle indicated that the Ag reduced to Ag in the

presence of plant extracts. After this, suspension was cooled

at room temperature and stocked to characterize.

(

CM30 3000Kv). FT-IR spectra were recorded to investigate

the functional group on samples which carried out on a

Bruker VERTEX 80 v model using the KBr disk method.

The size distribution of Ag NPs was characterized by the

DLS approach, using a computerized inspection system

(

MALVERN Zen3600) with DTS® (nano) software. UV-

Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis) analyses were taken using a

Varian Cary 50 UV–vis spectrophotometer. Spectra were

recorded in a range of 350-800 nm.

Result and Discussion

Ag NPs was prepared by the reaction of AgNO while

Wheatgrass extract was used as solvent and the capping

agent. Therefore, in the first step, crystal structure of Ag NPs

was determined by X-ray diffraction analyses which the

results of this analysis were indicated in figure 2. The

diffraction peaks are in agreement with a face-centered cubic

(FCC) phase that this list peals matches the reference file

with JCPD= 04-0873. The spectrum displays five diffraction

peaks at 2θ˚= 38.22, 44.37, 64.54 and 77.47 represent as well

as this peaks related to (111), (200), (220) and (311) planet

of Ag NPs with FCC crystalline structure. Additionally, the

unassigned predominant sharp peak in 2θ˚=32.40 and

unassigned weak peaks in 2θ˚= 28, 46 and 65, which are

marked with the mark (#), correspond to crystalline phase of

bioorganic in Wheatgrass extract on surface of Ag NPs

(48,66,67).

.2 Materials

Silver nitrate was purchased from Merck Company for this

study and was used without any renewed purification. Fresh

samples of Wheatgrass parts consisting of leaves and stems

were identified and collected. To remove pollution, all of

glassware were cleaned with dilute HNO acid and rinsed

with distilled water as well as dried in an oven.

.2.1 Preparation of Wheatgrass Extract

It is preferable that fresh Wheatgrass extract be used to

reduce Ag to Ag . The plant was collected from its growing

area and then it was washed with distillated water to remove

any pollution and dried in the dark place. The dried plant was

grinded to obtain powders with mesh 20 for extract using

Soxhlet system. Hence, 5 g powder plant was added to

Fig. 2. XRD pattern of biosynthesized Ag NPs using wheatgrass extract.

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2019, Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages: 142-149

Figure 3 show the comparison of UV-visible absorption

crystalline structure. The images display the monodispersity

in all of the particles without any aggregation which this

concept demonstrates the successful synthesis of silver

nanoparticles in the presence of plant extracts as the capping

agent and surfactant to control the morphology and size of

nanoparticles. The size distribution of spherical

nanoparticles was considered about 26-30 nm in diameter.

Fundamentally, monodispersity, small size and spherical

structure for Ag nanoparticles are three important factors in

medicine applications. Hence, table 1 compares the used

plant and the particle size of the silver nanoparticles in the

previous work with Ag nanoparticles synthesized in this

work.

spectroscopy diagram of Wheatgrass extract, AgNO

solution and Ag NPs. According to the results, colorless

AgNO solution hasn’t any obvious peak at 350-800 nm

range and light-yellow Wheatgrass extract has a weak peak

at 410 nm. While the reaction of colorless AgNO salt

solution with light-yellow Wheatgrass extract solution led to

formation a dark-brown suspension which this suspension

has a sharp peak about 450 nm at 350-800 nm range.

Therefore, changing the color and subsequently the

appearance of the peak in visible range confirm the success

synthesis of Ag NPs by this green method which this

observed peak is compatible with the previous report at 400-

500 nm range (50).

Fig.4: FTIR spectroscopy of prepared silver nanoparticles by green

synthesis.

Fig. 3: UV-vis spectroscopy of AgNO wheatgrass extract and Ag

NPs.

Additional information on the particle size distribution

was obtained using DLS analysis. DLS size distribution

histogram of as-prepared Ag NPs was illustrated in figure 6.

The results show that size distribution ranges of

biosynthesized Ag NPs are from 21 to 36 nm which this

range matches with the result of TEM image. The average

particle size distribution was calculated that this value was

28 nm for Ag NPs. Narrow DLS size distribution histogram

in this case is approved the monodispersity of silver

nanoparticle and the main role of Wheatgrass extract as the

capping agent.

Moreover, FTIR analysis was carried out to approve the

-1

formation of Ag NPs at 4000-500 cm range. Figure 4

indicates many peaks which these peaks related to functional

gropes of Wheatgrass extract on surface of Ag nanoparticles.

-1

According to figure 4, three peaks at 3500 to 3400 cm range

are corresponded to N-H stretching of the amide group and

-1

observed band at 3232 cm is assigned to O-H stretching of

the pantothenic acid group. In addition, the very weak band

of alkane C–H stretching vibrations of methyl, methylene,

-1

and methoxy groups can be observed at 2922 cm and also

the binary peak at 1632 and 1616 can be assigned to C=O

stretching vibrations of pantothenic acid. Moreover, the peak

at 1383 represented the C–H bending and peak in 1111 could

be related to C–OH bond stretching. Finally, the vibration of

-1

aromatic ring in Wheatgrass extract can be seen at 616 cm .

The result of the FTIR analysis approved the capping agent

role of the extract in the formation of Ag NPs which scheme

showed this role of the extract in the formation and growth

of nanoparticles.

As a general trend, the low and high-magnification TEM

image was carried out to investigate the morphology and size

distribution of as-synthesized silver nanoparticles. High-

magnification TEM image in figure 5a reveals that Ag NPs

were formed as a spherical particle with high high-quality

Fig. 6: DLS of green synthesized Ag NPs by wheatgrass extract

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2019, Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages: 142-149

Scheme 1. The role of polyphenolic structures as the capping agent to contorol of Ag crystal growgh

Fig. 5: TEM image of synthesized AgNPs using wheatgrass extract (a) high-magnification and (b) low magnification.

Table 1: Deference plant for biosynthesis of silver nanoparticle and their size and morphology compared to prepared silver

nanoparticle in this study.

Plant

Catharanthus roseus

Tamarind fruit

Azadirachta indica

Prunus japonica (Rosaceae)

Type of Nanoparticle

Size (nm)

35-55 nm

200 nm

34 nm

Morphology

Spherical

Triangles, Pentagons and Hexagons (68)

Spherical

References

(42)

silver

(49)

(69)

silver

24 nm

gold, silver &

silver-gold alloys

silver

Azadirachta indica (neem)

5–35 & 50–100

Spherical, Triangular, Hexagonal

(50)

Carica papaya

Agropyron repens

60–80

21-39

spherical

(70)

This work

silver

solution in the presence of the Wheatgrass extract led to

preparing Ag NPs. Different characterization methods, such

as XRD, TEM, FTIR, DLS and UV-vis spectroscopy,

confirmed the successful synthesis of Ag NPs. The result of

TEM image and DLS analysis were in agreement and

showed average particle size 28 nm. Similarly, the spherical

structures for Ag NPs were indicated by TEM images.

Conclusion

Green synthesis of nanomaterials is one of the very

interesting topics in nanotechnology field. In this regard,

biosynthesis using the plant and plant extract was progressed

in recent years. In this work, the Wheatgrass extract was

applied as reducing the agent to convert the Ag cation in

AgNO

solution to Ag . Thus, the reaction of AgNO

146

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2019, Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages: 142-149

Additionally, FTIR results displayed that Wheatgrass extract

was as the capping agent and surfactant to control of

morphology and particle size of these nanoparticles. Finally,

this method can be employed to synthesis any types of metal

nanoparticles in large scale as well as remove many toxic

chemical reagents for the preparation of nanomaterials.

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Acknowledgments

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We gratefully acknowledge the support and generosity

of department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of

Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz

University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran without which

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