Problems and Prospects of Growing Carp in Russia and other Countries of the World

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 474-478

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

Problems and Prospects of Growing Carp in

Russia and other Countries of the World

1,2

Mikhail V. Shatokhin , Anna A. Larionova , Natalia A. Zaitseva , Elena A. Gurkovskaya ,

Alexander I. Romanenko , Oleg V. Gorbunov , Lilya F. Ponomareva

Assistant Professor, Hakim Sabzevari University

K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University), Department of

ecology and nature management, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: shato-hinm@mail.ru

The Kosygin State University of Russia (Technology. Design. Art), Department of economic security, audit and controlling.

Moscow, Russia. E-mail: annla@list.ru

Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Department of hospitality, tourism and sports industry, Moscow, RUSSIA. . E-mail:

zaitseva-itig@mail.ru

K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University), Department of

Refrigeration and technosphere safety, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: e.a.gurkovskaya@yandex.ru

K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University), Department of

Refrigeration and technosphere safety, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: rai-52@mail.ru

K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University), Department of

ecology and nature management, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: singularnost@tochka.ru

K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University) (branch in Meleuz),

Department of Food Production Technologies, Meleuz, Russia. E-mail: ponomareva.lilya@mail.ru

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to systematize the world and Russian experience in the development of carp cultivation

technologies, including those based on intensive fish production in special devices. Methodology: The following methods of research

were used: methods of studying, analytical, survey and other materials, the results interpretation, the method of statistical data

analysis, consolidation and synthesis of information. Result: As a result of the research, we generalized the experience of carp

production in Japan, Israel and the countries of Europe. We determined the issues and outlined the perspectives of carp production in

Russia. The conclusions obtained in this study can be used as a basis for further in-depth development problems for intensive

technologies use of fish production. Applications: This research can be used for the universities, teachers and students.

Novelty/Originality: The novelty of the research results consists in systematization of the world and Russian experience in the use of

technologies for the intensive production of carp cultivation, including in special devices. The originality of research consists in

substantiating the direction of increasing the productivity of production of a map in Russia through the use of biologically active

substances and growth stimulants.

Keywords: aquaculture, fish production technology, carp, fish breeding.

documentation of UN experts that play the role of the most

Introduction

promising source of fish products for humanity (21,23).

The regions of industrial aquaculture origin are

traditionally considered to be Southeast Asia and the Far

East, the warm waters of which contributed to the formation

of intensive carp production many centuries ago. However,

the main development of this aquaculture area has received in

Industrial aquaculture, which, being a relatively new area

of fisheries, reached a fairly high level of development in the

0-80s of the twentieth century, is designed to ensure the

high efficiency of carp cultivation processes. To date, this

component of modern fish farming is represented by fish

breeding enterprises operating in fully controlled conditions

for the reproduction and cultivation of valuable aquaculture

facilities. It is industrial aquaculture in the reports and

0’s of the twentieth century, due to the lack of natural fish

stocks in reservoirs, as well as protein deficiency in the diet

of these regions population (22). Nowadays carp is one of the

most popular types of fish, and its active implementation is

implemented in large quantities not only in the domestic

market and within major producing regions (eg., In Asia and

Latin America), but also at the interregional level (21)

Corresponding author: Anna A. Larionova, The Kosygin

State University of Russia (Technology. Design. Art),

Department of economic security, audit and controlling.

Moscow, Russia. E-mail: annla@list.ru.

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 474-478

At the same time, the demand for fish products still

exceeds supply in most countries of the world, including

Russia. Therefore, the search for ways and technologies to

improve carp production efficiency as a leader of the global

aquaculture production is extremely relevant.

production in the Russian Federation was data from the

Federal Agency for Fisheries and the period of the Russian

press for 2016–2–19.

Results and Discussion

.1 Place of Carp Production in the Production of Global

Aqua Culture

In the global volume of aquaculture, the leading position

Methodological Framework

The scientific basis of this study was the study of Russian

and foreign researchers in the field of industrial breeding and

carp breeding. In this study, the authors of the article used the

methods study of analytical, review and other materials,

interpretation of results, method of consolidation and

synthesis of information. To assess the prospects for the

development of world carp production we used the method of

statistical data analysis from the report “The State of World

Fisheries and Aquaculture (2014). Achieving sustainable

development goals”.The information basis for studying carp

is consistently occupied by the cultivation of carp, whose

share in world aquaculture production is about 60%. On a

global scale, the modern dynamics of aquaculture production

within each region is very diverse, but China is the world

market leader, with a share of 62% (1,3) (Figure 1). In global

aquaculture, carp is dominated by 58% of the total world

aquaculture production (6) (Figure 2).

Thailand

other

countries

Norway

]

[

Bangladesh

Indonesia

Vietnam

India

China

62%

Figure 1: Structure of global aquaculture (7)

Salmon

Other fish

Eel

Tilapia

Catfish

Carp

58%

Figure 2: The share of carp production in global aquaculture production

Moreover, as can be seen from the data of Figure 2, the

production of carp is more than 7 times higher than the

production of the following in mass production of fish -

catfish and tilapia. Consequently, the issues of increasing the

intensity and efficiency of the industrial carp production are

extremely relevant.

farming methods, and only Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam,

Pakistan under these conditions began to engage in pond fish

farming in the 40s. Indian, Chinese carp and herbivorous fish

are widely cultivated in these countries. Large Indian carp

(Katla, Rohu) are bred in small and large (up to 40 hectares)

ponds. They are fed with locally available feed, such as rice

bran or oilcake. The growth of carp (primarily rohu) in large

ponds with low cost in Myanmar is noted. This country

exports a significant amount of rohu to Bangladesh, India, to

the Middle East, etc. (13).

.2 The study of scientific and practical approaches to

industrial carp production.

The first work on industrial breeding began in Japan (17).

Subsequently, particularly significant progress in carp

breeding was achieved in India and China. In the tropical

zone, natural fish stocks did not allow the use of artificial fish

Breeding methods for carp fish vary by region. In almost

all the countries listed, fish feed is made up of cheap products

(carps are fed by vegetation, sometimes soybeans, rice bran,

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 474-478

etc. are added to feed, so as not to increase the cost of

fish. Inorganic fertilizers are practically not used because of

their high cost. In tropical areas, plants grow all year round,

and therefore the introduction of inorganic fertilizers is

impractical.

Planting material is mined in natural waters. In Japan and

Taiwan, juvenile carp are caught during its upstream and

river estuaries. Along with this, they use the method of

hormonal stimulation of producers - the method of pituitary

injections, which gave a rather strong impetus to the

development of pond fish farming (9,15,20).

morning) in a mechanized way. The feed coefficient ranges

from 2 to 3 (depending on soil fertility and fish size).When

the water temperature below 15 fish cease feeding. The

calculations of Israeli scientists found that with a production

efficiency of fish 2000 kg / ha, 400 kg / ha - obtained from

the natural forage base, 400 kg / ha - due to fertilizers and

1200 kg / ha due to artificial feed. In Israel, fish farming

involves the joint cultivation of heat-loving fish species of

carp, mullet and tilapia hybrids (in waters with a salinity of

2,000 to 8,000 ml Cl / l (in the Dead Sea region, where water

is unsuitable for spawning). In the north of Israel, as a rule,

these freshwater fish grown in water with low chloride

content (300-400 ml of Cl / l). In total, about 6500 tons of

carp are grown in Israel annually, which accounts for 37% of

the total fish production in the country (14,19).

.3 Carp breeding technology in Japan.

In Japan, carp cultivation is used in small deep ponds

with a strong influx of warm water and frequent feeding of

fish with complete feed, thereby achieving high

productivity of ponds - up to 200 kg / m . In ponds of oblong

3.5 European carp breeding experience.

area less than 1 m at a water temperature of 15-30 and a

sixfold feeding fish with a mixture of rice, fish meal, shrimp,

tomatoes, productivity achieved fish production from 3.5 to 5

In Germany, ponds in standing thermal pools; thermal

ponds with chilled water; heating equipment; chilled water

thermal gutters are used for carp growing. In the thermal

gutters, they establish cages from a grid, where fish are

harvested and commercial fish is grown with intensive

feeding of fish with complete feeds. In Germany, it is

considered expedient to grow carp fingerlings in ordinary

ponds, and in the fall they are transplanted into thermal

ponds, where they are fed up, continuing the growing season.

If in the thermal ponds during the winter, the water

temperature is maintained close to the summer (due to the

constant supply of waste water from the thermal power plants

to them), then the pilots grown in such conditions correspond

in weight to the two-year-olds grown under normal

conditions. Thus, the period from spawning to commercial

fish is reduced from 2.5 to 1.5 years, which is of great

national economic importance for growing seedlings in the

second year of life. Germany ranks second in Europe's

freshwater culture (11.5% of all European production), where

rainbow trout (24 thousand tons per year) and common carp

(13 thousand tons per year) also dominate in aquaculture

products. The main importing countries for German-made

carp are Belgium and Austria (18).

t / ha, in small pools with weak flowage - up to 200 kg / m .

High productivity here is achieved due to a number of

favorable factors, namely: temperature, water quality,

composition of artificial feed (5).

Growing carp in cages in Japan began in 1951, when for

5 days of intensive feeding, producers received 11.5 kg / m .

The development of cage culture was facilitated by the

presence of a large number of artificial reservoirs with

stagnant water, the poor bottom of which did not allow for

fishing operations in them, but it allowed them to breed carp

in cages. Japanese cage is a grid with a flat bottom and an

open top, stretched on a frame of bamboo poles. The cage

sticks afloat with the help of several steel cylinders and is

attached to heavy wooden bars fixed to the bottom of the

reservoir. The size of the cage is from 7 to 8 m (surface area),

the depth is up to 2 m, therefore it is located near the shore

with a depth of water layer of at least 3 m (optimal for

growing).

.4 Carp breeding experience in Israel.

In Israel, one of the leaders in technology development in

the fish industry, aquaculture development began with the

import of carp into the country in 1927-28(18).

With regard to European leadership in freshwater

aquaculture, the largest producer of freshwater fish in Europe

is France. Its share in the total European production is more

than 14%. In this country, the main part of fish farming

accounts for two species: common carp (5 thousand tons per

year) and rainbow trout (41 thousand tons per year).

In this country, intensive fish farming is implemented on

warm brackish waters, in the specific conditions of the soil,

water and climate of this country. In many areas of Israel

there is a shortage of water, and in the one that is available,

the salt content is very high (up to 1200 mg Cl / l). Such

water cannot be used for agriculture, but it is suitable for fish

farming. Where there is fresh water, build deep ponds, which

are maintained in working condition throughout the growing

season. When they are drained, the water is poured according

to the principle of communicating vessels with the help of

pumps into neighboring ponds, and later used again. Such an

operation has been implemented for several years. The

natural productivity of fish production in such ponds is 200-

00 kg / ha, thanks to artificial fertilizers it is adjusted to 800-

000 kg / ha or more.

In the carp farms of Israel artificial feeding of fish is

widely used. For carp, they use cheap grain, oilcake, which

greatly increases the productivity of carp. High-protein

artificial feed is widely used, which is set once a day (in the

3.6 Modern state of carp production in Russia.

he first stage of industrial development of industrial

aquaculture in Russia was the technology development for

growing commercial carp in cages installed in cooling ponds

of thermal power plants. At the beginning, the possibility of

growing carp in them in the absence of a natural forage base

caused quite serious doubts among specialists who were

engaged in industrial fish farming in the world, and therefore

the first such works were started with two-year carps (4,24).

The first stage of work was associated precisely with

working out the issues of feeding fish. Already at this stage,

during which the work was carried out in net cages without

forced flow, it was determined that carp can be grown

exclusively on artificially made feed mixtures only if the

temperatures are optimal for carp growth (23-33 ) (8).

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2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 474-478

Already at 22 under these conditions, the growth of carp

using wet pressing granules, the feed costs are 15% lower

than when feeding the same composition in the pasty state or

in the form of dry pressing granules.

deteriorates significantly and almost stops at temperatures

below 20 . The rations, which were able to ensure the

growth of two-year-old carp in the absence of natural feed,

were practiced. The most important problem in this matter

was the protein and vitamin nutrition of fish.

A weighty problem of the industrial cultivation of carp

and other fish species in cages is the technology of their

feeding, namely, the value of the daily ration and

optimization of the feeding regime of fish. By experimenting

and searching, optimal feeding rates of carp in cages were

worked out. Under conditions of optimal temperature

conditions, the mass of food that carp consumes may exceed

its own weight. The degree of nutrients use is reduced, which

leads to an increase in the feed cost.

Along with the correct rationing of feeding fish, the mode

of this technological process is of great importance, namely,

the frequency of obtaining food by the fish. Considering that

carp is a glandless fish and in natural conditions it consumes

food quite often, but in small portions, as well as the fact that

its multiple feeding reduces the time the feed stays in water

and, consequently, its loss from leaching, it was found that

the most rational way is reusable feeding of carp (8-12-14

times a day), which allows halving the cost of feed compared

to feeding fish once.

One of the important conditions for the growth of carp in

cages, as was later established, is the need to enrich the feed

with vitamins and, above all, with B vitamins, without which

the growth of fish stops. In the first stages, protein-vitamin

concentrate and hydrolysis yeast were used as such. Along

with this, as a source of carotene and, accordingly, fish

growth stimulants in diets, we used paste from aquatic

vegetation, fish oil (0.02% of the dry weight of the feed),

chlorella suspension, the drug avomarin (cellulose hydrolysis

enzyme), which has amylolytic pectinolytic and proteolytic

activity.

It was also possible to increase fish growth and feed

utilization through the use of biologically active substances

and growth stimulants. In conditions of high planting

densities and high temperatures, the use of preventive

measures to prevent fish diseases is also of particular

importance. As one of these drugs was applied fodder

terramycin, which, moreover, has a growth-promoting effect

on fish. The inclusion of terramycin in the feed ration at the

rate of 5-10 thousand units / kg of feed provided up to 15%

of additional fish products. Biological preparations with

enzymatic activity turned out to be quite valuable, which

increased the growth of fish to 10% (in particular, tissue

preparation). Very positive results were obtained in cages

with the use of phosphatides - waste from the fat-processing

industry, which contain a complex of biologically active

substances (productivity increase up to 15%).

Important when growing carp in cages has a density of its

landing. With the deterioration of water exchange, in

particular when using fine-capped nylon or fine-meshed

metal mesh, with increasing planting density, fish growth

slows down, its use of feed nutrients worsens. With good

water exchange (in particular in large-cage cages), despite an

increase in the density of landing, there is no significant

inhibition in the growth of fish. Research has established

certain biotechnological parameters with respect to the

optimum density of carp planting, which made it possible to

commodity carp with a feed ratio

obtain up to 150 kg / m

of about 5.

Analysis of the current state of production of the map in

Russia shows that if Russia is one of the top ten countries in

the world in terms of commercial fish production, then

Russia occupies 78th place in aquaculture production

The domestic experience of cage commercial carp

cultivation made it possible to accumulate knowledge for the

organization of full-system industrial fisheries in warm

water. The work on cooling ponds started in the 60s of the

last century in the USSR, the experience of domestic fish

farmers was used by foreign specialists who were able to

immediately use these opportunities and begin to solve more

complex issues related to the reproduction of carp and

herbivorous fish waste and geothermal waters.

(Vasiliev, 2015). The growth rate of aquaculture in the world

is 11% per year, and in Russia - only about 5%.According to

analysts, in Russia the contribution of aquaculture to

providing the population with fish products is minimal

(

2,11,12). The first place for the volume of aquaculture

production is occupied by the Southern Federal District,

almost twice ahead following North-western Federal District.

In the Central Black Earth region of Russia two or three

year old carp is used. Three-year cultivation (three-year

turnover) implies moderate feeding of fingerlings, as a rule,

which is a consequence of the increased density of the fry.

This direction is considered promising in the I-II fish-

growing zones, as well as in large reservoirs of the III-IV

zones, where effective carp breeding together with

herbivorous fish is possible. Three-year carp are grown at a

density of 4 thousand two-year-olds per hectare, while the

commodity weight of three-year-olds reaches 1200-1500 g

Conclusion

The authors of the article have repeatedly investigated the

issues of aquaculture development (10). As part of this study,

an assessment was made in regards to breeding carp in

the world and domestic experience, which led to the

conclusion that the world and domestic aquaculture uses

different production systems for growing carp:

extensive type (natural sources of raw materials, low cost,

low yield);

semi-intensive type (supplementary food is limited,

(

16,20).

moderate cost of production and moderate result);

intensive type (artificial granulated feed, high planting

density, high cost and high performance).

When choosing technology, it is necessary to

.7 Actual aspects and problems of ensuring carp

production efficiency.

It should be noted that the efficiency of feed use in cage

growing carp on the warm waste waters of power plants

depends not only on the qualitative composition of animal

feed, but also on the technology of feed production. When

objectively take into account the existing possibilities for

ensuring the technological process, and first of all - financial

ones. You can gradually intensify the process of fish

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 474-478

production, as production experience and increasing resource

capabilities.

15. Laamena, C. M., Nusantara, T., Irawan, E. B., & Muksar, M.

How do the Undergraduate Students Use an Example in

Mathematical Proof Construction:

A Study based on

Thus, the development of the fish industry in Russia as a

whole and carp production in particular is hampered due to a

number of problems, such as lack of capacity at fish

processing plants, an outdated fleet of ships, remoteness of

fish production centers from consumption centers,

restrictions on transport infrastructure, insufficient attention

states to aquaculture development. Prospects for the

development of domestic aquaculture largely depend on the

success of solving these problems.

Argumentation and Proving Activity. International Electronic

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6. Luo, C., Li, M., Peng, P., & Fan, S. How Does Internet

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Knowledgment

The author confirms that the data do not contain any

conflict of interest.

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