Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 234-244  
J. Environ. Treat. Tech.  
ISSN: 2309-1185  
Journal weblink: http://www.jett.dormaj.com  
Investigation the Antioxidant, Antibacterial and  
Insecticidal Activities of Cuscuta epithymum and  
Pyrethrum roseum Plants using  
Polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS)  
1
2
1
1
Kamiar Zomorodian , Davoud saeidi , Diba Fani , Fatemeh Tazarvi , Mohammad Reza  
3
2
2
Hajinezhad , Seyyed Alireza Hashemi , Ali Mohammad Amani , Seyyed Mojtaba  
Mousavi2*  
1Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center and Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Shiraz  
University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran  
Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical  
Sciences, Shiraz, Iran  
2
3
Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zabol, Bonjar Avenue, Zabol City,  
Iran.  
Received: 21/03/2019  
Accepted: 24/05/2019  
Published: 01/09/2019  
Abstract  
In this study, the antioxidant, anti-fungal and also anti-bacterial content in Cuscuta epithymum and Pyrethrum roseum plants  
were investigated. The extraction of essences is sensitive to operational conditions. Therefore, the effect of different extraction  
techniques by using HS -SPME fiber assembly Carboxen/Polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS), on the quality of essence oil  
composition was inspected and the composition of the final product was recognized using gas chromatography and mass  
spectroscopy.Essential Cuscuta epithymum and Pyrethrum roseum is widely used in pharmaceutical, sanitary, cosmetic, agriculture  
and food industries for their bactericidal, virucidal, fungicidal, antiparasitical and insecticidal properties. Their anticancer activity  
is well documented. The chemical composition of the essential oil from Cuscuta epithymum and Pyrethrum roseum was analyzed  
by GC-MS.  
Keyword: antioxidants, antimicrobial, insecticidal activity, Cuscuta epithymum, Pyrethrum roseum  
1
ferulacea is a full of money starting point of anti-oxidant and  
1
Introduction  
some observations claimed that a large amount of vitamin E  
was added to this property (7-9). There are 15 different  
species of Prangos ferulacea in Iran which five of them are  
in a low level of development. This herb needs humidity for  
its growth in addition to cold weather. Putting a thin coating  
layer of ice in a complete living wheeled machine.as an  
outcome, it can be discovered in snowy places with much  
measure end to end of cold weather (10). The herb copy of  
is better in clayey soils and land feeling of a material and  
structure has a great effect on the level of Major and not  
important, small part expansion of the root. The herb grows  
in last March and gradually till the end of April. After, it  
moves into a copy of phase and the fruits are ready in mid-  
May (11, 12). The seeds can be gathered at the time of  
withering by July. Pachymerus acacia is the chief trouble of  
The long term use of herbs introduced in traditional  
medicines confirms their value in drug discovery (1-3).  
Based on historical evidence, herbal therapies were used to  
treat convulsive seizures for centuries (4). Medicine has  
always played a significant role in Iranian culture and  
civilization. Thousands of years of history and hundreds of  
books have placed Iranian traditional medicine among the  
oldest and richest alternative medicines (5, 6). This herb is  
also used as a drying, salting food for tympanites; a strong  
substance to help digestion process produce waste of  
stomach, as an anti-blowing agent which makes nerve pains  
less troubling, and as an anti-inflammation antivirus, anti-  
parasite anti-fungus and antibacterial. Lately, some  
observations were held to see the effect of different species  
of this herb as an antivirus against HIV. The Prangos  
Corresponding Author: Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Email: kempo.smm@gmail.com. Tel: +98 9399268875.  
234  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 234-244  
Prangos ferulacea which is from bruchidae family and  
causes to come out on the leaves of the herb. The plant is a  
chief starting point of anti-oxidants (13).  
the bath temperature. For heat desorption of pulled  
components on the fiber, the injection performed  
immediately into the GC-MS instrument. in This study tests  
the suitability of the Carboxen–polydi- methylsiloxane  
(
(
CAR–PDMS) fiber.The SPME device and CAR–PDMS  
75 mm) were used as fibers used in this study were  
2
Materials and methods  
2
.1 Materials  
purchased from internal standards (I.S.s). ( results are shown  
as in table 1).The fibers ereMeSEt and Et S were supplied by  
Aldrich conditioned by inserting them into the GC system  
injector at 280 c for 30 min and they were immediately used  
to prevent contamination. Before the extraction with the  
fiber, the sample vials were equilibrated for 30 min at 25C.  
Afterwards, the stainless steel needle in which the fiber is  
housed was pushed through the vial septum, allowing the  
fiber to be exposed to the headspace of the sample for 30  
min. Then, the fiber was pulled into the needle sheath and  
the SPME device was removed from the vial and inserted  
into the injection port of the GC system for thermal  
desorption at 300 c for 1min.  
-
Usual laboratory instruments and Clevenger using British  
Pharmacy standard.  
Circulation bath for constant temperature and as a  
condenser; type 8mLw made by mLwUH.  
Chemical analysis materials from Merck and Fluka with  
-
-
desired anhydrite sodium sulfate with 97% sincerity and  
normal hexane with 95% sincerity and standard oleic acid.  
2
-
.2 Instruments  
Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC, GC-  
MS): GC model HP-6890 made by HEWLETT PACKARD  
(
-
USA).  
Mass spectroscopy Model HP-5973 made by HEWLETT  
PACKARD USA  
2
.3.3 Separation and identification of components in  
essence oils  
As the components present in essence oils are known as  
-
Gas chromatography and simultaneous gas  
chromatography and mass spectroscopy device (GC-MS)  
-
SPME fiber assembly excluding solid phase and SPME  
fiber holder made by SUPELCO (USA).  
Electric mill for herbaceous parts grinding, if necessary;  
volatile and semi-volatile oils, therefore GC-MS method  
was applied for separation and identification of the  
components. The result spectrums were compared with  
standard mass spectrum of Adams (Adams, R.P., 2004). In  
order to confirm the identified components of standard mass  
spectrum, Quatz deterrence index was applied. Firstly, the  
-
this mill is needed for SPME method and the model is  
Ikawerke M20 (Germany).  
Table 1: Characterisation of the used fiber in the SPME  
method  
8
Alkanes of C -C25 were injected into GC-MS and deterrence  
time for each Alkane was measured using KI=100n when ‘n’  
is the number of carbons in related Alkane. Quatz deterrence  
index of essence oils were calculated using the following  
equation:  
Characterisation of the used fiber in the SPME method  
Type of fiber: ( carboxen / poly dimethyl siloxane , CAR /  
PDMS)  
Adsorbent thickness: 75 micrometer  
Type of adsorbent connections: strongly network  
Color: Black  
푡푥 − 푡  
푛
퐾퐼 = 100n + 1퐾퐼 (  
)
ꢂ1ꢃ  
푡푛ꢀꢁ − 푡푛  
2
2
.3 Experimental procedure  
.3.1 Chromatography tests  
For Cuscuta epithymum and Pyrethrum roseum plant  
After dewatering the produced oil, the oil was diluted  
using normal hexane (Merck) with the proportion of 1 to 10  
and then injected into GC-MS.The most widely used  
technique of sampling with solid phase microextraction  
onsists of exposing a small amount of extracting phase  
essence oil using HS-SPME for (essential oil) methods.  
Analysis of the essential oil was performed using a Hewlett  
Packard 6890 GC equipped with a HP-5MS capillary  
column (30 m×0.22mm i.d., 0.25 μm film thickness) and a  
mass spectrophotometer 5973 from the samecompany for  
GC/MS detection with an electron ionization system energy  
(
coating) associated with a fibre to the sample, for a  
predetermined amount of time.V = volume of fibre coating;  
fs = fibre/sample distribution coefficient; V = volume of  
= initial concentration of analyte in the  
f
K
s
sample; C  
0
(
10 eV)was used. Helium was the carrier gas, at a flow rate  
sample.Typically, the microextraction process is considered  
complete when the analyte concentration has reached  
distribution equilibrium between the sample matrix and the  
fibre coating. The equilibrium conditions can be described  
by equation (1), according to the law of mass conservation,  
if only two phases are considered (for example, the sample  
matrix and the fibre coating):  
of 1 ml/min., injector and detector MS transfer line  
temperature were set at 250 and 290 °C, respectively.  
Column temperature was initially kept at 60 °C for 5 min.,  
and then gradually increased to 220 °C at the rate of 6  
°C/min.  
2.3.2 HS-SPME method  
The method carried out using minimum amount of herb  
∞
∞
퐶 . 푉푠ꢅ 퐶 .푉 + 퐶 . 푉  
푓
ꢂ2ꢃ  
powder (1 g) without using any solvent. The circulating bath  
model mLw8 made by mLwHU was used in this experiment  
which had the ability of temperature control during  
extraction process. The fiber assembly was kept in a 10 ml  
glass container and the fiber holder attached to the container.  
The glass container was inside the circulating bath to reach  
ꢄ
푆
푆
푓
e distribution coefficient Kfs of the analyte between the fibre  
coating and sample matrix is defined as equation 3.  
235  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 234-244  
∞
퐶푓  
time, and the extraction temperature remain constant. As  
equation (5) indicates, the extraction process is dependent on  
the distribution constant Kfs. This is a characteristic  
parameter that describes the properties of a coating and its  
selectivity toward the analyte versus other matrix  
components. Because of its solvent-free nature and the small  
size of the fibre coating, SPME can be interfaced  
conveniently to analytical instruments of various types. Only  
extracted analytes are introduced into the instrument, since  
the extracting phase is non-volatile and insoluble in most  
organic solvents. Thus, there is no need for complex  
injectors designed to deal with large amounts of solvents,  
and these components can be simplified for use with SPME.  
Depending on the method of subsequent analysis, the  
sensitivity of determinations using the SPME technique is  
very high, facilitating trace analysis. Although in most cases  
the analytes are only partly extracted from the sample, all  
extracted material is transferred to the analytical instrument,  
resulting in good performance. Carryover should be checked  
for each analyte and the desorption conditions should be  
chosen so that the analyte remaining on the fibre is less than  
퐾푓푠  
=
ꢂ3ꢃ  
ꢂ4ꢃ  
퐶푠∞  
푘 . 푉  
푓푠  
푠
∞
퐶푓 = 퐶ꢄ .  
푘 . 푉 + 푉  
푠
푓푠  
푓
Equations (1) and (2) can be combined and rearranged  
into equation (3). Finally, the number of moles of analyte n  
extracted by the coating can be calculated from equation:  
퐾 . 푉 . 푉  
푓
푓푠  
푠
∞
푓
ꢆ = 퐶 . 푉 = 퐶 .  
ꢂ5ꢃ  
푓
표
퐾 . 푉 + 푉  
푓푠  
푓
푠
Equation (5) indicates that the amount of analyte  
extracted onto the coating (n) is linearly proportional to the  
analyte concentration in the sample (C ), which is the  
0
analytical basis for quantification using SPME.Equation (5),  
which assumes that the sample matrix can be represented as  
a single homogeneous phase and that no headspace is present  
in the system, can be modified to account for the existence  
of other compartments in the matrix, by considering the  
volumes of the individual phases and the appropriate  
distribution constants. In addition, when the sample volume  
0.1% of the initial amount. The solvent free process results  
in narrow bands reaching the instrument, giving taller,  
narrower peaks and better quantification. (See Fig. 1).  
2
.3.4 Data analysis  
Study of the essential oil extraction by Clevenger  
is very large, i.e. V  
s
>> Kfs·V  
f
, equation (4) can be simplified  
method from Cuscuta epithymum and Pyrethrum roseum  
plant Clevenger method was used for the isolation of  
essential oil as a traditional method of extracting essential  
oils from medicinal plants. The effects of different  
extracting solvents such as n-hexane (non-polar) and  
methanol were studied on the extraction of the essential oil  
from Cuscuta epithymum and Pyrethrum roseum. Each time,  
the obtained essential oil was analyzed using Gas  
chromatography (GC). According to the obtained results of  
the previous studies and the beneficial effects of medicinal  
herbs, the aims of this study were extraction and  
investigation of the essential oil from Cuscuta epithymum  
and Pyrethrum roseum and evaluation of its effects to Inhibit  
blood cancer cells Growth. The results related to the  
essential oil are presented in the chromatograms. One of the  
active ingredients of essential oil is 2-methoxy-6-pentyl-1,4-  
dihydroxybenzene which is identified as having  
antimicrobial and anti-tumor properties.  
to:  
ꢆ = 퐾 . 푉 . 퐶  
ꢄ
ꢂ6ꢃ  
푓푠  
푓
Which points to the usefulness of the technique when the  
volume of the sample is unknown. In practice, the fibre can  
be exposed directly to the flowing blood, ambient air, water,  
etc. The amount of extracted analyte will correspond directly  
to its concentration in the matrix, without depending on the  
sample volume. The amount of analyte extracted onto the  
fibre coating is at a maximum when the equilibrium is  
reached, thus achieving highest sensitivity. If sensitivity is  
not a major concern of analysis, shortening the extraction  
time is desirable. In addition, the equilibrium extraction  
approach is not practical for solid porous coatings, due to the  
displacement effect at high concentrations. For these  
circumstances, the extraction is stopped and the fibre is  
analyzed before the equilibrium is reached. The kinetics of  
absorption of analytes onto a liquid fibre coating can be  
described as:  
3 Results and discussions  
3.1 Major components of the essential oil from Cuscuta  
epithymum and Pyrethrum roseum  
The chemical composition of the essential oil from  
Cuscuta epithymum and Pyrethrum roseum  
퐾 . 푉 . 푉  
푓푠  
푠
푓
ꢆ = ꢂ1 − 푒ꢇ푎ꢈ ꢃ. 퐶표.  
ꢂ7ꢃ  
퐾 . 푉 + 푉  
푠
was  
푓푠  
푓
determined by gas chromatography connected to a mass  
spectrometer (GC-MS). There were identified different  
compounds of the essential oil from this plant. The most  
important extracted compounds of the essential oil from  
chemical analysis by GC-MS are shown in table 2 and the  
obtained Figure 2. The maximum percentage of these  
compounds were related to bornyl acetate, Sabinene hydrate  
acetate, Ocimene, Thymol, Methyl eugenol, Methyl  
isoeugenol, Asarone, Neophytadiene, isoelemicin.  
where t is the extraction time, and a is a time constant,  
representing how fast an equilibrium can be reached. When  
the extraction time is long, equation (6) becomes equation  
(
4), characterizing equilibrium extraction. If the extraction  
equilibrium is not reached, equation (6) indicates that there  
is still a linear relationship between the amount (n) of analyte  
extracted onto the fibre and the analyte concentration (C ) in  
0
the sample matrix, provided that the agitation, the extraction  
.
236  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 234-244  
Figure 1: V  
f
s 0  
= volume of fibre coating; Kfs = fibre/sample distribution coefficient; V = volume of sample; C = initial concentration of analyte in  
the sample  
3
.2 Evaluation of the extracted essential oil from Cuscuta  
chromatography. According to the chromatograms, there are  
limited compounds in the extract. Figure 4 and 5 show  
merely the obtained results and evaluation of these  
compounds was not provided due to lack of the required  
standard. The results of cytotoxic effect investigation are  
presented in Table 3.  
epithymum and Pyrethrum roseum  
In order to measurement the percentage of the essential  
Oil components, hexane (non-polar solvent) and methanol a  
polar solvent were used for extraction of different  
compounds. The obtained extracts were analyzed by liquid  
Table 2: The most important constituents of the essential oil from Cuscuta epithymum and Pyrethrum roseum  
Name  
MF  
FW  
KI  
Rt  
%
%
Ocimene  
Sabinene hydrate acetate<trans-  
>
Bornyl acetate  
Thymol  
Methyl eugenol  
Methyl isoeugenol  
isoelemicin<Z>, <E>  
Asarone<E>  
C
10  
H
16  
20  
136  
1050  
5.4  
9.64  
4.165  
C
12  
H
O
2
2
196  
1256  
12.38  
10.01  
4.234  
C
12  
C
10  
C
11  
C
11  
C
12  
C
12  
C
20  
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
20  
O
14  
O
14  
O
14  
O
16  
O
16  
O
38  
196  
150  
178  
178  
208  
208  
278  
1288  
1290  
1403  
1492  
1570  
1676  
1841  
13.37  
13.79  
18.22  
21.79  
24.74  
2893  
8.77  
8.02  
10.77  
8.09  
8.25  
100  
3.789  
3.463  
4.646  
3.494  
3.564  
43.182  
5.866  
2
2
3
3
Neophytadiene  
34.08  
13.58  
237  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 234-244  
Figure 2: The mass spectra of compounds of the essential oil from Cuscuta epithymum and Pyrethrum roseum  
Figure 4: The injected extracts of Cuscuta epithymum and Pyrethrum roseum  
238  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 234-244  
antioxidant properties with regard to the obtained potential  
range, the intensity of the peaks and comparing it with  
common antioxidants.(see Fig. 6 and 7).  
Figure 5: The injected essential oil from Cuscuta epithymum and  
Pyrethrum roseum  
Table 3: Cytotoxic effects of the extract from Cucuta  
epithymum and Pyrethrum roseum  
Extract  
IC50)µ g/ml)  
37.0±3.6  
25.48±3.3  
67.4±0.7  
7.0±2.4  
Figure 6: Differential pulse voltammetry for 0.1 mM: black  
(Cuscuta epithymum and Pyrethrum roseum), Blue (benzoic acid),  
green (tri hydroxamic acids), red (hydrocaffeic acid)  
Aftimoon(hex+MeOH)  
Mix (hex+MeOH)  
Aftimoon (MeOH+H2O)  
Cisplatin  
Electrochemical methods have been often used for  
investigation of antioxidant activity of compounds,  
evaluation of antioxidant capacity and determination of  
electrochemical index. Various types of electrodes can be  
used for this assay purposes. Cyclic or differential pulse  
voltammetry are often used for these electrochemical  
measurements.The antioxidant capacity is one of the most  
important antioxidant parameters. The capacity is  
recognized as the ability of compound to prevent the  
oxidative degradation of other molecules. These methods are  
generally based on the direct reaction of study compounds  
with free radicals or on the reaction with transition metals.  
Spectrometric methods are often employed in the  
investigation of antioxidant properties. However, these  
methods are dependent on several parameters, such as  
temperature and time of the analysis.Electrochemical  
methods are rapid, simple and sensitive in the analysis of  
bioactive compounds and measurement of antioxidant  
capacity. Antioxidants can act directly as reduction agents  
and they tend to be quickly oxidized in aqueous solutions  
with inert electrodes. Therefore, the relationship between the  
electrochemical behavior of compounds with antioxidant  
activity and accordingly with their antioxidant capacity is  
very considered, because compounds with low oxidation  
potentials have higher antioxidant power. This fact is known  
that imbalance between the concentration of prooxidants and  
antioxidants can lead to oxidative stress and these changes  
are very effective in the pathophysiology of patients.  
Doxorubicin  
5.4±0.3  
3
.3 Electrochemical study of antioxidant properties of  
essential oil from Cuscuta epithymum and Pyrethrum  
roseum:  
In this study, the electrochemical method was performed  
to evaluate the antioxidant properties of plant essential oil.  
Antioxidants act as reducing agents and oxidize on the  
surface of inert electrodes. Therefore, the relationship  
between the electrochemical behavior of molecules and  
electrochemical capacity is considered as the basis for the  
study. The antioxidant power will be increased with lower  
oxidation potential. The carbon electrode is commonly used  
as the working electrode to study the anti-oxidant behavior  
of medicinal essential oils. Cyclic voltammetry (cv) and  
differential pulse voltammetry (dpv) techniques were used  
for examining the electrochemical behavior of essential  
oil. In cyclic voltammetry, potential is applied within the  
specified limits the working electrode and the anode current  
resulting from the oxidation of chemical species is  
determined. Antioxidant properties of the samples were  
investigated by comparing with the properties of salicylic  
acid a standard reference. Other compounds were also used  
such as polyphenols chlorogenic acid, cordigol, cordigone,  
danthrone,  
1,5-dihydroxy-3-  
methoxyxanthone,  
eriosematin, flemichin D, frutinone A, mangiferin,  
quercetin, 1,3,6,7- tetrahydroxyxanthone.The Oxidation  
potential of these compounds relative to the working  
electrodes is in the range from 0.4 V to 0.9 V. Considering  
that the redox potential of most compounds with antioxidant  
properties is in the potential range, Cuscuta epithymum and  
Pyrethrum roseum essential oil can be introduced as a  
natural antioxidant. Voltammogram of the essential oil from  
Cuscuta epithymum and Pyrethrum roseum in methanol has  
been shown in the figure below.The essential oil from  
Cuscuta epithymum and Pyrethrum roseum has desirable  
3.4 The antimicrobial property of the Cuscuta epithymum  
and Pyrethrum roseum on the microorganisms tested  
Essential oil and extracts of methanol and ethanol  
Cuscuta epithymum were studied in different concentrations  
of 5 human fungal species and on 5 human pathogenic  
bacteria. In the above experiments, the inhibitory effect of  
these agents has been increased by increasing the  
concentration of active ingredients. The following tables  
239  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 234-244  
were adjusted according to the mean diameter of the non-  
growth halo of the ten species tested (see Fig. 8 to 11).  
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Arizona  
Salmonella Morganella  
S.aureus E.Coli C.albicans C.neoformans A.flavus T.verrucosum E.floccosum  
Microorganisms  
Figure 7: Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) Ethanol Extract  
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Arizona Salmonella Morganella Staphylococcus E.Coli Candida Cryptococcus Aspergillus Trichophyton Epidermophyton  
Microorganisms  
Figure 8: Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) Ethanol Extract  
240  
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2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 234-244  
4
3
2
1
0
.5  
4
.5  
3
.5  
2
.5  
1
.5  
0
Salmonella Morganella Staphylococcus E.Coli  
Candida  
Aspergillus  
Trichophyton Epidermophyton  
Microorganisms  
Figure 9: Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) Ethanol Extract  
1
4
2
0
8
6
4
2
0
1
1
Arizona Salmonella Morganella Staphylococcus E.Coli Candida Cryptococcus Aspergillus Trichophyton Epidermophyton  
Microorganisms  
Figure 10: Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) Methanol Extract  
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2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 234-244  
25  
20  
15  
10  
5
0
Arizona Salmonella Morganella Staphylococcus E.Coli Candida Cryptococcus Aspergillus Trichophyton Epidermophyton  
Microorganisms  
Figure 11: Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) Methanol Extract  
3.5 Ethanol Extract  
bacteria,  
Pseudomonas  
aeruginosa  
contains  
the  
Analysis of the variance of antimicrobial property of  
ethanolic extract Cuscuta epithymum and Pyrethrum roseum  
on microorganisms was carried out (tables 4 - 8):  
largest average diameter of the inhibition zones and has a  
greater sensitivity to the nanoparticle than other  
microorganisms, while Salmonella Arizona contains the  
smallest average diameter of the inhibition zones. Analysis  
table of the variance of antimicrobial property of ethanolic  
extract Cuscuta epithymum and tansy on microorganisms  
were examined:  
3
.5.1 Mean type of material differentiation on the diameter  
of the non-growth halo of microorganisms  
Cuscuta epithymum and Pyrethrum roseum has a  
different effect on the tested microorganisms. The results  
showed that this nanoparticle is effective on gram-positive  
and gram-negative bacteria and fungi, but depending on the  
type of microorganisms, its effectiveness varies. In Table 3,  
the average diameter of the inhibition zones of Cuscuta  
epithymum and Pyrethrum roseum versus various  
microorganisms is expressed in millimeters. In this table,  
according to the results of the disc diffusion method, fungi  
with an average diameter of the inhibition zones of the  
Cryptococcus neoformans are more sensitive to this  
3.5.2 Mean diameter of the non-growth halo of ethanol  
extract of Cuscuta epithymum and Pyrethrum roseum  
against different microorganisms in millimeters  
In all three types of substance, there is a significant  
difference in the type of sample and growth inhibitory effect,  
so that the essential oil of Cuscuta epithymum and  
Pyrethrum roseum has the most inhibitory, anti-fungal and  
bacterial effects, and the ethanol extract of the plant after the  
essential oil has a balanced property. The methanol extract  
has been shown to be weak in its properties.  
nanoparticle  
compared  
to  
bacteria  
with  
an average diameter of the inhibition zones. Among the  
Table 4: Analysis of variance of antimicrobial property of ethanolic extract  
Meaningful level  
.247  
F
Average of squares  
df Sum of squares  
Source of changes  
Statical indicators  
0
1.134  
16.911  
9
152.197  
504.248  
Outgroup  
The diameter of  
non-growth halo  
12.606  
40  
Intergroup  
total  
49  
10862.743  
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Table 5: Analysis of variance of antimicrobial property of ethanolic extract Essence  
Meaningful level  
F
Average of squares  
df Sum of squares  
79.765  
40 211.920  
291.658  
Source of changes  
Statical indicators  
8
5
.863  
.259  
9
Outgroup  
The diameter of  
non-growth halo  
0.128  
1.673  
Intergroup  
total  
49  
Table 6: Analysis of variance of antimicrobial property of essence  
Meaningful level  
F
Average of squares  
df Sum of squares  
247.947  
40 760.078  
1035.026  
Source of changes  
Statical indicators  
3
1
0.550  
9.002  
9
Outgroup  
Intergroup  
total  
The diameter of  
non-growth halo  
0.146  
1.608  
49  
Table 7: The average of material type differentiation on the diameter of the non-growth halo  
classification  
Number of samples  
The average of material type differentiation  
1.49000±0.517626  
3.91000±0.345044  
Type of material  
ethanol  
methanol  
B
C
A
150  
150  
150  
7.37800±0.649969  
essence  
Table 8: Analysis of variance of antimicrobial property of effective matter  
F
Average of squares df  
Sum of squares  
Source of changes Statical indicators  
4
37.933  
2
875.886  
Outgroup  
Intergroup  
total  
The diameter of non-  
growth halo  
32.461  
447 1983.156  
49 2859.022  
13.941  
4
4
Conclusion  
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[
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