Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 306-315  
J. Environ. Treat. Tech.  
ISSN: 2309-1185  
Journal weblink: http://www.jett.dormaj.com  
Energy Consumption Policy, GHG Emissions and  
Climate Change Impact in Algeria  
Abdelkarim Mellah, Youcef Abdelhafid, Ahmed Benmalek  
Centre de recherche scientifique et technique sur les régions arides, CRSTRA, Biskra.  
Received: 25/04/2019  
Accepted: 11/06/2019  
Published: 01/12/2019  
Abstract  
In recent years, the phenomenon of climate change has become very remarkable in Algeria, given its recorded effects on the  
temperature and precipitation. Algeria is among the top 50 countries at high risk of climate change, with a vulnerability index of  
7.63%, because of its geographical position and climatic characteristics. This climate change leads to major risks in Algeria such  
as the displacement of sub-Saharan diseases like malaria, typhoid, and viral hepatitis, etc..., phenomenon of colored waters on the  
coast, drought on wide ranges, coastal erosion is also very marked, which may cause flood risks threatening in some regions. In  
this work, we present an analysis of GHG emissions as the main culprit in the phenomenon of climate change in Algeria  
compared to other countries. We analysis as well the national strategy to reduce GHG emissions and its plans of mitigation,  
adaptation, and the implementation of the program of renewable energies development and energy efficiency, whose offer a great  
potential for GHG mitigation. The analyses of data of temperature and rainfall from 2009 to 2018 show a clear tendency towards  
decreasing rainfall and increasing average temperatures in north and south of Algeria.  
Keywords: CO  
2
emissions, climate change, renewable energy, economic growth, Algeria.  
1
Celsius than it was in the period between 1850 and 1900.  
This period is commonly referred to as the "pre-industrial"  
average [2]. Global warming primarily caused by increases  
1
Introduction  
The industrial development taking place in the world,  
which started early in the last century at the beginning of  
the industrial revolution, led to a strong spread of factories,  
urbanisms, and a large number of used cars in the world,  
which are considered as important sources of emissions of  
greenhouse gases, in reason of the considerable volume of  
fuel which it consumes globally. Vehicular pollution in  
only India is estimated to have increased eight times  
through the last two decades. This source alone is estimated  
to contribute about 70 per cent to the total air pollution. The  
U.S., China, Russia, Japan and India are the first countries  
in contribution to world carbon emissions [3]. Global  
carbon emissions is predicted to increase in the coming  
years due to the fast pace of urbanization, change from non-  
commercial to commercial fuels, increased vehicular usage  
and continued use of older and more inefficient coal-fired  
and fuel power-plants [4].  
2
in “greenhouse” gases such as Carbon Dioxide (CO ),  
Nitrous oxide (NOX), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Hydrogen  
etc.,. A warming planet thus leads to global climate  
changes which can adversely affect weather in different  
ways; it has ever had remarkable effects on the earth.  
Glaciers have retract, ice on rivers and lakes is breaking up  
earlier, plant and animal areas have disappeared and trees  
are flowering sooner [3].  
Geographically, Algeria belongs to the hot-hyper-arid  
lands, where its large part belongs to the Mediterranean  
basin [6]. It is considered as a hot spot, highly vulnerable to  
global climate change and should therefore be protected  
[7]. Thence, the query of climate change is became more  
and more important and a new big challenge [5]. Therefore,  
Algeria is participated to several global events and it is a  
member of most international organizations in the context  
of struggling to reduce climate change and environment  
prevents. Algeria, ratified in April 1993, the United Nations  
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),  
and the Kyoto Protocol in 2005, and totally supports their  
commitments regarding to the stabilizing emissions of  
greenhouse gases to prohibit anthropogenic interference  
with the climate system. It has presented its willingness to  
take part in the international effort against climate change  
and its potential impacts on water resources, natural  
ecosystems and the sustainability of economic development  
Therefore, the temperatures have been going up around  
the world for many decades, which produces the shift in  
worldwide weather phenomena associated with an increase  
in global average temperatures. This has been termed  
climate change [1]. Authoritative temperature registration  
started in 1850. The earth became now hotter one degree  
Corresponding author: Abdelkarim Mellah, Centre de  
recherche scientifique et technique sur les régions arides,  
CRSTRA, Biskra.e-mail: karim.epa2008@hotmail.fr.  
306  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 306-315  
[
5].  
in the first by China with 9680 Mt CO  
CO ), which is equivalent of 27% of CO  
2
followed by USA with 5561 Mt CO equivalent of 15%,  
European Union with 28 countries with 9%, India by 2597  
Mt CO equivalent of 7%. Only these four countries  
account 59% of the world issue. Africa (1295 Mt CO  
represents only 3.6% of the world emission in 2017 (Figure  
1). Global carbon dioxide emissions in Algeria has been  
increasing in the last years, in which reached a value of 147  
2
(million tons of  
globally emitted,  
In the present work we highlighted the impact of the  
2
2
climate change on the temperature and the precipitation in  
Algeria. The aspects of this research are also being studied  
particularly the Algerian government policy, and their ways  
of adaptation and mitigation of GHG emissions. We as well  
present the nationals plans of reduce energy consumption in  
order to minimize GHG emissions without restrictive or  
menacing the economic growth of the country.  
2
2
)
Mt CO  
2
3
2
in 2017 against 143 Mt CO  
.8%. In terms of per capita emissions, the report records  
.8 tonnes of CO per person per year in 2017 compared  
per person per year in 2016. Algeria  
ranks 33rd in the world, third in Africa after South Africa  
with 476 Mt CO ) and Egypt with 237 Mt CO , 6th in the  
2
in 2016, an increase of  
2
2
Each country's share of CO emissions  
The world’s countries emit vastly different amounts of  
2
with 3.7 tonnes of CO  
2
heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere. The Figure 1  
shows data compiled by the International Energy Agency  
2
2
(
IEA), which estimates carbon dioxide emissions from the  
MENA region, but represents only 0.41% of the world  
emission in 2017 against 0.36% in 2016.  
combustion of coal, natural gas, oil and other fuels,  
including industrial waste and non-renewable municipal  
2
waste for the most CO emitted countries in 2017 [8]. The  
population list of the 13 countries that emitted the most  
carbon dioxide in 2017 is presented in the Table 1:  
3
2
Evolution of CO and GHG in Algeria  
2
3
.1 Evolution of CO  
The CO measured by the Global Atmosphere Watch  
GAW) in station of Assekrem in Tamanrasset in the  
2
Table 1: Population list of 13 countries contributing highest  
(
2
CO [9]  
extreme south of Algeria (altitude: 2710 m) has been  
growing in the period of 1960 to 2020 (projection) as  
shown in the Figure 2. Actually Algeria is classified as one  
of the most important CO  
developing countries [5]. The quantity of CO  
2018 was reaching 161000 Mt CO , in which Algeria was  
being 34th in the fossil fuel emissions world ranking of  
countries [10]. CO was growing steadily from 360 ppm in  
Countries  
China  
US  
India  
Algeria  
Russia  
Japan  
Germany  
Iran  
Saudi Arabia  
South Africa  
Egypt  
South Korea  
Canada  
Population  
1418844155  
328526823  
1365161306  
42514256  
143911107  
126934043  
82406902  
82624355  
33991991  
57900691  
100726281  
51296416  
37199710  
2
emitters among African and  
2
emitted in  
2
2
1995 to 385 ppm in 2008, showing an annual increase of  
about 2 ppm / year, and it measures today no less than 392  
ppm [5].  
Nevertheless, Algeria is facing to a very complicated  
task; the first is to meet the targets set in its INDC [12] and  
the second to improve its economy [13]. Algerian economy  
is characterized by its high dependence on fossil fuel  
exports. According to the CIA World Factbook, Algeria is  
classified the sixth largest gas exporter in the world, and oil  
formed more than 97% of all Algeria exports in 2013 [14].  
This economy is characterized by a poorly diversified  
production as well [15].  
In addition, Algeria's total final consumption (TFC) has  
been steadily increasing in recent years in reason of  
industrialization and modernization of its economic sectors.  
Therefore, this high consumption has been leading up to  
increase of consumed energy resulted principally from oil  
3
2
2
1
1
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
12000  
10000  
8000  
6000  
4000  
2000  
0
and gas, which consequently increases the CO  
16],[17]. In 2013, the energy consumption was reached a  
value of 38,543 ktoe higher than 31,500 ktoe registered in  
010 [17], which indicate an increase of 22% in just three  
2
emissions  
[
2
years. Taking a closer look at various sectors, the  
residential sector (including agriculture) consumes the most  
energy with 43%, followed by the transport sector with  
Total CO2 (%)  
Total CO2 yearly release (million tonnes)  
Emissions [8]  
3
2
6% and the industry sector by 21% as shown in the Table  
.
Figure 1: Country's share of CO  
2
The largest carbon emitters in the world are classified  
307  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 306-315  
1
1
1
1
1
80000  
60000  
40000  
20000  
00000  
60  
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
6
4
2
0000  
0000  
0000  
0000  
0
-
-
-
10  
20  
30  
-40  
Variations (%)  
Values of CO2 emissions (metric tons)  
Figure 2: CO  
2
emissions in Algeria in the period 1960–2020 [11]  
2
Figure 3: Quantity of CO emitted by sectors in Algeria in 2008, 2012 and 2016 [18]  
Given its importance, many studies have examined the  
relationship between energy consumption and CO  
emission in Algeria. For example, Kerbachi and co-workers  
studied climate change in Algeria: vulnerability and  
strategy of mitigation and adaptation. They reported the  
emissions consumption [19]. Rahli and co-workers were as  
well studied the impact of CO emission on output in  
2
Algeria [20].  
2
Table 2: Energy consumption (ktoe) by sectors in Algeria  
in 2012 and 2013 [18]  
2
high quantity of CO emitted from different economic  
sectors in Algeria, and its relationship with the energy  
consumption [5]. Pablo-romero and co-workers had tested  
the validity of the EKC (Environmental Kuznets Curve)  
hypothesis throughout the period from 1970 to 2010 in their  
Sector  
2012  
7,939  
2013  
8,229  
Change in %  
+3.7  
Industry  
Transport  
Residential  
Total  
13,371  
15,068  
36,377  
13,889  
16,425  
38,543  
+3.9  
study about CO  
2
emissions and economic growth in  
+9.0  
Algeria. They reported as well that the estimated  
coefficients for energy use and electricity consumption are  
both positive and significant, indicating that an increase in  
energy use and electricity consumption in per capita terms  
+6.0  
3
.2 Evolution of GHG  
Total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in  
Algeria have seen a rise between the period of 2001 and  
012 as shown in the Figure 5. In 1970, The GHG  
registered in Algeria was 34,603.825 Kt E-CO . The GHG  
has being increasing since 1970 to reach 129334,834 Kt E-  
CO in 2001 and continuing to growth, in which reached a  
high value of 176,471.227 kt E-CO in 2012. Because of  
Algerian government efforts, GHG decreased to 144537,06  
Kt E-CO in 2014, to increase again for reaching  
increase CO  
the relation between CO  
2
emissions [13]. Amri (2017) has examined  
emissions, income, non-  
2
2
renewable, and renewable energy consumption in Algeria  
during the period extending from 1980 to 2011. He  
reported the particular attention to the validity of  
environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis. He also  
indicates in his study that the autoregressive distributed lag  
2
2
2
(
ARDL) with break point method outcome demonstrates  
2
the positive effect of non-renewable type of energy on CO  
2
308  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 306-315  
1
55,948,78 Kt E-CO  
2
in 2015, and stable almost at this  
As illustrated in Figure 6, Energy sector GHG  
value in 2016 [21].  
2
emissions per capita in Algeria is around 3.1 tCO e per  
capita, which is far below the OECD average of 11 tCO  
per capita, and it is a bit high than 2.7 tCO e per capita of  
Egypt emissions, and very low compared to 8.9 tCO e per  
2
e
2
5
%
1
0%  
2
capita of Libya. Libya has by far the highest emissions per  
capita due primarily to the high level of primary energy  
consumption per capita (more the 3 toe/capita). For Yemen  
and Palestine the ratio is very low because of the low  
primary energy consumption. In addition, the import of all  
electricity in Palestine leads to reduce the emissions. For  
the other countries, the figures are close with small  
variation due to the differences of fuel mix.  
Energy  
Industry  
Agricultural / forest  
Wast  
1
1%  
74%  
Figure 4: Quantity of CO  
2
emitted by sectors in Algeria expressed  
as percentage [18].  
Algerian government announced a new national  
program on energy efficiency (EE) for the period from  
2
015 to 2030 in February 2015. The EE program comes in  
Algeria is party of United Nations Framework  
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It is required  
to provide two national inventories of emissions and  
removals of greenhouse gases due to human activities for  
the years 1994 and 2000 [22]. The inventories provide  
estimates about selected anthropogenic GHG for the sectors  
of energy; industrial processes and product use; agriculture,  
forestry, and other land use (AFOLU); and waste. Algeria  
belongs to developed countries, which it should annually  
report calendar-year estimates for all sources and sinks of  
the six greenhouse gases specified by the UNFCCC (carbon  
order to evaluate and regulate the use of energy mainly  
targets three sectors: the building sector, transport and  
industry. The national consumption of energy (gas, oil, and  
electricity) increased from 30.1 Mtoe in 2000 to 48.2 Mtoe  
in 2012, an average annual growth rate about 3.8% and  
currently a consumption of 1.4 toe/capita. Therefore, this  
program controls the usage of energy in the long term and  
aims to develop the use of clean energy. In the building  
sector, more than 30 Mtoe are supposed to be saved by  
2030. This will be achieved through innovative  
technologies and thermal insulation of constructions. Also,  
economic lamps and solar water heaters will contribute. In  
the transport sector, the target is to save more than 15 Mtoe.  
The government aims to use fuels which are widely  
available and least polluting, like LNG and natural gas, in  
order to reduce the use of gasoline. The industry sector is  
supposed to contribute by 34 Mtoe by 2030 [26].  
2 4 2  
dioxide (CO ), methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O), sulfur  
hexafluoride (SF  
6
), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and  
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)) going back to 1990. Algeria  
inventories, along with elaborated documentation of the  
process and data sources used to assess emissions and  
removals, are submitted electronically in a standard format  
to facilitate data analysis and comparison [23].  
In except of the industry sector, whose activities are  
steadily declining, the GHG emissions has been increasing  
in all other sectors, and continue to growth in reason of the  
intense consumption of energy [24]. In fact, the industry  
sector contributes to GDP at 7% in 2005 and 4.8% in 2012  
[25]. The evolution of GHG emissions presents an annual  
average growth of 2.2% [24]. This growth rate seems to be  
in line with the increase of the average annual consumption  
of energy during the period of 2001–2016 [24].  
1
1
2
0
8
6
4
2
0
1
1.0  
8
.9  
Figure 7: Total of GHG emissions by sectors of energy, industry  
process, agriculture/forest, and waste [41]  
4
Renewable energy  
2
To decrease its CO emissions Algeria oriented its  
3
.5  
.6  
3
3.3  
3
.1  
2
.7  
2
.6  
2
.1  
efforts to develop the clean energy by releasing a new  
national strategy essentially based on mitigation,  
adaptation, and institutional strengthening to integrate  
climate change at all levels and in all sectors. In the context  
of sustainable development, it has been established the  
Algerian law on energy management 99-09 of July 28,  
1.5  
1
.0  
0
.5  
1
999, who reflects a fundamental goal of national energy  
2
Figure 6: Energy sector CO emissions per capita [22]  
policy, namely the rational management of energy demand  
309  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 306-315  
[
27]. The Algerian law N° 04-09 of august 14, 2004 on the  
promotion of renewable energies, has confirmed the  
environmental concern by establishing modalities for  
promotion of renewable energies [28].  
Montreal, 42.7 °C in Baku, Azerbaijan, 40.5 °C in Tbilisi,  
Georgia, 32.5 °C in Kvikkjokk, Sweden, near the Arctic  
Circle. 52.9 °C in Furnace Greek 2013, California (USA)  
against 54 °C recorded in June 2013. 42.5°C in Erevan,  
Armenia. 45.5 °C in Kabul, Afghanistan, 39.7 °C in  
Wonsan, North Korea, 51.4°C in Saih Al Salem, E.A.U,  
42.6 °C in Qurayyat, Oman.  
Algeria started to exploit its high potential of using  
solar energy. Although of solar power plants which has  
been established so far, but it is not enough compared to the  
increasing demand of energy. According to the MENA  
renewable status report 2013 by REN21 the installed  
capacity of Photovoltaic’s (PV) was 7.1 MW in 2010 and  
The reached heat records during the month of July 2018  
are caused by exceptional temperatures. These extremes  
cause droughts, fires and high electricity consumption  
around the world. High heat waves in recent years have  
caused considerable material and human losses. In  
California, Yosemite Park has declared its largest  
evacuation order in 30 years as the Ferguson fire continues  
to ravage this iconic American landmark. In Japan, 22,000  
people were hospitalized because of the sweltering heat,  
and a total of 57,534 cases of heat exhaustion and  
heatstroke were reported between April 30 and July 29,  
including 125 who died from heat-related causes, according  
to data from the Fire and Disaster Management Agency  
[33]. A big Part of the UK have been continuing to  
experience a heat wave in July 2018, as temperatures  
reached 30 °C, The highest recording was in Cavendish,  
Suffolk, at 31.4 °C. The Heat-health watch alert: level 3  
was set up for much of east and south-east England  
according to the United Kingdom's national weather service  
2
5 MW in 2012 of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) [29].  
Algeria has been launching an ambitious green  
momentum program to develop renewable energies starting  
from 2011 until 2030. The program consists to generate  
about 22 000 MW of power generating capacity from  
renewable sources during the period mentioned above, in  
which 12 000 MW will be provided for domestic electricity  
demand and 10 000 MW destined for export [30]. This  
program look forward to provide domestic consumption by  
4
0 % of the electricity produced from renewable energy  
sources by 2030. This is besides the wind energy, which  
considered as a relatively low potential source of energy.  
Several solar photovoltaic projects has been launching,  
where the government seeking to reach an 800 MWp by the  
end of 2020. Other projects with an annual capacity of 200  
MWp will be achieved over the 2021-2030 period [31, 32].  
[34]. Rivers and streams have dried up in England, which  
obliged the Environment Agency to rescued thousands of  
fish, and the crops were completely smashed according to  
The National Farmers' Union (NFU).  
5
Impact of heat waves and the climate change  
5
.1 Impact in the world  
The high temperature recorded in Ouargla (South  
Algeria) in July 2018 is compared also to temperature  
records in the same month in other cities countries belong  
to different continents, considering that July 2018 featured  
by its unusual high temperature in the world Figure 8.  
5.2 Impact in Algeria  
In order to study the impact of climate change on the  
temperature and the precipitation in Algeria, we highlighted  
the study of two cities belonging to two different climate  
regions. The first is the capital Algiers, characterized by its  
Mediterranean climate and the second is Biskra city, which  
characterized by its desert-like climate.  
The compared temperatures of July 2017 are illustrated  
in the Figure 9. We noted throughout the curves that the  
Saharan regions such as Timimoun, Ghardaia, and Ouargla  
are featured by their high temperatures during the month of  
July 2017, compared to the northern regions such as  
Algiers, Oran, Tipaza, and Setif. The temperature in  
Timimoun is ranged between 35 and 40 in the 20 first days,  
and it is raised to more than 45 °C in the 10 last days in this  
month, followed by Ouargla and then Ghardaia. The  
temperature in Algiers and Oran, whose are subject to the  
Temperature (°C) July 2018  
Furnace, 24  
Saih Al Salem, 11  
Ouargla, 5  
Chino, 6  
52.9  
51.4  
1.3  
48.9  
5
Kabul, 22  
45.5  
42.7  
42.5  
41.1  
0.5  
39.7  
36.6  
32.5  
Baku, 1  
Erevan, 12  
Kumagaya, 23  
Tbilisi, 4  
4
Wonsan, 22  
Montreal, 2  
Kvikkjokk, 24  
0
10  
20  
30  
40  
50  
60  
Mediterranean  
unprecedented rises in July 2017 and sometimes exceeded  
5 °C. They are exposed to unmatched heat waves in the  
climate  
were  
also  
experienced  
Figure 8: Temperature records for the month of July 2018 in the  
world  
3
heat seasons often lead to cases of illness, which imposes  
intervention, as well as its environmental impact on climate  
change and vegetation. Setif is Algerian interior city had as  
well experienced the same heat waves during the summer  
July 2018 was historically hot not only in Algeria, but  
in Europe and throughout the Northern Hemisphere.  
According to the international network World Weather  
Attribution (WWA), this heat wave bears the imprint of  
climate change, including a series of world records. Several  
records have been registered around the world, 41.1 °C in  
Kumagaya, Northwest of Tokyo, 51.3 °C at Ouargla,  
Algeria, 48.9 °C in Chino, Los Angeles, 36.6 °C in  
2017. The Figure 9 exposes the variation of the temperature  
during the month of July, which shows that temperature is  
generally more than the temperature recorded in Algiers.  
The Figure 10 shows the variation of temperature  
during July 2018, 2017, 2014, and 2013 in Biskra. Biskra is  
belonging to arid regions, which characterized by its hot  
310  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 306-315  
summer. However, the last years the temperature in this  
city was beyond the limits. According to the curves Biskra  
had experienced a high temperature in July 2018 and the  
first 10 days of July 2014 compared to the temperature in  
the same month of other years, but the difference in  
temperature is unstable at convergent values during the  
month or followed the same form in his fluctuations. It is  
noticeable as well that the temperature recorded in each  
July of different years are varying between 35 °C and 45  
°C, and sometime reached a values near to 50 °C.  
Temperature (°C)  
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
Algiers Ouargla  
Oran  
Setif  
Timimoun  
Ghardaia  
Tipaza  
Figure 9: Temperature variation in some different climate regions in Algeria during July 2018–2017–2014–2013.  
Temperature (°C)  
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
July 2018 July 2013  
July 2017  
July 2014  
Figure 10: Biskra temperature variation during July 2018–2017–2014–2013.  
The variation of the precipitation recorded by Dar El-  
which reached 250 mm and that fell in November and  
December, who are estimated by 131 mm in each month.  
Unlike the year 2017, it is mostly noted that 2018 saw an  
equal distribution of precipitation during all months of the  
year. According to the thresholds in millimeters of arid,  
very arid, humid and very humid years indicated in the  
Beida station at Algiers in 2017 and 2018 are presented in  
the figure 11, 12. The compared illustration curves showed  
the fluctuations of the precipitation during the years, whose  
indicate a less precipitation in 2017, where the metropolitan  
area passed a dry year, in except rains that fell in January,  
311  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 306-315  
Table 3, 2017 and 2018 with cumul total of 665 mm, and  
collected as a previous climate archive of Algeria is no  
longer as useful as the previous last years.  
625 mm, respectively, are classified under the normal years  
(
597,8 < x< 689.9).  
60  
150  
1
1
30  
10  
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
2
1
1
00  
50  
00  
50  
00  
1200  
1000  
800  
600  
400  
200  
0
90  
70  
5
3
0
0
10  
-10  
5
0
0
Cumul sur 1 mois (mm)  
Cumul Total (mm)  
Figure 13: Precipitation recorded by Biskra station in 2018 [35]  
Cumul sur 1 mois (mm)  
Figure 11: precipitation recorded by Dar El-Beida station at  
Algiers in 2017 [34]  
Cumul Total (mm)  
We have to find new methods and collect new data that  
correspond to regional and global environmental changes to  
meet the challenges ahead. Actually, the national strategy  
against climate change is essentially based on mitigation,  
adaptation, and institutional strengthening to integrate  
climate change at all levels and in all sectors. The  
implementation of the program of renewable energies  
development and energy efficiency offers a great potential  
The variation of the precipitation registered by Biskra  
station in 2017 and 2018 are presented in Figure 13, 14.  
The compared illustration curves showed the fluctuations of  
the precipitation through those years, whose indicate a very  
less precipitation in 2017. Rainfall did not exceed a  
threshold of 13 mm in Biskra in 2017, which recorded in  
April, about 10 mm in September and October, and  
between 0–4 mm in the rest months. In 2018, the rainfall  
saw its high record in May with 49 mm, followed by 26.9  
mm in October, 17 mm in September, 10 mm in Marsh and  
2
for CO mitigation [38]. Algeria is particularly vulnerable  
to the multiform effects of climate change, with its yearly  
average rainfall having declined by more than 30% over the  
past decades. Moreover, land characteristics, mainly desert  
areas, reduce the possibilities of carbon capture [13].  
7
mm in February, while the rainfall recorded in the rest  
14  
60  
months in 2018 were all close to 0. The cumul total  
registered in Biskra in 2017 was 45 mm, and 112.9 mm,  
both of those quantities were exceeding the specified value  
1
1
2
0
8
6
4
2
0
5
4
0
0
39 mm of humid years mentioned in the table 3, which  
indicate a change in climate in that region. The rainfall  
fluctuations knew also a disorder between all months in the  
year, for example, the high quantity of rainfall was  
registered in April 2017, unlike 2018 where the high  
quantity of rainfall was registered in May  
30  
2
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
40  
20  
00  
1000  
9
8
00  
00  
Cumul sur 1 mois (mm)  
Figure 14: Precipitation recorded by Biskra station in 2017 [35]  
Cumul Total (mm)  
700  
6
5
4
00  
00  
00  
8
6
4
2
0
0
0
0
0
According to the report of the United Nations  
University for Environment and Human Security (UNU-  
EHS) revealed in 2014, Algeria is among the top 50  
countries at high risk of climate change, with an index of  
7.63% vulnerability Figure 15 [39]. This index is calculated  
based on natural factors, such as earthquakes, floods and  
drought, on the country's predisposition to be affected by a  
disaster, the capacities to cope, and finally, the adaptation  
strategy. Climate change will have a negative impact in the  
Mediterranean, considered as one of the 25 hotspots in the  
world. In a nutshell, the temperature is set to increase from  
1.4 to 5.8 degrees in 2040. Algeria is classified as a very  
vulnerable country to social and economic consequences.  
300  
2
1
0
00  
00  
Cumul sur 1 mois (mm)  
Cumul Total (mm)  
Figure 12: Precipitation recorded by Dar El-Beida station at  
Algiers in 2018 [35]  
These fluctuations in temperature and precipitation  
require new and in-depth studies, because what we have  
312  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 306-315  
Global warming consequences are increasingly visible and  
alarming in Algeria, which are observed on dry seasons,  
and much less rainfall, soil degradation and coastal erosion  
the development of water-borne diseases such as typhoid,  
viral hepatitis, etc... The phenomenon of colored waters on  
the Algerian coast is more and more recurrent in recent  
years, is also directly related to climate change. This  
phenomenon is due to the proliferation of certain marine  
species, sometimes toxic, coming from the Indian Ocean  
and living in very different climatic conditions from those  
of the Mediterranean [40]. Coastal erosion is also very  
marked in Algeria, which may cause flood risks threatening  
the regions such as Sidi Fredj and Zeralda west of Algiers.  
To avoid such a scenario, Algeria undertook, under the  
Cop 21 agreement in Paris, to reduce greenhouse gas  
emissions by 7% by 2030. Algeria wants to go further, it  
aims to reduce 23% of its GHG emissions if its actions in  
this direction are supported financially and accompanied by  
a technology transfer from developed countries. This  
national effort to reduce greenhouse gases is part of an  
updated renewable energy development programmed in  
2015. The natural gas, by its specificity the least polluting  
of fossil fuels, will be privileged in the world consumption  
of energy with the horizons 2030-2040 and is a main  
element of the energy mix of Algeria to these deadlines  
[40]. The results are terrible where more than 13 million  
hectares (ha) are affected by erosion, including 4 million in  
a serious way. Algeria loses nearly 400,000 ha annually  
because of this phenomenon. The most affected regions are  
Sidi Bel Abbes, Mascara, Mostaganem and Chliff, recalling  
as well the harmful impact of erosion on agriculture and the  
volumes of water that can be mobilized [40]. In addition,  
since the 1970s, Algeria has suffered a recurring drought  
with a rainfall decrease of about 10% over the last 20 years,  
leading to a disruption of the agricultural calendar and a  
drop in cereal yields of up to 50 % [40]. In addition, global  
warming is causing extreme weather events in Algeria,  
citing as examples the floods that have hit parts of the  
country since 1971 [41].  
Country Risk Ranking (%)  
40  
35  
30  
25  
20  
15  
10  
5
0
[42]. In the objective of the energy control and efficiency,  
Algeria has tackled the program of equipping 5,000  
dwellings annually with thermal insulation (energy savings  
of 40%), and the plan also aims to convert vehicles to GPL.  
First, the conversion of 100,000 vehicles to GPL fuel in  
2
018, 500,000 vehicles by 2021 and 1 million vehicles by  
2030 [43].  
Recently, several reports have studied the vulnerability  
and the impact of climate change in Algeria. Kerbachi and  
co-workers studied vulnerability of Algeria against climate  
2
change and the government strategy of CO mitigation and  
adaptation, who’s reported the high vulnerability of Algeria  
to climate change by their analysis of climate data from  
1
931 to 1990 in northern of Algeria [5]. Aidaoui and co-  
Figure 15: Index of vulnerability  
workers are studied the impact of climate change on durum  
wheat cropping, the most strategic commodity in the food  
system and in the national economy of Algeria [44].  
Climate change Assessment in Algeria from 1951 to 2098  
using the Köppen–Geiger climate classification scheme  
study by Zeroual 2019 [45].  
Vanuatu: long form Republic of Vanuatu, is a state of  
Oceania located in Melanesia, in the South-West Pacific  
Ocean, in Coral Sea.  
Tonga: a state of Polynesia in the Pacific Ocean)  
In Algeria, the health dangers linked to global warming  
have been particularly focused on the risk of displacement  
of sub-Saharan diseases to the North such as malaria and  
Table 3: Thresholds in millimeters of arid, very arid, humid and very humid years [36, 37]  
Very arid years  
Arid years  
597,8  
39  
Normal years  
597,8 < x< 689.9  
10  
Humid years  
689.9  
Very humid years  
Dar El-Beida  
Biskra  
501,3  
-
802.4  
-
39  
which Ouargla has been classified among the most regions  
experienced a high temperature in the world in July 2018.  
The regions of Biskra was witnessed a hot season in 2018  
in which the temperature was exceeded a 45 °C along of  
July 2018 compared to July 2013, 2014, and 2017.  
The northern regions of Algeria are also vulnerable to a  
hard drought in reason of hot temperature and low rainfall.  
The temperature in Algiers and Oran, whose are subject to  
the Mediterranean climate were also experienced  
6
Conclusion  
The Algerian authorities have started to be  
conscientious concerning their environmental problems.  
The consequences of global warming are increasingly  
visible and alarming in Algeria, which are observed on dry  
seasons, and much less rainfall, soil degradation and coastal  
erosion. This is confirming by our study about temperature  
and rainfall in some regions belonging to north and south of  
Algeria. Summer 2018 was historically hot in Algeria in  
313  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 306-315  
unprecedented rises in July 2017 and sometimes exceeded  
7
Rahal-Bouziane H.,Climate change, biodiversity and  
agro-biodiversity: global view and particular case of  
Algeria, AJAR, 2017. P. 2–3.  
IEA, International Energy Agency. 2017.  
WPC, World Population by Country, 2019.  
35 °C. The variation of the precipitation recorded by Dar  
El-Beida (Algiers) and Biskra stations in 2017 and 2018  
showed fluctuations of the precipitation between years and  
during months in the same year. Algiers regions were  
passed a dry year in 2017 characterized by a less  
precipitation, in except of 250 mm in January. In Biskra,  
we noticed a disturbance in rainfall confirmed by the  
records between 2017 and 2018 which clearly show an  
impact of climate change on this vulnerable region.  
Changes and irregularity in precipitation amounts may  
cause a flooding and many other risks in Biskra.  
To avoid such a scenario, Algeria undertook, under  
several international protect environment agreements.  
Algeria was one of the developing countries that signed the  
COP21, in which the Algerian INDC pledged to curb  
carbon emissions by at least 7% by 2030. Thanks to the  
new Algerian strategies to reduce GHG emissions, a total  
GHG emission has experienced a downward trend in the  
last few years. Algeria wants to go further to reduce about  
8
9
10 Olivier J. G. J., CO  
(Part III). In: ‘CO  
2
Emissions from Fuel Combustion  
emissions from fuel combustion,  
2
2015 Edition’, 2015. pp. III.1-III.61. International  
Energy Agency, Paris.  
11 NWO, National Weather Office, internal report, 2019,  
Algiers.  
12 INDC, Intended Nationally Determined Contribution  
INDC–Algeria. UNFCCC. International Energy  
Agency- IEA-, Energy Balances Database. IEA, Paris.  
2016.  
2
13 Bouznit M., CO emission and economic growth in  
Algeria, Energy Policy, 2016. 96: p. 93–104.  
14 CIA, World Factbook, 2015.Algeria Economy 2015.  
Available in: www.cia.gov / library/ publications/the-  
world-factbook/geos/ag.html〉.  
23% of its GHG emissions if its actions will be supported  
2
15 Omri A., CO emissions, energy consumption and  
financially and accompanied by a technology transfer from  
developed countries.  
The natural gas, by its specificity the least polluting of  
fossil fuels, will be privileged in Algeria with the horizons  
economic growth nexus in MENA countries: evidence  
from simultaneous equations models. Energy Econ.  
2013. 40: p. 657–664.  
16 Damette, O., 2013. Energy as a driver of growth in oil  
exporting countries? Energy Econ. 37, 193–199.  
17 IEA, International Energy Agency. 2013. Available in:  
http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?yea  
r=2012&country=ALGERIA&product=Balances.  
18 MEM, Ministry of Energy and Mines. Algeria, 2014.  
2030-2040. In the objective of the energy control and  
efficiency, Algeria aims to save 40% of energy by  
equipping 5,000 dwellings annually with thermal  
insulation. First, the conversion of 100,000 vehicles to GPL  
fuel in 2018, 500,000 vehicles by 2021 and 1 million  
vehicles by 2030.  
Available  
in:  
In order to control its national consumption of energy  
http://www.mem.algeria.org/fr/statistiques/Bilan_Energ  
etique_National_2013_edition_2014.pdf.  
19 Amri F., Carbon dioxide emissions, output, and energy  
consumption categories in Algeria. Environmental  
(
gas, oil, and electricity), the Algerian government  
announced a new national program on energy efficiency  
EE) for the years 2015 to 2030 in February 2015. This  
(
program controls the usage of energy in the long term and  
aims to develop the use of clean energy. Algeria aims to  
generate about 22 000 MW of power generating capacity  
from renewable sources during 2011–2030 and look  
forward to provide domestic consumption by 40 % of the  
electricity produced from renewable energy sources by  
Science and Pollution Research, June 2017. 24 (17): p.  
14567–14578.  
2
2
2
0 Allali M., The impact of CO emission on output in  
Algeria. Energy Procedia, 2015, 74: p. 234 – 242.  
1 EDGAR, Emission Database for Global Atmospheric  
Research  
http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/; Sum.  
2 World Bank: WB data.  
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ en.atm.co e.pc  
(EDGAR),  
2017:  
2030.  
2
available  
in:  
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for  
6 Meddi, H., Variabilité des précipitations annuelles du  
Nord-Ouest de l’Algérie, Sécheresse 2009 ; 20 (1) : 57-  
65.  
227–243.  
315