Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 334-340  
J. Environ. Treat. Tech.  
ISSN: 2309-1185  
Journal weblink: http://www.jett.dormaj.com  
Integrated Nutrient Management of Organic and  
Bio-Fertilizer to Enhance Maize Production  
Magda, H. Mohamed, Nabila, M. Zaki, M. S. Hassanein, Amal, G. Ahmed, and M. M. Tawfik  
Field Crops Research Dept., National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth st., 12622,Dokki, Giza, Egypt.  
Received: 12/04/2019  
Accepted: 24/06/2019  
Published: 01/12/2019  
Abstract  
Integrated nutrient management (INM) is the concept of using a combination of organic, inorganic, and biological amendments to  
increase nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and reduce nutrient loss by synchronizing crop demand with nutrient availability in soil. In order to  
produce more food with limited space, farmers utilize several techniques. One of the best techniques is application of different types of  
organic and biofertilizers in soil in integrated nutrient management system and consequently maintain the soil nutrients level. It allows  
plant to grow, flourish, and keep the environment save. Importance of maize (Zea mays L.) crop is justified by its nutritious content  
especially because of the presence of high protein, minerals, vitamins and other energetic nutrients. In Egypt, maize production is  
insufficient, so various strategies have been developed to improve its production. In order to study the promoting effect of organic and  
biofertilizer on growth and yield of maize plant, a field experiment was conducted in Wadi El-Rayan, Fayoum Governorate, Egypt, during  
the two successive seasons of 2014 and 2015 to study the impact of organic or/and bio-fertilizer on growth, yield and its components and  
some chemical contents of two maize cultivars. The present study indicate that organic or/and bio-fertilizer had a positive effect on growth  
parameters. Yield and its components characters i.e. plant height (cm), number of rows per ear, length and diameter of ear, grain and straw  
yield per plant (g), seed index, grain, straw and biological yields (ton/fad.) of maize were also enhanced with organic or/and bio-fertilizer  
application. There were significant differences between two maize cultivars in growth parameters, yield and its components expect harvest  
index. The highest values of number of rows per ear (23.37), length of ear (22.517 cm ), diameter of ear (6.36cm ), grain yield per plant  
(
151.67g) and straw yield per plant (262.33g) were recorded in High tech-2031 cultivar fertilized under 10 ton/fad. pigeon manure + foliar  
application of yeast bread. High tech-2031 cultivar fertilized with 10 ton/fad. pigeon manure + foliar application of yeast bread produced  
the highest value of carbohydrate and protein % in the grains.  
Keywords: Maize, growth, yield, cultivars, organic or/ and bio-fertilizer  
1
components were significantly owing to varietals differences  
1
Introduction  
[2].  
Maize is called “King of cereals” because of its productivity  
Majorly poor management of fertilizer has key role to play  
potential compared to any other cereal crop. Being an exhaustive  
crop, it has very high nutrient requirement and its productivity is  
closely depends on nutrient management system. Maize (Zea  
mays L.) is the world’s widely grown highland cereal and  
primary staple food crop in many developing countries. Maize  
occupies third place following wheat and rice in Egypt and  
world production [1]. It widely grown in tropics and sub tropics  
of Africa, because of the increasing demand for food and  
livestock feed.  
Increasing Maize yield per unit area can be achieved by  
breeding high yielding cultivars. Maize cultivars production is  
one of the most important factors which play a major role in  
increases maize production. Maize cultivars differed in  
vegetative growth. Grain, straw and biological yields and its  
in obtaining low yield productivity, so in order to achieve  
optimum crop productivity management of nutrients through  
judicious application of organic sources and bio-fertilizers are  
required [3]. Egypt suffers from the continued high rates of  
population growth year after the other, leading to a rapid  
deterioration in the soil because ofslipstreamed plantings to face  
the needs of populations therefore considered application of  
organic fertilizer is the best ways to sustainable agriculture and  
protecting contamination of the environmental. Researchers  
have shown that the use of organic manure improves the  
chemical and physical properties of the soil [4], Soils rarely  
have sufficient nutrient for crops to reach their potential yield.  
Applying organic fertilizers without prior knowledge of their  
properties may cause yield decline under low application or  
pollute the environment with excessive application [5]. Thereby  
increasing the growth and yield of maize [6, 7]. Paulina (2013)  
Corresponding author: M. M. Tawfik, Field Crops Research  
Dept., National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth st., 12622,  
Dokki, Giza, Egypt. E-mail: medhatnrc@hotmail.com.  
[8] also indicated that addition of organic fertilizer application to  
improve some physical soil properties (such as bulk density  
334  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 334-340  
(
(
BD), soil texture, infiltration rate (IF) and aggregate stability  
AS) as well as the soil organic content in the soil (OC) and  
for reproduction. Foliar fertilizer treatments were sprayed on  
plant foliage twice during maize plant growth period at 35 and  
55days after sowing. The normal agronomic practices of  
growing maize were practiced till harvest as recommended in  
this district.  
hence to increase maize yield in western Kenya. Recently, Soro  
et al., (2015) [6] revealed the positive impact of the manure on  
the growth and development of corn crops.  
Addition of bio-fertilizer is very important to reduce the use  
of mineral fertilizers, decrease input use, increase net profit and  
minimize contaminates environments. Using of yeast as a bio-  
fertilizer in agriculture has taken a considerable attention  
because of their bioactivity and safety for human and the  
environment [9]. It can be added to the soil or as foliar  
application to crops [10] as they contain many nutrients, some of  
trace elements such as calcium, cobalt, iron and a good source of  
the B-complex vitamins such as B1, B2, B6 and B12 as well as  
its role in producing important substances like growth regulators  
such as gibberellins, auxins [11]. Many researches on various  
crops proved that yeast treatment has beneficial role in  
improving growth and yield of crops Dawood et al., (2013) [12]  
on Soybean, Marzauk et al., (2014) [13] on Broad bean and  
Ahmed et al., (2015) [14] on Fenugreek. Recently, (Hellal et al.,  
Two vegetative samples of ten plants were taken at random  
from the middle area of each plot to measure plant height (cm),  
total dry weight per plant (g), number of ears per plant, leaf  
2
area/plant (dm ) and leaf area index (LAI) at 65 and 95 days  
after sowing. At harvest time, a random sample of ten plants  
were taken from each plot to determine plant height (cm),  
number of rows per ear, length and diameter of ear(cm), grain  
and straw yield per plant (g) and seed index. Grain, straw and  
biological yields (ton/fad.) as well as harvest index were  
determined for the whole plot. Protein and carbohydrate  
percentages in grain were also determined by infratec1241 Grain  
Analyzer. All data were subjected to statistical analysis  
according to procedure outlined by Snedecor and Cochran  
(1990) [17]. Treatments means were compared by L.S.D test.  
2
014) [15] stated that, foliar feeding with  
Effective  
3
Results & Discussion  
Microorganisms in combination with organic manure has  
become an argument procedure to improve nutrient utilization  
through improving root growth and increasing nutrient uptake  
and minimize environmental pollution through reducing the  
amount of mineral fertilizers added to soil.  
The objective of the current work is to study the impact of  
organic or/ and bio-fertilizer on growth, yield and its  
components and some chemical contents of two maize cultivars.  
3.1 Effect on growth  
The growth parameters as affected by cultivars, organic or /  
and bio-fertilizer and interaction between them are presented in  
Table (1). However, the different between both cultivars on  
growth parameters i.e. plant height (cm), total plant dry weight  
2
(
g), number of ears per plant, leaf area/plant (dm ) and leaf area  
index (LAI) at 65 and 95 days after sowing were significantly.  
Regardless cultivars, results in Table 1 revealed also that  
organic or / and bio fertilizer significantly increased all growth  
parameters. Moreover, foliar application of yeast bread recorded  
higher values for all growth parameters compared with  
unsprayed plant (control).  
The increase of growth parameters of maize plant fertilized  
at 10 ton/fad. pigeon manure was more pronounced than plants  
sprayed by foliar yeast bread treatment. Highest values of plant  
height (cm), total plant dry weight (g), number of ears per plant,  
2
Materials & Methods  
A field experiment was conducted in the Wadi El-Rayan,  
Fayoum Governorate, Egypt, during the two successive seasons  
of 2014 and 2015 to study the impact of organic and bio-  
fertilizer on growth, yield andits components and some chemical  
contents of two maize cultivars. Physical and chemical  
properties of soil (0-30 depth) in the experimental site were as  
follows: sand 52.5%, silt 20%, clay 27.5%, pH 8.02, organic  
2
leaf area/plant (dm ) and leaf area index (LAI) at 65 and 95 days  
after sowing were obtained by fertilized at10 ton/fad. pigeon  
manure + foliar of yeast bread.  
3
matter 0.84 %,CaCO3, 20.9%, EC 2.9 mmhos/cm and soluble N  
7
4 ppm according to the method described by Chapman and  
Pratt (1961) [16]. The experimental design was split plots design  
with four replicates, two maize cultivars {High tech-2031(V1)  
and Weitaniy-11(V2)} were assigned to the main plots and five  
treatments of organic or/and bio-fertilizer plus control (without  
fertilizer) were randomly distributed in the sub plots. Maize  
grains were sown on May 25th and 28 in the first and second  
seasons, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied in the form  
of ammonium nitrate (33.5 % N) at the rate of 90N kg/ fad in  
two equal doses, before 1st and 2 irrigation, phosphorus and  
potassium fertilizer were applied at the recommended rate.  
Organic fertilizer treatments as the form of the pigeon  
manure (P.M) had the following chemical composition:- EC  
The interaction between cultivars and organic or/and bio-  
fertilizer caused a significant effect for all growth parameters at  
65 and 95 days after sowing (Table 1). High tech-2031 cultivar  
fertilized with 10 ton/fad. pigeon manure + foliar of yeast bread  
recorded the highest values of all growth parameters at 65 and  
95 days after sowing, while the lowest values of these  
parameters were recorded in unfertilized plants of cultivar  
Weitaniy-11 cultivars.  
th  
nd  
3.2 Effect on yield and its components:  
There were significant differences between the two maize  
cultivars in yield and its components expect harvest index  
(Table, 2). High tech-2031 cultivar significantly exceeded  
Weitaniy-11cultivar in yield and its components. The  
productivity of components such as, plant height (cm), number  
of rows per ear, length and diameter of ear, grain and straw yield  
per plant (g) and seed index affected by the organic or / and bio  
fertilizer in Table (2).  
-1  
(
{
Dsm ) {7.65}, Organic matter % {69.8}, pH {6.12}, Total C%  
33.6},Total N% {4.31}, C/N ratio {7.80} Total  
P%{0.97},K% {0.98},Fe (μg/g) {240.3}, Mn (μg/g) {50.8}, Zn  
(
μg/g) {92.60},Cu (μg/g) {7.65}.  
Yeast Bread(YB) extract was prepared from brewer’s yeast  
saccharomyces cerevisiae) dissolved in water followed by  
(
adding sugar at a ratio of 1: 1 and kept 24 hours in a warm place  
335  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 334-340  
Table 1: Effect of cultivars, organic or / and bio-fertilizer and interactions on growth parameters  
Plant height  
cm)  
Total dry weight  
Number of Ears  
Leaf area  
(dm )  
2
LAI  
(
per plant  
Treatments  
6
5 days  
95 days  
293.19  
65 days  
313.83  
95 days  
343.44  
95 days  
1.33  
65days  
46.78  
95 days  
56.18  
65 days  
2.34  
95 days  
2.81  
2
73.68  
68.64  
0.90  
High tech-2031(V1)  
2
289.24  
3.70  
304.98  
1.41  
323.98  
0.96  
1.21  
0.01  
1.17  
1.22  
1.28  
1.24  
1.31  
1.39  
43.68  
0.59  
50.20  
0.15  
2.21  
0.06  
1.95  
2.15  
2.37  
2.13  
2.47  
2.58  
2.51  
0.01  
2.39  
2.63  
2.78  
2.50  
2.71  
2.95  
Weitaniy-11(V2)  
L.D.S at 5% level  
Control  
259.89  
267.13  
276.30  
281.05  
286.64  
291.52  
288.69  
298.04  
301.35  
289.01  
296.08  
307.47  
306.02  
321.33  
336.53  
304.02  
312.13  
329.73  
329.61  
345.59  
381.17  
38.96  
42.96  
47.41  
42.95  
47.62  
51.50  
47.85  
52.50  
55.50  
50.05  
54.22  
59.00  
5
ton (P.M)  
1
0ton (P.M)  
2
2
2
65.75  
75.88  
81.98  
(
Y.B)  
5
ton (P.M) +(Y.B)  
0 ton (P.M) +(Y.B)  
L.D.S at 5% level  
1
2
.58  
3.54  
1.30  
1.54  
0.01  
0.96  
0.73  
0.09  
0.04  
Interactions  
309.20  
Control  
265.18  
268.44  
280.53  
266.89  
276.56  
284.49  
254.61  
265.83  
272.08  
264.62  
275.21  
279.47  
3.64  
284.50  
288.85  
293.53  
290.51  
299.42  
302.36  
277.61  
284.42  
289.52  
286.88  
296.67  
300.33  
5.00  
294.83  
302.28  
314.93  
303.21  
325.66  
342.07  
283.18  
289.87  
300.00  
308.83  
317.00  
331.00  
1.83  
1.21  
1.27  
1.34  
1.30  
1.36  
1.47  
1.12  
1.17  
1.22  
1.18  
1.26  
1.30  
0.01  
40.63  
45.24  
49.38  
43.86  
48.91  
52.67  
37.28  
40.67  
45.44  
42.04  
46.33  
50.33  
1.36  
50.51  
55.67  
59.00  
51.77  
58.10  
62.00  
45.19  
49.33  
52.00  
48.33  
50.33  
56.00  
1.03  
2.03  
2.26  
2.47  
2.16  
2.45  
2.64  
1.86  
2.03  
2.27  
2.10  
2.48  
2.52  
0.13  
2.53  
2.78  
2.95  
2.59  
2.91  
3.10  
2.26  
2.47  
2.60  
2.42  
2.52  
2.80  
0.05  
5
1
ton (P.M)  
322.25  
346.80  
331.89  
355.18  
395.33  
298.85  
302.00  
312.67  
327.33  
336.00  
367.00  
2.18  
0ton (P.M)  
(
Y.B)  
V1  
V2  
5
1
ton /f(P.M) +(Y.B)  
0 ton (P.M) +(Y.B)  
Control  
5
1
ton (P.M)  
0ton (P.M)  
(
Y.B)  
5
1
ton (P.M) +(Y.B)  
0 ton (P.M) +(Y.B)  
L.D.S at 5% level  
Table 2: Effect of cultivars, organic or / and bio fertilizer and interactions on yield and its components.  
Plant  
Number  
row of  
Ear  
Diameter  
(cm)  
Grain  
yield  
Straw  
yield  
Grain  
yield  
Straw  
yield  
Biological  
yield  
Harvest  
index  
Seed  
index  
height  
Length  
(
cm)  
Treatments  
/ear  
Per plant  
Per fad.  
5.55  
3
08.56  
23.28  
22.334  
6.26  
143.08  
252.11  
27.133  
3.15  
8.70  
36.19  
High tech-2031(V1)  
Weitaniy-11(V2)  
L.D.S at 5% level  
303.39  
4.20  
22.48  
0.01  
22.171  
0.004  
6.14  
0.01  
6.07  
140.50  
1.09  
246.28  
0.74  
26.858  
0.003  
3.09  
0.03  
2.96  
5.43  
0.03  
5.26  
8.52  
0.06  
8.22  
36.26  
NS  
Control  
290.06  
22.65  
22.063  
134.35  
237.83  
26.857  
35.99  
5
Ton (P.M)  
297.94  
306.95  
305.63  
22.80  
22.90  
22.89  
22.147  
22.253  
22.270  
6.13  
6.22  
6.19  
138.17  
141.05  
141.17  
244.83  
251.17  
247.67  
26.940  
27.032  
26.942  
3.04  
3.11  
3.11  
5.39  
5.54  
5.45  
8.43  
8.64  
8.55  
36.08  
35.92  
36.30  
1
0Ton (P.M)  
(
Y.B)  
5
Ton (P.M) +(Y.B)  
314.18  
22.98  
22.367  
6.26  
145.50  
253.83  
27.058  
3.20  
5.60  
8.80  
36.38  
1
0 Ton (P.M) +(Y.B)  
L.D.S at 5% level  
321.10  
3.23  
23.05  
0.01  
22.415  
0.016  
6.33  
0.01  
150.50  
0.75  
259.83  
1.29  
27.115  
0.009  
3.31  
0.02  
5.72  
0.02  
9.03  
0.03  
36.68  
0.16  
Interactions  
Control  
298.42  
23.14  
22.127  
6.14  
136.07  
241.67  
27.000  
3.00  
5.32  
8.32  
36.07  
5
ton (P.M)  
302.73  
313.18  
303.74  
312.78  
23.24  
23.35  
23.27  
23.32  
22.233  
22.350  
22.330  
22.447  
6.21  
6.29  
6.25  
6.31  
139.33  
142.44  
142.00  
147.00  
248.00  
254.67  
250.00  
256.00  
27.040  
27.147  
27.070  
27.230  
3.07  
3.14  
3.12  
3.23  
5.46  
5.60  
5.50  
5.66  
8.52  
8.74  
8.62  
8.89  
35.98  
35.89  
36.22  
36.36  
1
0ton (P.M)  
(Y.B)  
V1  
5
1
ton /f(P.M) +(Y.B)  
0 ton (P.M) +(Y.B)  
Control  
5
320.54  
23.37  
22.517  
6.36  
151.67  
262.33  
27.310  
3.34  
5.77  
9.11  
36.63  
281.69  
293.15  
22.16  
22.35  
22.000  
22.060  
6.00  
6.05  
132.64  
137.00  
234.00  
241.67  
26.713  
26.840  
2.92  
3.01  
5.21  
5.32  
8.12  
8.33  
35.91  
36.17  
ton (P.M)  
1
0ton (P.M)  
(Y.B)  
300.72  
307.53  
315.58  
321.67  
22.46  
22.51  
22.64  
22.74  
22.157  
22.210  
22.287  
22.313  
6.16  
6.12  
6.22  
6.29  
139.67  
140.33  
144.00  
149.33  
247.67  
245.33  
251.67  
257.33  
26.917  
26.813  
26.887  
26.920  
3.07  
3.09  
3.17  
3.29  
5.47  
5.40  
5.54  
5.66  
8.55  
8.48  
8.71  
8.95  
35.96  
36.39  
36.41  
36.74  
V2  
5
ton (P.M) +(Y.B)  
1
0 ton (P.M) +(Y.B)  
L.D.S at 5% level  
4.56  
0.02  
0.022  
0.02  
1.07  
1.82  
0.013  
0.02  
0.03  
0.04  
0.22  
336  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 334-340  
The higher percent increases in cumulative grain yield per  
fad was 10 ton /fad pigeon manure + foliar of yeast bread  
2031 cultivar fertilized at 10 ton/fad. pigeon manure + foliar of  
yeast bread.  
(
11.37), while the lower percent increases in grain yield was 5  
t/fad pigeon manure (2.76) compared with control treatment.  
Biological yield per fad was increased under fertilizedat10 ton  
3.3 Effect on carbohydrate and protein % in the grains  
Results in Figure (1, 2) indicated that maize cultivars  
exhibited significant results for carbohydrate and protein % in  
the grains. High tech-2031 cultivar had the superior in  
carbohydrate and protein % in the grains. Higher content of  
carbohydrate and protein were recorded at 10 ton/fad. pigeon  
manure + foliar of yeast bread (Figures 1 and 2).  
Concerning the interaction effects between cultivars and  
fertilizer treatments on carbohydrate and protein % in the grains,  
data in Fig 3, 4 indicated that High tech-2031 cultivar fertilized  
at 10 ton/fad. pigeon manure + foliar of yeast bread gave the  
highest value of carbohydrate and protein % in the grains.  
/
fadpigeon manure + foliar of yeast bread, because there were  
significant increasing in plant height and total plant dry weight  
at 65 and 95 days after sowing. With respect to the interactions  
between cultivars and organic or/and bio-fertilizer on maize  
yield and its components (Table 2). All interactionhad distinctly  
influenced yield components of maize. The highest values of  
number of rows per ear (23.37), length of ear (22.517 cm),  
diameter of ear (6.36 cm), grain yield per plant (151.67 g) and  
straw yield per plant (262.33 g) were recorded in High tech-  
80.85  
80.75  
80.57  
80.58  
80.44  
80.43  
80.30  
8
0.13  
Cultivars mean  
Fertilizer treatments  
Figure 1: Effect of cultivars and treatments fertilizer on carbohydrate% {LSD 5% V (0.012), F (0.010)}  
10.80  
10.69  
10.69  
10.64  
10.54  
10.39  
10.39  
10.18  
Cultivars mean  
Fertilizer treatments  
Figure 2: Effect of cultivars and treatments fertilizer on protein % {LSD 5% V (0.012), F (0.009)}  
337  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 334-340  
Heigh tech-2031(V1)  
Weitaniy-11(V2)  
0.87  
80.92  
8
80.77  
80.64  
80.63  
80.51  
80.47  
80.39  
80.34  
80.25  
80.21  
80.06  
Control  
5 ton/fad P.M  
10 ton/fad P.M  
Yeast Bread  
5 ton/fad P.M+Y.B  
10 ton/fad  
P.M+Y.B  
Figure 3: Effect of interaction between cultivars andtreatments fertilizer on carbohydrate% (LSD 5% 0.015)  
High tech-2031(V1)  
Weitaniy-11(V2)  
10.95  
10.84  
10.78  
10.69  
10.66  
10.56  
10.54  
10.50  
10.38  
10.33  
10.22  
10.04  
Control  
5 ton/fad P.M  
10 ton/fad P.M  
Yeast Bread  
5 ton/fad P.M+Y.B  
10 ton/fad  
P.M+Y.B  
Figure 4: Effect of interaction between cultivar, organic or / and bio fertilizer on protein % (LSD 5% 0.012)  
338  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 334-340  
The differences of growth parameters between the two  
cultivars may be due to the genetic differences between them.  
Similar results were obtained by (Hassan et al., 2008, Naserirad  
et al., 2011 Dahmardeh, 2012 and Soro et al., 2015) [18, 3, 4, 6]  
who found that the differences among cultivars were significant.  
Such enhancement effect of organic or / and bio fertilizer  
might due to pigeon manure of content some minerals (N, P, K,  
Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu), which have a great role in cell division and  
enlargement and induce the photosynthesis which in reflect on  
growth parameters. This result might be due to effect of yeast  
role in producing important substances like growth regulators  
4
Conclusion  
Soil fertility and corn productivity are continuously  
declining due to the removal of essential plant nutrients from the  
soils. The deficiencies of essential plant nutrients, organic  
matter, and beneficial soil microbes in soils had negative impact  
on soil fertility. Result of the study revealed that using pigeon  
manure at the rate of 10 ton/fad + foliar of yeast bread help in  
improving plant growth parameters, yield and chemical contents  
of maize plant under the circumstances of Wadi El-Rayan,  
Fayoum Governorate, Egypt as it is maintaining the soil health,  
flourishes the rhizosphere micro-flora by providing nutrients  
that stimulate growth of plants and more safe to the evironment.  
Moreover, we recommend High tech-2031 cultivar to grow in  
this district.  
(
cytokinins, gibberellins, auxins ), which led to improve the  
metabolic processes rate. These results coincide with those  
obtained by Ahmed, et al 2011, Aram, 2012, El-Dissoky et al  
2
013. [19, 20, 9], who reported that grain yield was significantly  
affected by maize genotype. The grain yield is the function of  
combined effect of all the yield components under the influence  
of a particular set of environmental conditions.  
References  
[
1] FAO (2012): The state of food and agriculture, Food and  
Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, Rome.  
This increase in grain yield per plant with 10t/fad pigeon  
manure + foliar of yeast bread might be due to improve nutrient  
use efficiencies and normal development of the maize plant  
with increasing number of row per ear , ear length and ear  
diameter. In this respect, Hellal et al., 2014 [15] stated that the  
yield and yield attributing characters viz. 100 grain weight, and  
grain yield of maize exhibited response to manure application.  
These increases inyields and its components as a result of  
application of the pigeon manure with yeast bread application  
may be attributed to high content of micronutrients, whichmight  
enhance the activity of photosynthesis and protein synthesis in  
the leaves. Thisin turn encourages photosynthetic process and  
dry matter accumulation more actively. The elemental  
composition of the pigeon manure applied especially their  
content of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu may accountfor such  
finding. Beneficial microorganisms in bio-fertilizers accelerate  
and improveplant growth and protect plants from pests and  
diseases [21].  
[
2] El-Gizawy, N.Kh.B. and H.M. Salem, (2010): Influence of  
Nitrogen Sources on Yield and its Components of Some  
Maize Varieties. World J. Agric. Sci., 6 (2): 218-223.  
[
3] Naserirad, H. A. Soleymanifard and R, Naseri, (2011): Effect  
of Integrated Application of Bio-fertilizer on Grain Yield,  
Yield Components and Associated Traits of Maize  
Cultivars. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 10  
(
2): 271-277.  
4] Dahmardeh, M. (2012): Effects of sowing date on the growth  
and yield of maize cultivars (Zea mays L.) and the growth  
temperature requirements. African Journal of  
Biotechnology, 11(61): 12450-12453.  
5] Tahiru,F. ,M. Fosu, T. Gaiser, M. Becker, B. I. Y. Inusah,  
[
[
A.Mutari1, S. S. J. Buah, W. K. Atakora1 and A. M.  
Mohammed, (2015): Fertilizer and Genotype Effects on  
Maize Production on Two Soils in the Northern Region of  
Ghana Sustainable Agriculture Res., 4(4): 76-87.  
[6] Soro, D., K.Ayolié, F. G.BiZro, F. Y.Yéboua, H .K-  
Farnia and Torkaman (2015) [22] reported that bio-fertilizer  
application which accounts important benefit to the maize  
producers and maize production, causing decreasing in the  
inputs of production because of economizing much money to  
chemical fertilizers and increasing in yield and biological yield.  
The same trend, Habtamu et al., (2015) [23] pointed out the use  
of integrated organic and inorganic fertilizers should be  
recommended for farmers because they were affordable options  
for increasing maize yields with improving soil fertility in the  
small-scale farming systems of the study.  
K.Kouadio, S. Bakayoko, P. T.Angui and J. Y.Kouadio,  
(
2015): Impact of organic fertilization on maize (zea mays  
l.) production in a ferralitic soil of centre – west côted'ivoire.  
Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sci., 3(6)  
556-565.  
[
7] Okoroafor, I. B Okelola, E. O, Edeh, O. N emehute, V. C.,  
Onu, C. N., Nwaneri, T. C. and Chinaka, G. I.,( 2013):  
Effect of Organic Manure on the Growth and Yield  
Performance of Maize in Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.  
Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sci., 5 (4) 28-31  
These results may be due to the beneficial effect of pigeon  
manure and yeast on metabolic processes and growth which in  
turn reflect positively on carbohydrate and protein of maize  
grain. These results are confirmed by the finding of Ayeni et al.,  
[
8] Paulina, C. (2013): Long-term effects of organic and mineral  
fertilizer application on physical soil properties and maize  
yield in western Kenya. Master’s Thesis in Environmental  
Science. Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural  
Sciences. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.  
(
2012) [24], who confirmed that application of bio-fertilizers  
became of great necessity to get a yield of high quality and to  
avoid the environmental pollution. Utilization organic source of  
fertilizer to avoid lethal effects on human health created by  
inorganic fertilizers [25]. Similar results were obtained by,  
Hussein et al., (2012) [26], Ahmed et al., (2015) [14] and obid  
et al., (2016) [27].  
[
9] El-Dissoky, R. A.; Ebtsam M. Morsy and M. A. El-Shazly,  
(
2013): Beneficial effect of potassium fertilization and yeast  
strains on maize plants grown on salt affected soil. J. Soil  
Sci. and Agric. Eng., Mansoura Univ., 4 (9): 827 – 842.  
[
10] Khalil S. E. and Ismael E. G., (2010): Growth, yield and  
seed quality of Lupinustermisas affected by different soil  
moisture levels and different ways of yeast application. J. of  
American Sci., 6 (8): 141-153.  
339  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 334-340  
[
11] Fathy,El-S.L .and S.Farid, (1996): The possibility of using  
Hammad ,H. M.( 2012): Effect of organic and inorganic  
fertilizer on maize hybrids under agro-environmental  
conditions of Faisalabad-Pakistan. African Journal of  
Agricultural Res.,7 (17):2713-2719.  
vitamin B and yeast to delay senescence and improve  
growth and yield of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).  
J. of Agric. Sci. Mansoura Uni., 2(4): 1415-1423.  
[
12] Dawood Mona G. R. El-Lethy Safaa and Sadak, Mervat,  
Sh., (2013): Role of Methanol and Yeast in Improving  
Growth, Yield, Nutritive Value and Antioxidants of  
Soybean. World Appl. Sci. J., 26 (1):6-14.  
[26] Hussein, M. M., A.T. Thalooth, M.M. Tawfik, M.E.  
Gobarah, Magda, H. Mohamed (2012): impact of mineral  
and organic fertilizer on vegetative growth of Jatropha  
curcas L in sandy soil. Elixir Appl. Botany 49: 9714-9717.  
[27] Obid, S.A., A. E. Idris, B. A. M. Ahmed (2016): Effect of  
Bio-Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Two Maize (Zea  
mays L.) Cultivars at Shambat, Sudan. Sch. J. Agric. Vet.  
Sci., 3 (4): 313-317.  
[
13] Marzauk, Neama, M. M.R. Shafeek, Y. I. Helmy, A. A.  
Ahmed, and A..F..Shalaby, Magda, (2014): Effect of  
vitamin E and yeast extract foliar application on growth, pod  
yield and both green pod and seed yield of broad bean (Vicia  
faba L.). Middle East J. Appl. Sci., 4 (1) 61-67.  
[
14] Ahmed Amal, G., Magda, H. Mohamed, Nabila, M. Zaki ,  
M. S. Hassanein and Mirvat, E. Gobarah, (2015): Effect of  
Foliar Application of Bio and Micronutrients Fertilizer on  
Increasing Productivity of Fenugreek Yield. International  
Journal of ChemTech Res., 8 (9):43-53.  
[
15] Hellal, F. A., R.M. Zewainy, A.A. Khalil and A.A.M.  
Ragab, (2014): Effect of organic and bio-fertilizer  
management practices on nutrient availability and uptake by  
Faba bean- Maize sequence. American-Eurasian Journal of  
Sustainable Agric., 8(5): 35-42.  
[
16] Chapman, H.D. and P.E. Pratt, (1961): Methods of Analysis  
for Soils, Plants and Water. University California, Berkeley,  
CA, USA.  
[
17] Snedecore G. W. and Cochran W. G., (1990): Statistical  
th  
Methods. Oxford and I.B.H Publishing 8 Ed (Iowa State  
Univ. Press) Iowa, U. S. A., 16.  
[18] Hassan, M. M. M., M. A. M. El-Ghonemy and R. S. H. Aly  
(
2008): Response of some maize single cross hybrids to  
plant density under different Egyptian environmental  
conditions. Minufia J. Agric. Res., 33(2): 427-443.  
[
19] Ahmed, M. A., Amal G. Ahmed, Magda, H. Mohamed and  
M. M. Tawfik (2011): Integrated effect of organic and  
biofertilizers on wheat productivity in new reclaimed sandy  
soil. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological  
Sciences, 7(1): 105-114.  
[
20] Aram, A. Mohammed (2012): Effect of Bio-Fertilizer on  
physiology of growth and development of maize ( Zea mays  
L.) in Sulaimani region. Mesopotamia J. of Agric., 40 (1): 9-  
17.  
[21] Akhtar, N, M. Naveed, M. Khalid, N. Ahmad, M. Rizwan  
and S. Siddique (2018): Effect of bacterial consortia on  
growth and yield of maize grown in Fusarium infested soil.  
Soil Environ. 37 (1): 35-44.  
[
22] Farnia, A and Torkaman H., (2015): Effect of Different  
Biofertilizers on Yield and Yield Components of Maize (Zea  
mays L.). Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci., 4 (4) 75-79.  
[
23] Habtamu ,A., Heluf, G. B. B. and Enyew, A., (2015):  
Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Yield and  
Yield Components of Maize at Wujiraba Watershed,  
Northwestern Highlands of Ethiopia. American Journal of  
Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Technology, 5: 1-15.  
[
24] Ayeni, L. S., E.O. Adeleye and J.O. Adejumo (2012):  
Comparative effect of organic, organomineraland mineral  
fertilizers on soil properties, nutrient uptake, growth and  
yield of maize (Zea Mays). International Research Journal of  
Agricultural Science and Soil Sci., 2(11): 493-497.  
[25] Nasim W., Ahmad A., Khaliq T., Wajid A., Munis M. F.  
H., Chaudhry H. J., Maqbool , M. M., Ahmad, S and  
340