Model of dispute settlement over natural resources in lore lindu national park

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 595-600

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

Model of Dispute Settlement over Natural

Resources in Lore Lindu National Park

Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Agus Lanini , Sutarman Yodo , Sulbadana , Lembang Palipadang , Ikshan Syafiuddin

¹University of Tadulako, Indonesia, Email : aguslanini@gmail.com

University of Tadulako, Indonesia, Email: sutarman.yodo@gmail.com

University of Tadulako, Indonesia, Email : sul_44@yahoo.com

University of Tadulako, Indonesia, Email: palipadang.lembang@gmail.com

University of Tadulako, Indonesia, Email: ikshan@yahoo.com

Received: 12/06/2019

Accepted: 27/08/2019

Published: 31/08/2019

Abstract

The specific aim of the research is to identify and analyze how local people could comply with both state law and customary law,

and then find an ideal model of dispute settlement over natural resources. The research method used qualitative research with the

socio-legal approach. Data collection techniques used is observation, in-depth interviews and focused group discussions. The

research involved some key actors and some informants as a source of data and information up to 260 respondents. Data were

analyzed based on qualitative analysis. The research found that indigenous people legal behavior tend to refused or unobeyed

regulation or government policy settling their conflict rather than their local wisdom. Actually, a model of dispute settlement over

natural resources has been used for a long time ago in surrounding the Lore Lindu National Park; they have Baruga and Lobo as a

court that conducting a serial court session to find the final decision. These models consist of eco-values that exercised to make a

balance between human and nature interest toward equal rights for use and sustainability for natural resources.

Keyword: Model Dispute Settlement, Natural Resources, Lore Lindu National Park.

two conflicts rise such vertical between state and local

communities the other is a horizontal conflict between private

enterprise and local people (14).

Introduction

The settlement mechanism of conflict over the natural

resources base on local wisdom has been practiced in a long

period by the indigenous people surround lore Lindu national

park in central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The conflict occurred

when the state determined the forest state with the rights to

administrate, regulate in using of the forest, while migrant

and investor allowed to cultivated land tenure, mining, and

plantation while indigenous people alienation. Natural

resources are very close to the forest that is why indigenous

people believe it as their space life (4). However, forest as an

area established by the government on its range with the

policy purpose of keeping the function and its sustainability

such conservation law 5 of 1990, forest law 41 of 1999,

environment law 32 of 2004 and a number of related

regulation including national park buffer zone number 6 of

Combining three protected areas established during

973–1981, Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), established in

993 by the Minister of Forestry through the decision letter

of the designation of the area of Lore Lindu National Park

with an area of 229,000 hectares. Based on Decision Letter

No. 593/KPTS-II/1993, hereinafter the area of Lore Lindu

national park designated the Minister of Forestry and

Plantations of Indonesia through Decision Letter No.

646/KPTS-II/1999 with an area of 217,991.18 hectares. The

boundary of the Lore Lindu National Park highlights many of

the ambiguities regarding the treatment of peoples living in

and around national parks (1), (22). In addition, the policy for

determining the area above was followed by the issuance of

forest concessions around the national park. Forest

concession rights issued for the local state company and or a

private company those it has been refused by the indigenous

people that had been settled before the forest area designated

by the government, therefore the dispute involved three

parties whether indigenous people or governments and the

private and state companies.

2006 (26,27,28). The consequence of the policy determined

forest area, arisen various impact on the indigenous people

that have lived for centuries surround the forest. After the

forest established that mean state has controlled or regulated

people activities whether forbid or limited anything in the

forest area. Lore Lindu National Park established as a

national park as well as forest area has made the problem of

spatial toward indigenous people surrounded, that's indicated

Conflict of Pekurehua indigenous peoples with the right

of Hasfarm Napu-Plantation private enterprise is the early

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 595-600

beginning problem. This case arose when the Governor of

Central Sulawesi issued a license for approximately 10,000

hectares to the Hasfarm Poso Plantation previously (PT

Plantation Hasfarm Napu – PT. PHN). The area concession

laid a part of local communities’ tenures such gardens and

wetland. This legal entity forest could be developed from the

right of cultivation, or business permit (HGU). This option is

possible to conduct any plantation and agro forestry activities

in land outside the forest area (25).

In particular, in the region of Kulawi borders the national

park since 1995 are set up as limited forest production or

conservation area while the government issued a license for

using the forest as land company area of Central Sulawesi.

The concession area reaches around 200 hectares where the

local communities of Marena village and surrounding

villages have lived and worked among national parks. Those

conditions caused dispute between the government and the

communities at once and the local government companies

natural resources held by the state authority and how the ideal

model of dispute settlement do over natural resources through

the customary law. Research main goal is first, to find and

explain the constraints legal attitude occurred in the

implementation of the dispute settlement among the societies

each other as well as government over natural resources and

to find the ideal model of dispute settlement over natural

resources according to the customary law of Kaili, Kulawi

and Pekuherua ethnics which support the conservation efforts

toward equal rights for use and sustainability of natural

resources.

Literature Review

Several studies have been conducted and revealed that

dispute over natural resources generally caused by the lack of

coordination between the two regulating authorities

exacerbates the situation (24). Such high-intensity conflict is

usually difficult to regulate as actors start to lose control over

their actions (31). The magnitude of this decline is directly

linked to human-mediated habitat disruption, including land-

use change, hunting, and exploitation of other forest-related

resources (20). Protected areas are not the only policy tool

for effective conservation. The role of collective action in the

self-enforcement of community property rights over forest

areas (7,9). In particular, the evidence is presented on how

(

25).

On the other hand, the migration occurred from different

areas enters the territory of the national park. The influx of

migrants because of natural resources around the national

park is still very surplus to be utilized to fulfill they need as

well as for enhancement of economic families. Gradually

controlled of natural resources by migrants caused more

limited access of local peoples to the sources, due of the

government gave the rights to the migrant who applied the

rights as an owner over the land while transferred and or sold

by local families to the migrant. Compared to the indigenous

people, the migrants do not have the same traditional ties

with the forest and the same value- belief system resulting in

a negligence attitude towards the region national park

resources (17).

The spatial of life for most local communities look more

residing in Sigi and Poso Regencies. Places, where they hang

on to the needs of the social, economic, and cultural for

centuries, caused become limited by the state policy. The

phenomenon occurring a number of massive-scale dispute

either vertical or horizontal type. The vertical dispute

settlement existing tend to be done by using a highly legal

formalistic term (24). Meanwhile, a horizontal dispute

settlement over natural resources has long been practiced

with an informal approach. Good resolution mechanism as

well as the implementation of decision done by the local

people. Some forms or ways of dispute settlement over

natural resources vary greatly according to the conditions of

the environment and nature. The difference model of dispute

settlement between local people, Kaili, Kulawi, and

Pekuherua even though have a number of similarities and

differences in its best practices mechanism (23).

‘

‘leadership’’ appears to be both a product and a cause of

collective action (21). It is further said that from the diversity

of the local systems, there is some traditional wisdom that is

respected and practiced by indigenous communities in

Indonesia (19). Massive land use changes in recent decades

have sparked widespread conflicts over control and access to

land (30).

Regarding the series studies above mentioned, there is

not any specifically examines yet about the model of dispute

settlement over natural resources even surround the Lore

Lindu National Park central Sulawesi. That is why the

research considered as an important way to find such a

solution to natural resources problems.

Research Methods

The study designed by qualitative research with

systematic, factual and accurate regarding the facts. It is also

intended to provide the possibility of data on humans and

other symptoms. Thus this study will describe the various

legal issues and facts as well as other symptoms that are

associated with a model of dispute settlement over natural

resources around the Lore Lindu National Park, and then to

analysis and explain it in order to obtain the image of an

intact and thoroughly about the problems examined in order

to find the right solution. This is the socio-legal research

should be informed by less theory and more moral

indignation, that socio-legal studies is complementary to, and

has much to offer, the study of housing (6,8,10).

Data collection techniques used is observation, in-depth

interviews and focused group discussions. Observations were

made to the society's activities especially related to natural

resources dispute settlement while in-depth interviews made

against certain parties thus focused group discussion as a

complement of these.

Based on such research, this will be looking for an

alternative model in dispute settlement over natural

resources. Partially, those have been done by them were

accepted as a form of settlement which is still limited,

therefore the model is required to holistically and principled

resolution on pluralism, environmental sustainability and the

importance of living as a human being. Although humans

have triggered the current conservation and environmental

crises, we also possess the capacity to discover, innovate, and

act for a more sustainable future (15,16).

Respondents were chosen in purposive samplings, such

as some actors or figure, the figure of tribe, religious, women,

youth, education and the authority related to the national park

Research problem identified is the degree of the

indigenous people attitude towards dispute settlement over

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 595-600

including natural resources conservation (BKSDA) of Central

Sulawesi, and forestry of Sigi as well as Central Sulawesi.

These were conducted in Toro, Marena subdistrict of Kulawi

and Bobo sub-district of Palolo in Sigi regency as well as

Sedoa and Watumaeta in North Lore subdistrict of Poso

regencies. Data were analyzed based on qualitative analysis.

private ownership. The form of those rights, not in spite of

the traditional belief system which deals with the history and

myths of origin as well as natural resource management

traditions that form through the traditional knowledge system

(12). The conflict occurred various problems related to the

area of the park are not able to carry out its functions due to

various limitations. The limitations of the authority are

mostly regulation its self and culture including its human

resource capabilities both for the law enforcement or to keep

the balance of the environment, about 0,25 percent duty

barrier of 200 people involved conflict over natural

resources. Overlapping regulations and diverse governmental

allocations of land, especially concessions, to particular

stakeholders, create an unequal situation for local actors (13).

Legal formal approached by the State in resolving the

question of natural resources or dispute turns out to fail. This

occurs because of the formal law born of the political wishes

of the ruler while the issues that arise as a result of

government action so that it can be ascertained the existence

of the state (11). Meanwhile, the indigenous peoples fully

aware and trying to observe and reflect on the return values

of custom built the tombs by their ancestors. The legal formal

approached by the state in resolving the dispute over natural

resources has faced some constraints such deny of forest

borders from indigenous people, in fact, these approached

failures. Protected areas are not the only policy tool for

effective conservation (9).

Result and Discussion

.1 The Degree of Communities Attitude towards Dispute

Settlement over Natural Resources around the Lore Lindu

National Park by States

The community cannot be separated from the law

because the law can't work in a vacuum (without the subject's

law). In addition to the role of the law and regulations,

including the role of values (the law) is very important

because even though customary law (unwritten) is also

formed from the reflection of the values that exist in society

but customary law is the crystallization of the behavior of a

society that is recognized and accepted by their own. As the

consequence of conflict and its factors, the research involved

260 respondents can be shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Respondent’s Profile

Denying of the local communities values by the

government in order to control natural resource, leading to

inequality and injustice so that local communities either

families or in a big group that still done the action to use that

resources even as categories a violation by state law. The

stigma of violations of the state law merely become the

object of dispute in society. That impacted broad systemic

over natural resources.

Due of very important and very strategic the natural

resources in development, actually, both governments and

societies including the private and state enterprise entity or

legal entities are often crashing in claiming the existence of

the rights over the natural resources. These attitude of

societies will be endangered of the resources and actually

reflected the human being securities and safeties. However,

indigenous people surround the national park considering the

natural resources as a part of the space of their life that's why

still in using the resources with their knowledge while the

authority considered as a violation.

Male

Female

200

0,25

0,16

0,50

3,00

Gender

State agency

Investor

Migrant

farmer

Local farmer

Head of

villages

Under 34

years

0,38

0,25

2,00

Profession

200

0,25

5 - 39 years

0 - 44 years

5 - 50 years

1 - 55 years

0,20

0,50

0,30

0,20

Age

More than 55

years

High School

Undergraduate

Master's

1,50

250

0,40

2,00

4,00

Education

4.2 The Ideal Model of Dispute Settlement over Natural

Resources through Customary Law

The theory of justice in related natural resources

management is still relevant to the phenomena surrounding

the national park. The more limited the access of local

peoples against forest resources and is increasingly massive

the taking of forest products within the Lore Lindu National

Park raises tensions among the communities. The existence

of the local institutions as well as the tribe who have no space

enough in the intervention management and setting the forest

on its territory. At the same time, however, it is important to

recognize that in aligning with state and private interests

pursuing green economies these claims take on a particular

inflection (3).

Based on the profile of the respondents it shows who is

involved in natural resource conflicts in the national park

area. There are a state agency, investor, migrant, and local

communities. State agency as the authority holder issued

some licenses in the resources both for investor and migrant

under legitimating of some regulation meanwhile local

communities refused the licenses in accordance to the

customary law (29).

Indigenous people in the area of the Sigi Regency are

Kaili and Kulawi a well as Pekurehua in Poso have customs

that recognizes and applies the concept of rights over natural

resources e.g. on indigenous peoples in Ngata Toro known

two claims rights e.g. rights shared ownership and rights

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 595-600

Even though, indigenous citizens who have split or

styling natural resources are wisely according to the

Private ownership rights are the right to manage natural

resources that are inherent in individual or family ownership.

Individual or family ownership rights are obtained when the

first forest is opened in the past. The process of opening the

forest like it in the language of Kulawi Moma called the

popangalea and family or private ownership rights are called

dodoha. This system showed the community of Kulawi

describing how natural resources sustainability system built

since the formerly indigenous people live for a long time ago.

Both private and shared ownership of land is managed

through resource management in the form of village land

especially in the fields and plantation. Farm fields planted

with rice, corn, sweet potatoes, and other food crops. On a

plantation covering plants in the yard as well as land has been

planted with coffee, cocoa and other types of perennials.

The ideal model of dispute settlement over natural

resources based on the local people values above could

reduce more conflict even it occurs there is two trial

mechanism used to solve it. The Baruga trial held when

anyone or family asked to the head of customary to settle

their case by borough cigarette and five betel leaf as a

requirement. After explained the detailed case to duty barrier,

head of the customary invite all parties related. A series trial

conducted while it deadlocks but finally on the collective

decision of totua ada taken for who was guilty or not

performed. The unique of the trial collectively participate and

open trial as well as base on their values. The other but alike

trial appeal is Lobo trial. This mechanism used while a big

case or one of the parties try to apply the previous decision of

Baruga trial. However, in the certain case, the judge can ask

the parties to show the object location as well as its border,

when the witnesses of the parties and the communities the

judge made decision with plug a spear in the ground (nogane)

as a symbol of decision and remarking of these (field court).

Both of Lobo and Baruga are co-existence to promote equal

rights for resources sustainability.

understanding that is based on

interdependence between humans and the environment

mutualism symbiosis). The concept of huaka and dodoha as

relationship of

(

ancestral heritage is threatened to disappear because the

government does not consider its existence. Exactly which

communities are considered ‘customary’ remains the

interpretation of the state, even the implementation of the law

remains malleable (18).

According to Durkheim's modern society is not bound by

the similarity between the people who do the same work, but

a division of work binding them by enforcing them to depend

upon one another. Solidarity refers to a state of the

relationship between the individual and or group based on the

moral feelings and beliefs that held together which enhanced

by shared emotional experience. The strategy is managing the

land resource, activating institutions in the village, and

diversifying economic activities (2).

Mechanical solidarity is formed by the repressive law

(

the actor of a crime or deviant behavior would have affected

the punishment, and it will revenge the base of collective

consciousness). That what the judge decided to punish who

encroach the resources around the park e.g. work for a couple

of weeks at the village garden. Whereas organic solidarity is

formed by the restitution law (it aims not to punish but to

restore the normal activity of a complex society). The organic

solidarity comes to dispute settlement over natural resources

quite prominent due to the judge's belief of hintuvu and

huaka principles as the guidance to manage the resources.

Both of them are useful to describe as a model of an ideal

dispute settlement over natural resources as follows in Figure

Conclusion

The degree of indigenous people attitude toward state

mechanism of dispute settlement over natural resources

surround the lore lindu national park generally unsatisfying

due of the basic problem of recognition of the people rights

have not been seriously implemented as a whole. Model of

dispute settlement over natural resources has been used for a

long time ago who live surrounding the national park, they

have Baruga and Lobo as a court that conducting a serial

court session to find the final decision. However, in the case

of a certain dispute, the judge can ask the parties to prove

their rights in the field (field court). These models consist of

eco-values that exercised to make a balance between human

and natural interest.

Figure 1: Model of Dispute Settlement over Natural Resources in

Lore Lindu National Park

The Kailines, Kulawi, and Pekuherua indigenous people

customary law was formed by organic solidarity as the

institutionalization of social values and cultural heritage in an

indigenous community have contributed to the development.

The empirical facts about it can be seen from the indigenous

wisdom of indigenous wisdom in supporting environmental

conservation. Shared ownership rights are the right to the

utilization of natural resource management, designation, and

responsibilities together. Huaka is joint ownership rights

covering all tribal territories. The concept of joint

management rights as huaka over natural resources is an

asset the alliance that should be maintained its existence of

various forms of disorders including its delivery (5).

Acknowledgment

The authors wish to thanks the Direktorat Riset dan

Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat for funding and Universitas

Tadulako for supporting this research.

References

1. Acciaioli, G. Environmentality Reconsidered: Indigenous To

Lindu Conservation Strategies and the Reclaiming of the

Commons in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. People, Protected

Areas and Global Change. People, Protected Areas and Global

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 595-600

Change. 2008; 401–430.

Regulation and Valuation of forest use-Evidence from Central

Sulawesi, Indonesia. Land Use Policy. 2011; 28(4): 736–747.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.01.001

Arifudin, Nasrul, B., & Maswadi. Program of Community

Empowerment Prevents Forest Fires in Indonesian Peat Land.

Procedia Environmental Sciences. 2013; 17: 129–134.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2013.02.020

Astuti, R., & McGregor, A. Indigenous Land Claims or Green

Grabs? Inclusions and Exclusions within Forest Carbon Politics

in Indonesia. Journal of Peasant Studies. 2017; 44(2): 445–466.

https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2016.1197908

18. Myers, R., Intarini, D., Sirait, M. T., & Maryudi, A. Claiming

the Forest: Inclusions and exclusions under Indonesia’s ‘new’

forest policies on customary forests. Land Use Policy.

2017;66:205–213.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.04.039

19. Nasir Tamalene, M., Henie, M., Al Muhdhar, I., Suarsini, E., &

Rochman, F. The Practice of Local Wisdom of Tobelo Dalam

(Togutil) Tribal Community in Forest Conservation in

Halmahera, Indonesia. International Journal of Plant Research.

2014(4A): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5923/s.plant.201401.01

20. Oldekop, J. A., Holmes, G., Harris, W. E., & Evans, K. L. A

Global Assessment of the Social and Conservation Outcomes of

Protected Areas. Conservation Biology. 2016; 30(1): 133–141.

https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12568

21. Palmer, C. The Role of Leadership in the Collective

Enforcement of Community Property Rights in Indonesia.

Society and Natural Resources. 2007; 20(5): 397–413.

https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920701211710

Bakker, L., & Moniaga, S. The space between: Land claims and

the 2010.

https://doi.org/10.1163/156853110X490890

Barkmann, J., Burkard†, G., Faust, H., Fremerey, M., Koch, S.,

Lanini, A. Tropical Rainforests and Agroforests under Global

law

Indonesia.

Asian

Journal.

Change: Ecological and Socio-Economic Valuation. In A. B.

Teja Tscharntke, Christoph Leuschner, Edzo Veldkamp, Heiko

Faust, Edi Guhardja (Ed.), Land tenure rights, village

institutions, and rainforest conversion in Central Sulawesi

(

Indonesia). Springer.

https://doi.org/10.17875/gup2009-270

Cowan, D., Halliday, S., Hunter, C. Adjudicating the

2010;141–160.

Heidelberg:

Implementation of Homelessness Law: The Promise of Socio-

Legal Studies. Housing Studies. 2006; 21(3): 381–400.

https://doi.org/10.1080/02673030600586019

Ersoy AÖ, Öztaş E, Özler S, Ersoy E, Topçu HO, Fındık RB, et

al. The evaluation of the low risk pregnant women who gave

birth to macrosomic infants. J Clin Exp Invest. 2017;8(4):114-9.

https://doi.org/10.5799/jcei.382414.

Farahani MD, Shahsavari H. GIS Modeling of Earthquake

Damage Zones Using ETM Data and Remote Sensing-Bojnoord,

Khorasan Province, 9-13. Journal of Research in Science,

Engineering and Technology. 2013;1(04).

Hayes, T. M. Parks, People, and Forest Protection: An

Institutional Assessment of the Effectiveness of Protected Areas.

22. Palmer, C. Making

Difference? Accounting for

Nongovernmental Organizations in the Comanagement of Lore

Lindu National Park, Indonesia. Journal of Environment and

Development.

2014;

23(4):

417–445.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496514543857

23. Priyo Purnomo, E., & Anand., P. The Conflict of Forest Tenure

and the Emergence of Community Based Forest Management in

Indonesia. Journal of Government and Politics. 2015; 5(1): 20–

31. https://doi.org/10.18196/jgp.2014.0003

24. Riggs, R. A., Sayer, J., Margules, C., Boedhihartono, A. K.,

Langston, J. D., & Sutanto, H. Forest Tenure and Conflict in

Indonesia: Contested rights in Rempek Village, Lombok. Land

Use 241–249.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.06.002

25. Sahide, M. A. K., & Giessen, L. The fragmented Land use

Administration in Indonesia Analysing Bureaucratic

Responsibilities Influencing Tropical Rainforest Transformation

systems. Land Use Policy. 2015; 43: 96–110.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.11.005

Policy.

2016;

57:

World

Development.

2006;

34(12):

2064–2075.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.03.002

0. Hillyard, P. Invoking Indignation: Reflections on Future

Directions of Socio-Legal Studies. Journal of Law and Society.

002; 29(4): 645–656. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6478.00237

1. Kissane, B., & Kissane, B. Explaining the Intractability of

Territorial Conflict. The Politics of the Irish Civil War. 2007; 5:

26. UURI/32/2009. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 32

Year 2009 Concerning Protection and Management of

Environment, Pub. L. No. 32 (2009). Indonesia: Setneg RI.

27. UURI/41/1999. Undang-Undang RI No. 41 T ahun1999 Tentang

Kehutanan (1999). Indonesia: Setneg RI.

28. UURI/5/1990. Undang-Undang RI. No. 5 Tahun 1990 Tentang

Konservasi Sumberdaya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya, Pub. L.

No. 5 (1990). Indonesia, Indonesia: Setneg RI. Retrieved from

www.djpp.depkumham.go.id

9–125.

https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273553.003.0005

2. Kristiansen, S., & Sulistiawati, L. Traditions, Land Rights, and

Local Welfare Creation: Studies from Eastern Indonesia.

Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies. 2016; 52(2). 209–227.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2015.1129049

3. Kunz, Y., Steinebach, S., Dittrich, C., Hauser-Schäublin, B.,

Rosyani, I., Soetarto, E., & Faust, H. ‘The fridge in the forest’:

Historical trajectories of land tenure regulations fostering

landscape transformation in Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia.

Forest Policy and Economics. 2017; 81(5): 1–9.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2017.04.005

29. Vadi, V. Crossed Destinies: International Economic Courts and

the Protection of Cultural Heritage. Journal of International

Economic

Law.

2015;

18(1):

51–77.

https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgv010

4. Lanini, A., Sulbadana, S., Kasim, A., Nahar, M. Y.,

30. Van der Muur, W. Forest Conflicts and the Informal Nature of

Surahman, S. The Formation of Customary Law Related to the

Realizing Indigenous Land Rights in Indonesia. Citizenship

Use of Natural Resources in the Lore Lindu Region. Fiat

Studies.

2018;

22(2):

160–174.

Justicia.

2018;

12(3):

181–191.

https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1445495

https://doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v12no3.1331

5. Laureano, R. M., Fernandes, A. L., Hassamo, S., & Alturas, B.

Facebook satisfaction and its impacts on fundraising: a case

31. Yasmi, Y., Guernier, J., Colfer, C. J. P., & Guenier, J. Positive

and Negative Aspects of Forestry Conflict: Lessons from a

Decentralized Forest Management in Indonesia Aspects Positifs

et Négatifs des Conflits Forestiers: Leçons d’une Gestion

Décentralisée des Forêts en Indonésie Aspectos Positivos

Negativos. International Forestry Review. 2009; (Vol. 11).

study at

a Portuguese non-profit organization. Journal of

Information Systems Engineering and Management. 2018.

6. McKinley, D. C., Miller-Rushing, A. J., Ballard, H. L., Bonney,

R., Brown, H., Cook-Patton, S. C., … Soukup, M. A. Citizen

Science can Improve Conservation Science, Natural Resource

Management, and Environmental Protection. Biological

Authors Profile

AGUS LANINI is interested in the study of both law and

natural resources as well as economic law as an

interdisciplinary basis for studying law and economics.

LAURENS BAKKER has been carrying out a series of

Conservation. 15–28.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.05.015

7. Mehring, M., Seeberg-Elverfeldt, C., Koch, S., Barkmann, J.,

Schwarze, S., Stoll-Kleemann, S. Local Institutions:

2017;

208: