Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 2, Pages: 196-200

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

Activities of Crude, Acetone and Ethanolic

Extracts of Capsicum frutescens var. minima

Fruit Against Larva of Anopheles gambiae

Sylvester Chibueze Izah*

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa state, Nigeria

Received: 21/02/2019

Accepted: 06/03/2019

Published: 01/06/2019

Abstract

This study evaluated the activities of crude, acetone and ethanolic extracts of Capsicum frutescens var. minima fruit against

Anopheles gambiae larva. The bioassay was carried out for 24 hours using Anopheles gambiae larva obtained from the wild. The

Anopheles gambiae was identified following standard protocol. Results showed that the mortality rate increased statistically at

p<0.05 as the concentration of the plant extracts increased. The ethanolic, acetone and crude extracts had LC₅₀value of 115.24

ppm, 173.16 ppm and 265.19 ppm respectively, being apparently different. The efficacy of the Capsicum frutescens var. minima

fruit were in the order aqueous < acetone < ethanol. Based on the findings of this study, there is the need for research to focus on

the isolation and purification of the exact bioactive ingredients that enables Capsicum frutescens var. minima fruit confers

insecticidal potentials.

Keywords: Capsicum frutescens, Malaria, Medicinal plants, Solvents, Vector borne disease

These four genera are known to transmit some vital

diseases that affect humans and other animals [1].

Introduction

Mosquito, a protozoan, is known to transmit vector-

In many regions that malaria is endemic the genus

Anopheles is the most important iniquitous dipteran fly that

transmits the disease. Though, other mosquito such Aedes

aegypti transmits chikungunya, yellow and dengue fevers;

and Culex quinquefasciatus transmits lymphatic filariasis

borne disease such as malaria, filariasis, yellow fever,

dengue fever, encephalitis especially in the tropical

countries [1-3]. According to Dash et al. [4], Ndiok et al.

[3], mosquito belong to the Diptera Order and Culicidae

Family which consist of three sub-families viz:

Anophelinae (in this subfamily, the genus Anopheles is the

most essential mosquito which has several species),

Culicinae (consist of several genera including Aedes,

[1]. Malaria is transmitted through the bit of female

Anopheles mosquito comprising of Anopheles gambiae,

Anopheles funestus, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles

melas [6]. Of these species, Anopheles gambiae and

Anopheles arabiensis are the dominant malaria vectors in

the sub-Saharan Africa [1, 7, 8].

For thousands of years, mosquitoes have co-existed

with humans [9]. These mosquitoes in the tropical region

are found in dirty environments (viz: stagnant water, slow

flowing water, flowing water with several blockage and

sand) [1]. Mosquito disturbs human during sleep through

their noise, blood sucking and biting. The nuisance they

constitute varies according to climate and weather

conditions. Under Nigerian condition, mosquito biting is

more intense between 6 to 7 a.m and optimal between 10

pm and 4 am [3, 10].

Coquillettidia,

Culex,

Culiseta,

Orthopodomyia,

Psorophora, etc) and Toxorhynchitinae (consisting of only

one genus Toxorhynchites which occurs mainly in the

tropics). Several species of mosquito abound in different

region of the world. Studies have suggested that there are

about 3,500 species of mosquitoes in the various region of

the world which are distributed into several genera within

each sub-families [1-5]. Among these sub-families some of

the genera are not common such as Orthopodomyia,

Psorophora, Uranotaenia, Coquillettidia, Orthopodomyia

and Uranotaenia in many part of the world compared to the

genera such as Aedes, Culex, Anopheles and Mansonia.

Iniquitous dipteran fly (mosquito) transmits diseases to

a significant number of world population in different

regions including Africa, South America, Central America,

Mexico and Asia causing millions of deaths per annum.

WHO [11] reported that of all disease-transmitting insects,

mosquito causes the greatest menace, spreading malaria,

Corresponding author: Sylvester Chibueze Izah,

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science,

Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa state,

Nigeria. E-mail:chivestizah@gmail.com.

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 2, Pages: 196-200

dengue and yellow fever, which together are responsible for

several million deaths and hundreds of millions of cases per

annum. Other studies have indicated that malaria endemic

in about 109 nations, infecting approximately 190-330

million people and causing about 1 million deaths annually

soaked for 48 hours. Then after, the mixture was filtered

using double layered muslin cloth. The resultant filtrate was

concentrated using rotatory evaporator. The solid residue

was reconstituted with distilled water to varying

concentrations.

[3, 7]. In a related study, WHO [11] reported that malaria is

endemic in 91 countries, with about 40% of the global

population at risk of infection, and up to 500 million cases

occurs per annum. Of these 90% occurs in Africa. In

addition, Nigeria Malaria Fact Sheet [12] reported that in

2.3 Culture of Anopheles gambiae

The larva of Anopheles gambiae used for this study was

collected from the wild with the aid of baits in a plastic

container and condemned tyre half filled with water, cotton

wool and debris. The larva was obtained with aid of syringe

without the needle section. Some larva of the mosquitoes

used for study was allowed to develop into adult and

identified using microscope. The resultant characteristics

were compared with the ones presented by Gimba and Idris

[32], Ahmed and Ahmed [33]. The abdomen is without

laterally projecting tufts of scales. The generally scaling on

the abdomen was scanty. There are speckles on the legs

with tarsi 1-4 having conspicuous pale bands on the apices.

There is third preapical dark area on vein 1 with a pale

interruption. The larva was fed with biscuit and yeast at a

ratio of 3:1 at room temperature (27 ± 3 °C).

010 about 216 million cases of malaria infection was

reported, and of these, 81% occurred in Africa. This

suggests that the global malaria burden is significantly

higher in Africa. Studies have indicated that over 80% and

8% of cases and deaths respectively resulting from

malaria infections occurs in 15 nations [13]. In addition,

Nigeria Malaria Fact Sheet [12] reported that

approximately 50% of global malaria burden occurs in

Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ethiopia,

and Uganda.

Probably due to the effects of these Anopheles

mosquitos to human, research on their control have

increased. Several synthetic based chemicals are used for

the control of mosquito at their different developmental

stages including eggs, larva, pupa and adult. This chemical

has been reported to affect non target organisms. As such,

the use of natural products has been advocated, and to this

effect several plants has been studied.

.4 Larvicidal bioassay

The larvicidal bioassay was carried out based on the

scheme of WHO [34] cited by Rathy et al. [35]. A total of

0 larvae were introduced into each of the experimental

group containing 250ml of de-chlorinated and the plant

extracts at 50, 100, 125, 150, 200 and 250 ppm. The

mortality rate was determined at 24 hours. The larvae were

considered dead if they settled and remain motionless or

respond to repeated prodding with a soft brush. Then the

percentage mortality was calculated.

Several plants have been reported to be effective for the

control of larva of Anopheles gambiae including Alstonia

boonei [14], Anacardium occidentale [15], Annona

senegalensis [16], Cassia mimosoides [17], Curcuma longa

[18], Hyptis suaveolens [19], Datura stramonium [7],

Spondias mombin [20], Xylopia aethiopica [15]. Several

plants parts (roots, stem, fruit and leaves) have been

reported to have effective activities at varying

concentration for the control of Anopheles gambiae larva.

This could be due to the pharmacological potentials of

these plants. Authors have reported that medicinal plants as

plants in which one or more parts have therapeutic

properties [21-31]. Again the choice of extraction solvent

has shown to influence the mortality rate. Some of the

commonly reported solvent for extracting plants includes

ethanol, methanol, chloroform, n-hexane, dichloromethane,

ethyl-Acetate, acetone, and petroleum either and water.

Therefore, this present study aimed at assessing the

activities of crude, acetone and ethanolic extracts of

Capsicum frutescens var. minima fruit against Anopheles

gambiae larva.

.5 Statistical Analysis

SPSS was used to carried out the mean, standard error,

one way analysis of variance at p=0.05 and Duncan

statistics (used to separate the means). The LC₅₀was

calculated though probit analysis with the use of Finney’s

Table [36]. Regression analysis was carried out on the

probit value against log concentration using Microsoft

excel window 2010. The resultant equation from the chart

was substituted with probit value of 5 and the anti-

logarithm of the substituted equation values was taken as

the LC₅₀_.

Results and Discussion

Table 1 present Percentage concentration-mortality of

Anopheles gambiae larva exposed to crude, acetone and

ethanolic extracts of Capsicum frutescens var. minima fruit

for 24 hours. At 50 and 250 ppm of the extracts, the

percentage mortality was 20.00% and 86.67%, respectively

for ethanolic extracts; 10.00% and 76.67%, respectively for

acetone extracts; and 5.00% and 55.00%, respectively for

crude extracts. There was significant variations (p<0.05)

among the concentration for each of the extracts. The

mortality rate increased as the concentration of the extract

increased. This occurred in all the extracts. Figure 1 shows

the percentage mortality of Anopheles gambiae larva

exposed to crude, acetone and ethanolic extracts of

Materials and Methods

.1 Plant Collection and preparation

The fruit of Capsicum frutescens var. minima was

obtained from a smallholder farmer in Ndemili, Delta state,

Nigeria. The pepper was shade dried at room temperature

before blending into powder with electronic blender.

.2 Plant extracts

The dried powdered Capsicum frutescens var. minima

were extracted by weighing 500g into 1000ml of the

solvent (acetone, ethanol and water). The dried pepper was

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 2, Pages: 196-200

Capsicum frutescens var. minima fruit at varying

concentrations for 24 hours. The percentage mortality was

significantly higher in for order ethanol > acetone > crude

extracts for each of the concentrations. This trend is in

consonance with previous works; where authors reported

that different solvents have varying mortality rate on

mosquito larva [37, 38].

y = 2.4419x - 0.0342

R² = 0.9898

The LC₅₀values are presented in Figure 2 - 4. The

ethanolic, acetone and crude extracts had LC₅₀of

LC =115.24ppm

15.24ppm (Figure 2), 173.16ppm (Figure 3) and

65.19ppm (Figure 4) respectively.

Table 1: Percentage mortality of Anopheles gambiae larva

exposed to crude, acetone and ethanolic extracts of

Capsicum frutescens var. minima fruit for 24 hours

Log Concentration,

Figure 2: LC50 value of Anopheles gambiae larva exposed to

ethanolic extracts of Capsicum frutescens var. minima fruit for 24

hours

Concentration, Ethanol

ppm

Acetone

Crude

0.00

20.00±5.77a 10.00±2.89a 5.00±2.89a

40.00±5.77b 23.33±3.33b 15.00±2.89a

46.67±1.67b 40.00±2.89c 31.67±4.41b

75.00±5.00c 53.33±1.67d 40.00±2.89b

86.67±4.41c 76.67±4.41e 55.00±2.89c

00.00

50.00

00.00

50.00

Data were expressed as mean± standard error; Different letters (a,

b, c, d, e) along the column indicate significant difference at

p<0.05 according to Duncan statistics

y = 2.2626x - 0.0647

R² = 0.9901

LC =173.16ppm

Log Concentration

Figure 3: LC50 value of Anopheles gambiae larva exposed to

acetone extracts of Capsicum frutescens var. minima fruit for 24

hours

100

150

200

250

ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

Concentrations

y = 2.0878x - 0.0599

R² = 0.9956

Ethanol

Acetone

Crude

Figure 1: Percentage mortality of Anopheles gambiae larva

exposed to crude, acetone and ethanolic extracts of Capsicum

frutescens var. minima fruit at varying concentrations for 24 hours.

LC =265.19ppm

The apparent variation could be associated to mortality

and chemical composition of the solvents used. Previously

studies have indicated that ethanol is superior solvent when

compared to water [28-30]. In addition the mortality

induced by the Capsicum frutescens var. minima fruit

suggests its pharmacological properties probably due to the

present of bioactive constituents. Studies have indicated

that that some varieties of Capsicum frutescens fruit

contain alkaloids, tannins, steroids, glycosides, saponins,

flavonoids, phenol, carbohydrate, protein, reducing sugar

and capsaicin [39 – 41]. Agu and Thomas [42] reported that

the presence of alkaloids could account for the ability of

some plant extracts to wade of pest.

Log Concentration

Figure 4: LC50 value of Anopheles gambiae larva exposed to crude

extracts of Capsicum frutescens var. minima fruit for 24 hours

Author have reported that chilli pepper contain

Capsaicin which accounts for about 50 to 70% of the total

capsaicinoids, which is responsible for its pungency [41].

Reyes-Escogido [28] reported that capsaicin is the main

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 2, Pages: 196-200

capsaicinoid in chili pepper followed by dihydrocapsaicin,

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study evaluated the activities of crude, ethanolic and

acetone extracts of Capsicum frutescens var. minima fruit

against larva of Anopheles gambiae. The study found that

the mortality rate increased as the concentration increased.

The study also found that the various extracts exhibited

larvicidal potential against Anopheles gambiae in the order;

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