Comparative analysis on integrated coal transport models in south sumatra

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 696-704

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

Comparative Analysis on Integrated Coal

Transport Models in South Sumatra

P. Pradono , Ibnu Syabri , Shanty Y. R. , M. Fathoni

Lecturer at the Department of Regional & City Planning, Institut Teknologi Bandung

Office of Local Planning Board, Musi Rawas Regency, South Sumatra

Received: 27/07/2019

Accepted: 29/08/2019

Published: 03/09/2019

Abstract

Among the implementation of sustainable development in Indonesia is the effort to achieve an efficient transportation system for

freight. Coal is the most valuable commodity for economic activity in South Sumatra Province and become one of the biggest coal

producers in Indonesia. Coal transport activity from the production site to port before being exported are mostly using land transport

via highway in South Sumatra. They have various negative impacts such as traffic jam, fatal traffic accident and also pollution. This

paper attempts to compare some possible coal transport systems in South Sumatra Province combining the available transport

networks namely highways, railways and waterways transport. Those possible integrated transport system model will be compared

using cost calculation and technical aspect comparison analysis to measure the most system that supportive to sustainable

development. The result shows that transporting coal by integrated railways and river to mother vessel transhipment has the

advantage of aspects of traffic disruption and damage to the environment for short term period. Meanwhile, the coal transport of coal

by railways directly to coal massive terminal servicing mother vessel transhipment has the advantage for long term period. This result

can be used as the basis for policy making on how to utilize the potential waterways (river) as alternative freight transport system.

Keywords: Sustainable Development, Integrated Coal Transport, Comparative Analysis, South Sumatera.

transportation, road contour, amount of coal reserves,

Introduction

investment costs, production capacity and open pit unit costs

19).

In South Sumatra, coal is one of the valuable

Coal is one of the potential mining commodities in

(

Indonesia. This can be seen from the potential of new stones

scattered in several islands in Indonesia, especially covering

the islands of Sumatra and the island of Borneo. New stone is

also one of Indonesia's export commodities to several

countries such as Japan, Taiwan, the United States and others.

The amount of coal exports continues to increase every year.

In 2002 total coal exports reached 73,124,900 tons and

increased in 2015 to 336,970,400 tons (15). Increasing the

amount of coal production, there is also an increase in the

flow of coal transportation movements. In Indonesia coal

transportation is generally carried out using land, train, and

sea or river transportation modes. The choice of

transportation mode is very dependent on the characteristics

of the location and availability of modes. In addition, the

choice of coal transportation modes must also consider the

cost parameters and technical aspects. The existence of

several alternative modes of transportation can provide an

option for the coal mining industry to choose the most

efficient and effective mode of transportation. The choice of

coal transportation mode is influenced by the distance of

commodities for economic development. Based on statistical

data on coal reserves in South Sumatra Province it reached

2,240 million tons (15). Coal mining in South Sumatra,

which continues to increase, also has an impact on the

increase in transportation traffic both on road and river

transportation. Coal transportation generally uses trucks as a

means of transport from the mine site to the Coal Terminal.

Coal transport by truck in South Sumatra is often complained

by the community along the route. Some issues emerges are

road damage, traffic jam, traffic accident and other

environmental impacts. Meanwhile, South Sumatra has

railways and river waterways which can be used for coal

transport. Since each transport modes has some

disadvantages, it is important to consider some integrated

transport models using the possible transport modes. This

paper reviews some literatures to explore the latest theoretical

perspectives and to compare some possible coal transport

systems in South Sumatra Province combining the available

transport network namely highways, railways and waterways

transport. The results of this study are expected to enrich the

sustainable transport application in various areas with similar

characteristics to Indonesia. Firstly, this paper introduces the

Corresponding author: P. Pradono, Lecturer at the

Department of Regional & City Planning, Institut Teknologi

Bandung. Email: pradono@pl.itb.ac.id.

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2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 697-704

existing river transport characteristics in Indonesia. Second

part will analyse and discuss the appropriate sustainable

transport indicators for the rural river transport in Indonesia.

The concluding remarks will be the final part of this paper to

promote the application of sustainable transport as a part of

inclusive transport development.

used as coal transportation in river flows. .Barge

transportation systems are influenced by river flow, flow

characteristics, weather and market conditions (4). In the

amount of carrying capacity, sticks have a greater carrying

capacity compared to trains and trucks. Big sticks can carry

the amount of coal equivalent to 15 carriages or 58 truckloads

(

4). Therefore, sticks can be said to be one of the most

effective modes of transportation compared to other modes,

of course, if supported by available infrastructure and

network systems.

Literature Review

.1 Coal Transport

In some coal-producing countries and have large coal

reserves, they use several modes of transportation of

transportation such as trains, barges, trucks and coal mud

pipelines. The choice of mode is related to the efficiency and

effectiveness of transport with low costs and large transport

volumes. Then the various alternative modes have their

respective competitiveness related to coal transportation.

.2 Sustainable Transport

Transportation systems that support the flow of goods

and services, create jobs and encourage economic growth,

and produce negative impacts on the environment and society

(

7, 20). Transportation has a critical effect on the

sustainability aspect, because vehicles on the highway are the

main source of pollution (9, 13, 26). This then encouraged the

development of a sustainable transportation system.

.1.1 Rail Transport

The mode of railway transportation is one of the modes

Sustainability is a concept that integrates economic,

environmental and social dimensions (6, 8, 26). Sustainable

transportation is a system of mobility of economic and social

activities with resource management and environmental

protection to maintain current and future needs (23).

According to Litman (2007) sustainable transportation is

affordable transportation considering aspects of human health

and ecosystems, operating efficiently, low in emissions and

waste, and minimizing consumption of non-renewable

resources.

The issue of sustainable transportation in the coal mining

sector is one of the important issues in reducing

environmental quality. Increasing the amount of coal demand

also increases coal transportation traffic, this will have an

impact on the environment and society such as pollution and

congestion (see also 24). Coal mining companies must be

able to apply sustainable transportation in the coal

transportation system. The challenge of companies in

sustainable transportation is not yet able to understand and

define the objectives of sustainable transport practices and

measure and determine their efficiency (20). The main

problem faced by the coal transportation system is the lack of

availability of appropriate transportation modes and road

connectivity, especially in remote areas (9).

The coal shipping system is generally a complex and

integrated shipping system by several modes. The alternative

sorting of coal transportation modes must consider social,

economic and environmental parameters, so that a sustainable

transportation system can be realized. The development of

coal transportation systems is directed at environmental

protection, speed of delivery, minimum transportation costs,

and increased traffic safety (9). On the other hand the use of

sustainable transportation not only provides benefits to the

community and the environment but to the company itself.

The establishment of a sustainable transportation system

helps companies to increase the utilization of company assets,

increase capacity, reduce labour costs, and minimize fuel

costs (26).

of coal transportation that is widely used in several countries

such as the United States, Australia, China and India. More

than 1 billion tons of coal per year are transported by

railroads in many coal producing and user countries in the

world (32). In United States, rail transportation plays an

important role in the coal transportation system. About 95%

of coal transported by rail in the United States moves in

highly productive train units and operates within 24 hours

(

4). This shows the dominant use of railroad transportation as

a mode of coal transportation in the United States. The

dominance of the railroad as the main carrier is expected to

continue in the future (4). This also happens in Australia, that

trains are the dominant mode of coal transportation. One of

the main railway lines in the coal transportation system in

Australia is Aurizon Rail, which is one of the largest railroad

transporters in the world from mine to port for export markets

(

4).

.1.2 Truck

Trucks are one of the modes of transportation that are

often used in coal transportation. Usually trucks are used in

areas that have not been reached by trains or water

transportation. In addition, trucks are usually used to

transport coal from the station before coal is sent to the final

destination. Although more flexible cruising roaming of coal

using trucks is more limited in volume compared to the

amount of coal transportation using trains or sticks in one go.

Due to route flexibility and low capital investment, trucks can

economically move coal around 100 miles per trip in a

relatively small amount of transportation (4). In the study

conducted by (19) found that trucks are superior in coal

transportation.

.1.3 Transport by Barge and Ship: Water Transport

Sticks are an alternative way of transporting coal,

especially in watersheds. About 10% of total coal shipments

in the Americas are carried out using barges (31). In several

other countries in the world also use barges as coal

transportation such as in China and Indonesia. In Indonesia

the use of barges as a mode of coal transportation such as

those found on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra, which are

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2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 697-704

.3 Road Cargo Transport Problems

The current population growth is getting higher. The

The impact of this freight is contrasted with the

expectation that in the transportation sector it is also applied

the concept of sustainable development which has actually

been raised since 1987 by World Commission on

Environment and Development (2). From these facts, efforts

to realize sustainable transportation can be done, among

others, by combining the river transport network and road

transport in the form of intermodal transportation. It is

expected to maintain the advantages of river transportation

mode and reduce the various externalities of road transport

mode. On the other hand, various land uses related to the

economic activities of the community are expected to survive

and interact with the integration between the river transport

network and the road transport, especially for freight

activities.

current world population is estimated at 7.6 billion, and is

expected to increase to 11.2 billion by 2100 (30). This will

cause the increased potential of the movement of people and

goods in the future. Therefore infrastructure, facilities and

modes of movement of people and goods need to be prepared

to meet needs in the future. But not only that, the negative

impact of various modes of transportation needs to be

considered so that it does not have a massive impact on the

environment.

One of the traffic problems on the road is the transport of

goods where at the metropolitan area level in developing

countries, on average 40% - 50% of the volume of goods

transported from commercial vehicles moving to the city

center, 20% - 25% move out of center, and the rest of 25% -

0% move within urban areas (3). At the same time, freight

2.4 River Transport Characteristics

traffic, especially in urban areas, can cause problems such as

congestion and delays where in most cities the average

freight vehicle uses at least 20% - 40% of the road space

causing congestion (5). This is because the road infrastructure

system in urban areas is not able to accommodate the burden

of road users not only for the activities of urban communities

but also for freight activities.

Goods transport vehicles which generally have large

capacity can make traffic speeds hampered. Excessive freight

loads also tend to slow down the flow of traffic, especially if

the occurrence of damage and vehicle accidents or slowdown

in the area of the hill and segment with a perforated road and

if loading and unloading activities are not organized

efficiently, the use of road space will not be optimal (12).

Other issues of freight transport are air pollution and

energy consumption where freight transport accounts for 20%

Meanwhile, In some watery countries such as Indonesia,

roads sometimes could not reach rural areas so that the role of

river or inland water transport has become so important to

serve the accessibility of passengers and goods in remote

areas (21). Meanwhile, river transport in Indonesia is also

relatively neglected with a lot of problems. The number of

river vessels and the length of navigable rivers are

continuously declined. In Palembang, the model share for

river transport is only 3.75 % and the Musi River has a large

tidal range so that it is not navigable for all times (29). In

other locations, some river channels have been eroded due to

the movement of the ship (28) and experience severe

sedimentation problem (17).

River transport has almost similar characteristics to

railways transport since it can only serve catchment area

along the river channel. Usually, river transport activity is

managed traditionally without fixed route and regular

schedule while advanced river transport surely can serve

fixed route and regular schedule. River transport ship is

generally constructed from wood with various types (14).

Technically, river transport has some potential

advantages compared to other modes. Commercial modern

water transport could reliably serve passengers and goods

with low pollution and scheduled activity (22). From

environmental perspective, river transport actually supports

the sustainable transport from ecological and economic

aspect since it is efficient on fuel consumption (25) and

environmental friendly (11).

40% of CO2 emissions and is a significant source for NOx

and SO2 (5). Diesel-engine vehicles also contribute 50% of

particulate emissions as a cause of respiratory illness and can

damage historical buildings and other cultural assets (3). On

the other hand, freight transport, especially in urban areas

including heavy vehicle travel, also involves 31% of energy

use (3).

In addition, trucks and pick-up trucks are also sources of

noise / vibration pollution, where studies show that the

adverse effects of noise on health and quality of life are very

serious, such as stress and increased blood pressure

(hypertension) and reduced concentration residents in

carrying out their activities. The vibration pollution from

freight transport can adversely affect various buildings either

public or public buildings, especially in historic buildings

whose construction is vulnerable to age (12).

In areas with naturally available rivers for transportation,

it is not necessary to build new infrastructure except quays

and navigation signs. In India, for same transport path length,

the cost of developing river transport is only about 5% to

10% compared to the cost of developing a 4-lane highway or

a railway network. River infrastructure only needs to be

maintained at a low cost since for the same transport path

length, river transport maintenance costs only about 20% of

the road maintenance cost (1). River transport is also a

transport mode with some characteristics which corresponds

to the concept of sustainable transportation where it is

environmental friendly and efficient in energy consumption

(11).

Another important thing is that heavy truck vehicles

increase the potential for damage to road infrastructure

especially when there is overload and poor technical

condition or roadworthiness, thus exacerbating the extent of

road damage and shortening road service life (5), which

averages 52% of trucks in Indonesia is over 45% over the

allowed load limit. From the safety aspect, in many places,

public transport does not use special roads, so it is mixed

with passenger vehicles, motorcycles, pedestrians or cyclists

that can lead to an increased risk of accidents and physical

injuries (12).

Development of river transport is also important for the

preservation of cultural and tourist development because

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2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 697-704

many cities in Southeast Asia region were built closed to

river in early civilization, such as Ho Chi Minh City or

Bangkok as waterborne city (10). River transport mode in

Indonesia is quite still prospective because it can load large

quantities of goods with relatively small environmental

impact (29). River transport can also exist as an alternative

solution for traffic congestion and road damage problem (14).

Jukung ships to transport goods and speedboats for

transporting passengers. The Musi River has quite dense

shipping conditions with cargo throughput of goods in 2013

reaching 8,776,633 tons (27). This shows that the Musi River

is an alternative mode of transportation that is widely used by

the community, industry and mining companies in South

Sulawesi Province.

The existence of major Bom Baru Port on Musi river in

Palembang City make the river has a vital role as a hub port

for marine transportation, including for export and import of

goods. In addition, this port is also used for shipping various

industrial commodities such as cement, coal, oil and gas and

from several piers in Palembang City and surrounding areas.

Ships that can sail on the river Musi up and around

Palembang are vessels with maximum size of 181 meters

LOA with a maximum draft of about 7 meters.

Ship traffic in Bom Baru Port, Palembang in 2013

decreased by 19.16%, both from overseas and domestic.

Overseas shipping visits fell from 692 units in 2012 to 674

units in 2013. Meanwhile, shipping flow in the country

dropped from 2,231 units in 2012 to 1,689 units in 2013.

Foreign trade activities both imports and exports are

carried out in Bom Baru Port increased 187.63%. Imports

decreased from 615 343 metric tons in 2012 to 577 685

metric tons. Export cargo activity increased from 1,507,455

metric tons in 2012 to 5,528,055 metric tons in 2013.

Loading and unloading activities for the benefit of domestic

trade at Bom Baru port increased by 65.07%, where the

loading increased from 1,779,173 metric tons in 2012 to

Methodology/Materials

This study tries to compare integrated transportation

system models through cost calculation and comparative

analysis of technical aspects with the aim of measuring the

transportation system model that best supports sustainable

development. Therefore, in this study using a mixed approach

method that is quantitative and qualitative methods. The

qualitative approach is used to calculate the financing

analysis of transportation modes, while for the qualitative

approach in the form of qualitative descriptive analysis to

describe comparisons of technical aspects. In financing

analysis, the calculation uses 3 scenarios, first using land

routes (trucks to Palembang then from Palembang using

barges to Tanjung Carat); second, using the mode of railroad

transportation to Tanjung Carat; and third through the land

route to Palembang then using barges to STS. This research

was conducted on coal transportation systems in the South

Sumatra Province. Data collection is done using secondary

and primary data collection techniques. Secondary data

collection in the form of data related to information on coal

shipping systems and their financing. While collecting

primary data to confirm financing and field observations

related to the coal transportation system.

,483,534 metric tons in 2013. The unloading activities rose

from 3,968,691 metric tons to 7,004,429 metric tons.

Cumulative foreign trade activities and domestic conducted at

the Bom Baru port is an increase of 98.12%, which rose from

Results and Findings

,870,662 metric tons in 2012 to 15,593,703 metric tons in

013.

.1 Musi River Characteristics

Musi River is one of the rivers located in South Sumatra

Province and is the longest river on the island of Sumatra.

This river divides Palembang City into two parts, namely

across the ilir in the north and opposite the Ulu in the south.

The river spring is sourced from the Kepahiang area, in

Bengkulu Province. This river is the estuary of nine major

tributaries, namely Komering River, Rawas River, Batanghari

River, Leko River, Lakitan River, Kelingi River, Lamatang

River, Semangus River, and Ogan River. The existence of the

Musi River is very important for the community because

besides being used for water resources, it is also used as an

alternative means of transportation.

Musi River long ago been used by the local community

and visitors as a means of transportation. There is a type of

transportation used as shuttles at Musi River that for

passenger and freight transport. The role of transport in the

region Musi River shipping channel is quite an important role

in serving the needs of the movement of people, especially to

support the needs of the movement of passengers and goods.

In addition to being used by the community as a means of

transportation, the Musi River is also used by several

industries as a means of transportation for industrial goods

transportation.

.2 Coal Transport in South Sumatra

The mining sector in South Sumatra is quite good with

the production of petroleum, natural gas and coal. The

dominant is coal where in 2014 its production amounted to

7,004 million ton. This figure increased from 24 million

tons in 2013. The coal reserves in South Sumatra are

estimated to reach 22.24 billion tons. The mining sector in

South Sumatra is quite good with the production of

petroleum, natural gas and coal. The dominant is coal where

in 2014 its production amounted to 27,004 million ton. This

figure increased from 24 million tons in 2013. The coal

reserves in South Sumatra are estimated to reach 22.24 billion

tons.

Based on data obtained from the Directorate General of

Mineral and Coal in 2015 data on coal traffic through Bom

Baru port, Crude Palm Oil (CPO) data from Indonesia Oil

Palm Statistics 2014 through Bom Baru port, container traffic

data from IPC 2015 through Bom Baru port and vehicle

traffic from Polri 2015 through Bom Baru Port as described

in the previous description, the loading and unloading of

goods consisting of Coal, CPO, Container, and the vehicle is

planned to be placed at Tanjung Carat Terminal, taking into

consideration the depth at Terminal Tanjung Api that do not

meet the technical requirements. The condition of coal

Musi River shipping channel of river transport this airport

to transport passengers and goods. Different types of ships

sailing in the Musi River shipping channel downstream i.e.

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2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 697-704

transport network in South Sumatera Province at present is

very diverse because of the transportation of coal in various

ways and various tools. At present coal transportation uses

truck, railways, barge and vessel. How to transport in various

ways can be done collaboration or arguably interrelated.

From quarry, coal is generally transported by trucking by

road across the provincial road to several loading point

terminals along the Musi River such as Muara Lematang and

in Gandus. In addition to using roads, a small portion of coal

transportation uses Railway line from Muara Enim to

Kertapati Station and then transported by barge with a

maximum size of 7,500 DWT (with LOA: 91.4m, B: 24.4m,

and maximum draft: 4.3m) or other barges measuring 5,000

and 2,000 DWT, downstream of the Musi River. Downstream

of the Musi River is then transferred through the ship to ship

transhipment (STS) directly from barge to large bulk carrier

vessels to be exported to destination countries such as China,

India and the countries others in Southeast Asia. Coal Cargo

to be served by Port of Tanjung Carat is fully planned to

come from hinterland in South Sumatera like Tanjung Enim,

by using river transportation through Musi River.

Figure 1: Loading and unloading of coal in South Sumatra (in million

tons) (Source: PT Indonesia Pelabuhan Company II)

Figure 2: Coal Transport Network in South Sumatra (Source: Office of Local Planning Board, South Sumatra Province, 2017)

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2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 696-704

The use of this means of river transportation, assumes an

increase in the Lematang River and Musi River in the form of

navigation signs, dredging and widening of river bodies, and

other improvements. With the transportation of coal through

the river by using barges, in the dry bulk terminal area of

course also needed anchorage to accommodate the barge - the

barge is there. Coal transport flow is a coal distribution

channel using various methods such as truck, conveyor / belt

conveyor, barge and vessel. The use of ways in the

distribution of coal adjusts to conditions and locations so that

the coal process of each company is different. Mine

distribution is carried out for the transport of coal in domestic

loading and export loading. The following is a coal transport

flow scheme

4.3.1 Truck and Barge Scenario to Mother Vessel

Transhipment / STS

The analysis of the financing of coal freight with

scenarios using trucking up to coal terminal then using barge

to Tanjung Carat for mother vessel transhipment / STS cost

calculation is as follows. The analysis results of

transportation financing for the cost of trucks and barges for

aircraft carrier transhipment / STS shows that the total cost

for Banyuasin Quarry Site is IDR 576,638 / ton, with detailed

costs for land travel with a distance of 318 Km is IDR

338,000 / ton and for waterway with a distance of 61.5 Nm at

a cost of IDR 47,859 / ton. While other additional costs are

coal surveyors IDR 3,371 / ton and the transhipment cost is

IDR 107,882 / ton. In Lahat Quarry Site the calculation of the

cost is IDR 103,599 / ton with detailed costs, namely for the

cost of sea travel with a distance of 17 Nm is IDR 38,618 per

ton, coal surveyor cost is IDR 3,371 / ton and the

transhipment cost is IDR 53,936 / ton.

.3 Cost Analysis of Coal Transport in South Sumatra

Calculation of financing from coal transportation is

carried out based on 3 scenarios, the first using the land route

i.e. trucks up to Palembang next from Palembang by barge to

Tanjung Carat, the second scenario using rail transport mode

to Tanjung Carat, and the third by land until Palembang and

then use barge up to STS. Here is a cost calculation of the

first scenario cost.

4.3.2 Railways and Barge Scenario to Mother Vessel

Transhipment / STS

The analysis of the financing of coal freight with

scenarios using railways up to coal terminal then using barge

to Tanjung Carat for mother vessel transhipment / STS cost

calculation is as follows (Table 2).

Figure 3: South Sumatra Coal Transport Scheme

Table 1: Cost Calculation of Truck + Barge Cost Requirement to Mother Vessel Transhipment / STS

Banyuasin Quarry Site

Item

Unit

318

61,5

Formula

Cost (Rp/ton)

338.000

47.859

3.371

107.872

Road distance (km)

Waterways distance (Nm)

Coal Surveyor Cost

Transhipment Cost

Total+Insurance (16%) (Rp/ton)

Lahat Quarry Site

(1000*km)+20000

(207.65*Nm)+35088.06

3371

53936

IDR 576.638

Item

Unit

Formula

Biaya (Rp/ton)

38.618

3.371

Road distance (km)

Waterways distance (Nm)

Coal Surveyor Cost

Transhipment Cost

Total+Insurance (16%) (Rp/ton)

(1000*km)+20000

(207.65*Nm)+35088.06

3371

53936

53.936

IDR 103.599

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Table 2: Cost Calculation of Railways + Barge Cost Requirement to Mother Vessel Transhipment / STS

Banyuasin Quarry Site

Item

Unit

Formula

Cost (Rp/ton)

Railway distance (km)

Waterways distance (Nm)

Coal Surveyor Cost

318

(1000*km)+20000

38.000

(207.65*Nm)+35088.06

7.339

3371

3.371

Transhipment Cost

53936

107.872

Total+Insurance (16%) (Rp/ton)

Lahat Quarry Site

IDR 576.036

Item

Unit

Formula

Biaya (Rp/ton)

Railway distance (km)

Waterways distance (Nm)

Coal Surveyor Cost

(1000*km)+20000

(207.65*Nm)+35088.06

3371

34,7

2.294

3.371

53.936

Transhipment Cost

53936

Total+Insurance (16%) (Rp/ton)

IDR 107.569

Table 3: Cost Calculation of Railways to Future Coal Terminal Transhipment

Banyuasin Quarry Site

Item

Unit

Formula

Cost (Rp/ton)

Railway distance (km)

Coal Surveyor Cost

Transhipment Cost

Total+Insurance (16%) (Rp/ton)

Lahat Quarry Site

318

(1000*km)+20000

3371

38.000

3.371

53936

53.936

IDR 489.923

Item

Unit

Formula

Biaya (Rp/ton)

38.618

Railway distance (km)

Coal Surveyor Cost

Transhipment Cost

Total+Insurance (16%) (Rp/ton)

(207.65*Nm)+35088.06

3371

3.371

53936

53.936

IDR 103.599

In the second scenario analysis using the train to the coal

terminal then the barge to Tanjung Carat shows that the total

cost required for the Banyuasin Quarry Site is IDR 576,036 /

ton with the fee for the cost of using the train is IDR. 38,000 /

ton, use of barges of IDR 7,339 / ton, coal surveyor costs of

IDR 3,371 / ton and for transhipment costs IDR 107,882 /

ton. In the same scenario, the total cost for the Lahat Quarry

Site is IDR 107,569 with detailed costs for water use using

IDR 2,294 / ton, coal surveyor costs IDR 3,371 / ton and

transhipment costs IDR 53,936 / ton.

In the third scenario cost analysis the total cost for

Banyuasin Quarry Site is IDR 489,923 / ton, with details, for

the cost of using the railway line reaching IDR 38,000 / ton,

the coal surveyor cost is IDR 3,371 / ton, and the

transhipment cost is IDR 53,936 / ton, whereas for Quarry

Site land the total cost is IDR 103,599 / ton, with the use of

the IDR 38,618 / ton railroad track, coal surveyor costs are

IDR 3,371 / ton and the transhipment cost is IDR 53,936 /

ton.

Based on the results of the analysis of financing

comparisons for the three scenarios, it shows that in the first

scenario the total cost reached IDR 576,638 / ton for

Banyuasin Quarry Site and IDR 103,599 / ton for Lahat

Quarry Site. In the second scenario the total cost reached IDR

576,036 / ton for Banyuasin Quarry Site and IDR 107,569 /

ton for Lahat Quarry Site. In the third scenario the total cost

reaches IDR 489,923 / ton for Banyuasin Quarry Site and

.3.3 Railways to Future Coal Terminal Transhipment

The analysis of the financing of coal freight with

scenarios using railways up to coal terminal then using barge

to Tanjung Carat for Future Coal Terminal Transhipment cost

calculation is as follows (Table 3).

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2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 697-704

IDR 103,599 / ton for Lahat Quarry Site. This comparison

shows that in the third scenario the total cost for Banyuasin

Quarry Site and Lahat Quarry Site has the lowest cost.

Therefore, based on cost analysis, railroad usage scenarios to

coal terminals then using barges to Tanjung Carat for Future

Coal Terminal Transhipment is the best choice of the three

coal transportation systems.

The main obstacles of STS are the issue of supervision,

monitoring of environmental aspects to prevent pollution

from coal (spills etc), and legal aspect of STS activity. In

addition, if there is bad weather. If rainfall is high, loading

and unloading times can deviate 25 hours, and if the wave

deviation is about 6 hours.

Integrated coal mooring port at major ships weighing

about 50,000 to 100,000 DWT. The port is quite large and

deep, which can be on land or at sea (STS). It is necessary to

evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of both types of

ports. Considering the site in the case study, long-term ship to

ship transhipment is not recommended, this is related to

several limitations and disadvantages such as potential

retarding, potential environmental pollution from coal spills,

and low control in the transport system. Some of the points

above are not in line with the principle of sustainable

transportation, as it is known that efficiency, effectiveness of

transportation and protection of the environment are the basic

principles of a sustainable transportation system (9, 18).

.3.4 Discussion

Integrated coal mains terminal are used for docking large

vessels (mother vessels) that load coal from the piling or

transfer field from several barges to the vessel. The size of

the mother vessel is so large that it needs a large port water

depth. If a conventional port is ground-based, a large dock is

required. If using wharf type, then the construction will be

quite heavy because of the large depth. When using a jetty, it

takes a very long jetty for the jetty tip to be at the depth

required for a leaning ship.

To anticipate this, the loading of coal from barge to

mother vessel is done in the middle of the sea. Ship loading

activities are known as ship to ship transfer (STS). STS has

the main facilities of the cruise line / DLKr and DLKp,

transhipment point, floating conveyor, and floating crane.

Supporting facilities include floating office, radar monitors,

AIS (Automatic Identification System), radio monitors, mess

employees, canteen, health room, places of worship, showers

and toilets, as well as SBNP facilities.

Conclusion

This study has conducted

a comparison of coal

transportation model in South Sumatra using truck - barge -

mother vessel, train - barge - mother vessel and train - mother

vessel. Comparison is done by using cost analysis and

technical aspect analysis. Based on these considerations, the

transport model by train - barge - mother vessel is the best for

the short term. Meanwhile, the train - mother vessel is the

best transportation model for the long term. The key findings

of this study are expected to be useful for assessing the

possibility of integration of coal transportation modes that

have been quite varied in various regions. In addition, the

findings are expected to be input for the Government and

mining companies in the effort to develop an integrated coal

transportation system. For the more optimal and efficient

implementation of coal transportation, it is necessary to study

more comprehensively the various other related aspects such

as environmental, social and regulatory and institutional

aspects.

Figure 3: Coal Transport Ship to Ship Transhipment in South

Sumatra (Taken September, 2017)

Acknowledgements

This research was supported and funded by Institute

Teknologi Bandung through P3MI ITB 2017 Research

Funding. We would also like to show our gratitude to

Ministry of Transportation, Palembang Harbour Master,

Indonesian Port Company and South Sumatra Transportation

Office for sharing data and information.

Coal was taken by barge from Palembang (about 60

nautical miles) at a speed of 3 knots (travel time about 20

hours). There are also 10 other shipper from different regions

(

Gandus, Keramasan, S Lilin and Muara Enim / PALI). The

loading and unloading costs in STS are around Rp 13,751 /

ton. In August 2017, there were 20 mother vessel arrivals

with an average weight of 50,000 DWT (range from 30,000

to 60,000 DWT). The vessel gets a coal transfer from 7

barges with a load of about 7,000 tons. Mother vessel is

tethered by anchors at a depth of 22 meters.

The purpose of mother vessel is export to China (40%),

India (20%), Vietnam (20%), and the rest to Thailand,

Cambodia. Export to Malaysia using barge. Loading and

unloading is done by loading and unloading company with

ship crane and floating crane. One mother vessel loads coal

from the barge on the right and left, with loading time of

about 20 hours / barge.

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