Mangrove conservation land suitability analisys based on environmental carrying capacity in lombok bay east kalimantan, indonesia

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 717-721

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

Mangrove Conservation Land Suitability Analisys

Based on Environmental Carrying Capacity in

Lombok Bay East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Erny Poedjirahajoe , Iin Sumbada Sulistyorini , Liris Lis Komara

Department of Forest Resources Conservation Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Agro, No. 1. Bulak sumur, Sleman

Yogyakarta, Indonesia 55281

Forest Resources Conservation, Forestry of Study Program, High School of Agriculture (STIPER) Jl. Sukarno-Hatta, No. 1,

Sangatta, East Kutai Regency, Indonesia.75611.

Received: 13/07/2019

Accepted: 29/08/2019

Published: 03/09/2019

Abstract

The Lombok bay mangrove area of Kutai National Park in the East Kutai Regency should be evaluated on its carrying capacity

periodically. This study objective was to determine and assess land suitability based on the vegetation condition and the mangrove

forest environment carrying capacity. The sampling was carried out at 6 stations, each station consisting of 12 observation plots. The

variables assessed consisted of the mangrove species number, the mangrove density and thickness, main substrate, tides, pH, current

velocity and salinity. The suitability analysis is done by weighting and scores calculating based on the influence level of each

variable. There were 12 mangrove species found, it was dominated by a few species, e.g., Bruguiera gymnorrhysa, Rhizophora

apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Sonneratia Alba. The results of the land suitability assessment for mangrove conservation are

known to be classified as S2 (S2) with the limiting factor that needs to be improved is tree density, pH and salinity. From these

results, the Lombok bay mangrove area should have been maintained as a conservation area or jungle zone in the National Park,

although there was an insistence on regional development in the area and land use by the community.

Keywords: Vegetation, Environment, Mangrove, Suitability, Conservation.

had a changed in functions to Other Use Areas. Illegal

Introduction

logging and land encroachment in Kutai National Park is not

just has an effect to the biodiversity lost (flora and fauna) but

also has effect on the ecological lost (7). Almost 23% of the

KNP mangrove forest area had been degraded, so a method to

reduce the degradation rate was needed, one of which was the

sylvo-fishery cultivation system (8). To solve the land

conflict it needs a special zone especially in TNK that

manage in a culture zone, green zone and interaction zone to

handle the tenurial and wildlife effect (9).

The KNP area is managed by a zoning system consist of

the core zone, jungle zone and utilization zone. The jungle

zone is part of the National Park area that functions as a

buffer zone, than the utilization zone is part of the National

Park area which has a functions as a recreation or natural

tourism center. The Lombok Bay of KNP area is still a jungle

zone, while several studies have suggested that the mangrove

area has a potential for ecotourism development and cultivate

silvo-fishery systems (8). Another opinion explains, that an

area with a coastal area and fulfilling the requirements for

mangrove growth must be preserved and developed as a

protected area (10). The times, industry, and socio-cultural

Mangrove forests provide ecosystem services that

valuable for coastal communities, but these ecosystems are

fragile because they are very sensitive to environmental

changes (1). The conversion of mangroves to ponds is one of

the biggest contributors to the mangrove forests destruction

(

2). Mangrove forests Kutai National Park (KNP) has

continue pressure increase because of the human activities for

settlement, agriculture, and other activities (3, 4). The

mangrove community in KNP consists of 13 species (5, 6).

The mangrove vegetation density in KNP reached 1,033 trees

ha (6). The existence of mangrove forest areas in KNP is

increasingly threatened as the expanded of land use. Based on

the Minister of Forestry Decree Number 4194 / Menhut-VII /

KUH / 2014 the KNP area which was previously 198,629

hectares was reduced to 19,709.55 hectares, so 5,919 hectares

Corresponding author: Erny Poedjirahajoe, Department of

Forest Resources Conservation Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah

Mada University, Jl. Agro, No. 1. Bulak sumur, Sleman

Yogyakarta,

Indonesia

55281.

Email:

ernyrahajoe@gmail.com.

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 717-721

conditions of the community changes have provided new

challenges in National Parks the management in Indonesia.

Currently the ecosystem approach is considered very

important to provide input and policy recommendations

related to the mangrove forests management in national parks

vegetation condition, salinity, tides, pH, main substrate and

current velocity. The mangroves thickness is measured by

Geographic Information System applications.

2.3 Data analysis

(11).

The data was analyze using descriptive quantitative

method. Quantitative analysis is based on numberic data,

especially for vegetation analysis. The vegetation data

analysis was calculating vegetation density using the

following formula:

Based on that reason, data and information are needed,

especially those related to the current suitability of mangrove

areas for conservation. This study is to answer the latest

phenomena related to regional development in the area of

Lombok bay mangrove forests which continue to experience

an area reduction, and find out whether mangroves in the

Lombok bay are still worth of being preserved as

conservation areas. In particular, this study objective was to

determine and assess land suitability based on the vegetation

condition and the mangrove forest environment carrying

capacity.

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Land suitability classes, class S1 is very suitable which is

ꢀ

the best suitability with a minimum limiting factor, S2 class

which is in accordance with sufficient limiting factors and

can be developed for mangrove conservation, S3 class which

is conditional according to which there are limiting factors

that do not support and are not permanent and finally class N,

which is not in accordance with the permanent limiting

factors (12). The formula used to determine the suitability

level based on several ecosystem components uses

calculations (13) as follows:

Methodology/Materials

.1 Study Location

This study was carried out in the coastal area of the

mangrove forest in the Lombok bay, Kutai National Park in

south Sangatta District, East Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan

province, Indonesia. The study locations geographically

located between 117°33'35.873"E - 0°26'24.737"N north

latitude and 117°33'46.988"E - 0°23'24.207"N south latitude

ꢀ

ꢁꢂ∑[ꢃꢄꢅꢆꢇ]

(Figure 1). The study was carried out approximately 5

months, namely from January to May 2018 which included

preparation, initial processing, field surveys, advanced

processing, and reporting.

Description:

RSI

: Regional suitability index / Final value

: Weight of each criterion

: Value of land suitability level

Results and Findings

.1 The Condition of the Lombok bay Mangrove Forest

The mangroves condition in the study location is based

on the number of species, density of species and mangrove

forests thickness. The total number of mangrove species

found was 12 species from 5 families. Mangrove species that

are often found in 72 sequential observation plots are

Sonneratia Alba, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, and

Bruguiera gymnorrhysa. The fewest individuals found were

Rhyzophora stylosa, Lumnitzera racemosa, Xylocarpus

granatum, and Avicennia marina. There were found 10

species each in stations 1, 2, 3 and 6. While there were found

1 species at station 4 and 12 species at station 5.

The highest tree density was found at station 4 with

27 individual total number and 1,058 trees/ha total density.

Figure 1: The Location of six research station in Lombok bay

Mangrove forest of Kutai National Park

The highest density of mangrove species is Rhizophora

mucronata, R. apiculata and Sonneratia Alba. Those three

species were found to be spread evenly in the study plot. The

lowest tree density was found at station 6 (733 trees/ha) and

the low trees density at station 6 cause of its small number of

individuals and the tree species presence (9 species). In

addition, station 6 have an open and easily accessible access

so its allowing a lot of human activities that can harms

mangrove forests.

.2 Data Collection

This study used an observation method and GPS was

used to determine the sampling point coordinates. Sampling

location choosing was based on consideration of

characteristics, location access, and the mangroves

distribution. The sampling in the mangrove ecosystem was

carried out at 6 stations, each station consisting of 12

sampling points / plots, so there are 72 plots in total. Direct

observation was done at each station to collect the data of

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 717-721

Table 1: Land Suitability Assessment for Mangrove Forest Conservation

Weight

Total 300)

Land suitability class

S2 (2)

>10-15

No.

Paremeter

(

S1 (3)

>15-25

>500

0-1

sandy

S3 (1)

5-10

N (0)

<50

rocky

Density of mangrove trees (100m )

Mangrove thickness

Mangrove species

Tides (m)

>200-500

3-5

50-200

1-2

>1-2

clay

>2-5

sand

Main substrat

-<6 and

7-8

4-<5 and

> 8-9

0,41 –0,5

6-7

<4 and >9

Current velocity (m/dt)

Salinity (‰)

< 0,3

5-<29 or > 33-

0,3 –0,4

> 0,5

29 - 33

0 -1

Source: (13), and (12)

Description of suitability class Value:

S1: Very suitable with a value of 226 - 300

S2: In accordance with the value 151 - 225

S3: Conditional according to values 76 - 150

N: Does not match values 0 - 75

Table 2: Mangrove density at each station in Lombok bay

Density (tree/ha)

No.

Name of Species

Family

ST 1

50.0

ST 2

41.7

ST 3

ST 4

ST 5

ST 6

Avicennia marina

Avicenniaceae

Rhizopharaceae

Sonneratiaceae

Rhizopharaceae

Combretaceae

Rhizophoraceae

Sonneratiaceae

Meliaceae

25.0

41.7

75.0

91.7

50.0

41.7

33.3

166.7

216.7

25.0

Bruguiera gymnorrhysa

Bruguiera sexangula

Ceriops tagal

91.7

100.0

16.7

50.0

100.0

33.3

66.7

108.3

108

83.3

91.7

33.3

83.3

25.0

66.7

50.0

25.0

Lumnitzera littorea

Lumnitzera racemosa

Rhizophora apiculata

Rhizophora mucronata

Rhyzophora stylosa

Sonneratia Alba

66.7

25.0

191.7

133.3

183.3

133.3

216.7

133.3

150.0

16.0

150.0

125.0

83.3

208.3

75.0

216.7

50.0

33.3

933.3

216.7

66.7

33.3

975.0

191.7

75.0

33.3

1.008.3

208.3

75.0

58.3

1.058.3

133.3

75.0

Sonneratia caseolaris

Xylocarpus grantum

Total

33.3

925.0

733.3

Description: ST = Station

The mangroves thickness was varies, that have the

highest thickness are found at station 1 (1.44 km) and a low

thickness found at station 2 (0.40 km) (Figure 1). Although at

station 1 has the highest thickness but the number of

individuals found is very small compared to other stations

with a smaller thickness. The small number of trees shows

that the forest has a lot of disturbance, so the mangroves are

dominated by stakes.

on tidal measurements, than it is known that the average

water level is 1.27 m. The lowest tides are found at station 3

and the highest is found in station 5 (1.55 m).

The current velocity in the Lombok bay ranges from 0.25

to 0.56 m / s. The highest current velocity is at station 3 and

station 6 and the lowest is found at station 5. The high speed

of the currents in the study area is influenced by sea waves

and river currents. At station 3, which is close to the river, it

has a high current speed, then at station 6 is a strait area that

receives many waves of ocean waves. Then, the degree of

acidity (pH) of mangrove waters ranged from 9.48 to 10.89.

The pH of mangrove waters in the study area is relatively

high, indicating high biological activity and oxygen content.

DO (Dissolved Oxygen) at six stations in Lombok bay ranges

from 4.5-8.9 mg/lt with an average of 7.06 mg/lt. Salinity is

an environmental factor that greatly determines the mangrove

forests development and affects the mangroves composition.

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.2 Characteristics of Environmental Carrying Capacity

Analysis of environmental carrying capacity of mangrove

conservation was done in order to determine tidal

fluctuations, water pH, main substrate, flow velocity and

salinity. Most of the main substrate is clay sand, only two

stations that have a sandy clay substrate. Based on the

analysis of soil particles it is known that the sand fraction

reaches 86.7%, the clay fraction is 4.38% and the rest of

.87% is the dust fraction. The mangrove water level is based

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 717-721

conditions that greatly affect mangrove salinity are river

flows and silt deposits along the coast. The sludge thickness

in the study area reached 2 m, a high mud thickness was

found at stations 3 and 4.

follows: 1) research potential and current conditions; 2)

Strengthening networks with international donor agencies; 3)

Determination / zoning of the area (15). This study at least

informs the latest potential that can be used as a guideline in

making policies or zoning plans for KNP, especially

mangrove conservation areas. Based on the characteristics of

the mangrove environment carrying capacity, it is known that

at six stations belong to the class of suitability, which is

appropriate (S2) with RSI ranging from 151 to 225.

At station 2 it has an average mangrove thickness and

low salinity compared to the other five stations. The

mangrove thickness ranges from 176.9 to 487.9 m, while in

other stations it reaches 600 m. Salinity at stations 2 and 3

ranges very low, this may caused by the influence of river

water and ponds behind the mangroves (stations 2 and 3)

which are relatively more compared to other stations. There

are three main limiting factors which causes low acquisition

of the total RSI score, i.e., tree density, salinity, and pH. In

the six stations, the IKK study area was a suitable category

and still has a possibility to be upgraded to become very

suitable. The effort to increase it certainly requires long time.

The main thing that needs to be improved is the mangrove

Figure 1: The average of Mangrove forest thickness in Lombok bay

of Kutai National Park

Some species have very diverse tolerances, such as

Sonneratia caseolaris, which can be found in pure sea water

or along tidal rivers where its salinity almost the same as

fresh water (i.e., <0.1 sea water). Mangrove species require

high salinity, e.g., Rhizophora mucronata, require a minimum

of 1.2% of sea water to growth and 1.0-2.5% for Bruguiera

gymnorrhiza, while Aegiceras corniculatum requires 2.0-

trees density. The trees density in 100 m has not reached 15

trees, so it does not get the maximum score in the RSI

calculation. Increasing tree density will certainly affect other

environmental carrying capacity such as current velocity,

salinity and pH.

Based on the suitability analysis results of six stations

(Table 3) it has been shown that the Lombok bay mangrove

area is still suitable to be used as a conservation area,

although there are many pressures that may reduce the area

for various uses, especially aquaculture ponds (Figure 1 ) and

there are a few limiting factors that need to be improved. S1

(very suitable) and S2 (accordingly) are a land categories that

have the potential to develop mangrove conservation areas

.0% seawater to growth optimally (14). Most mangrove

species are best grown on muddy soil, i..e., in silt

accumulates areas, and a muddy substrates in Southeast Asia

it is occupied by well-developed stands of Rhizophora

mucronata and Avicennia marina. Tall tree stands are

dominated by Bruguiera which is often found in muddy and

deep soils (14).

(

10). Around 123 countries that have mangroves, require a

Table 3: Regional suitability index based on environmental

carrying capacity

globally ecosystems management, it is very important to

maintain industry (i.e., fisheries, and tourism) (16). The

concept of environmental capacity has become a serious

concern as the increasing anthropogenic pressure result in

certain natural environments (17). Regions with coastal areas

that meet the mangrove growth requirements must be

conserved and developed as protected areas (18).

Environmental parameters

ST 1

ST 2

ST 3

10.1

883.9

ST 4

10.6

683.9

ST 5

ST 6

The density of mangrove

9.3

9.8

9.3

7.3

trees (100 )

Mangrove thickness (m)

Mangrove species

Tides (m)

1.437.7

404.4

712.7

780.3

1.6

1.1

0.9

1.5

1.3

1.4

Conclusion

The mangrove species found consisted of 12 species with

.058 trees/ha mangroves density and 1,437 m mangroves

Primary substrates

10.2

0.4

9.4

10.6

0.3

9.5

10.9

0.4

thickness. The main substrate in the study area is clay sand

and sandy clay. The Tides range from 0.90 to 1.55 and pH

ranges from 9.37 to 10.89, current velocities range from 0.25

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Suitability Index of Conservation at six stations is classified

as appropriate (S1) with the main limiting factor are tree

density, pH and salinity. The level of land suitability for

mangrove conservation still has a possible to be improved by

mangroves planting to increase the mangroves thickness and

also the of mangrove trees density and improve other

environmental conditions.

Current velocity (m/dt)

Salinity (‰)

0.3

0.5

0.3

3.3

2.8

4.1

4.2

3.1

RSI

180

160

210

190

180

The Suitability Class

Description: LS = Loam sandy; SL = Sandy loam

.3 Land Suitability for Conservation of Mangrove Areas In

Lombok Bay

The KNP area is experiencing habitats defragmentation

and degradation, so a few steps is needs to be taken as

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 717-721

Conference on Administrative Science, Policy and Governance

Studies Atlantis Press; 2017. p. 322-31.

Wijaya NI. General Use Zone Governance by Optimizing of

Scylla serrata Utilization in Kutai National Park on East

Kalimantan Province. IPB Press, Bogor: Bogor Agricultural

University; 2011.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank the Kutai National Park

management unit for supporting and giving the opportunity

for the author to carry out this research. The author also

thank to the lecturers and students of East Kutai STIPER in

Sangatta who were really helpful in the field survey.

9. Sawitri R, Adelina Y. Kajian Usulan Zona Khusus Taman

Nasional Kutai. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam.

016;13(2):85-100.

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