New technological solutions for the production of planting material of grapes

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 581-587

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

New Technological Solutions for the Production of

Planting Material of Grapes

Abuzar Batukaev , Grigoriy Malih , Andi Magomadov , Abdulmalik Batukaev , Olga Seget

2,3

¹Chechen Research Institute of Agriculture, Grozny, Russia

All-Russian Research Institute for Viticulture and Winemaking named after Ya.I. Potapenko", Novocherkassk, Russia

Chechen State University, Grozny, Russia

Received: 19/04/2019

Accepted: 27/08/2019

Published: 29/08/2019

Abstract

In order to develop new technological solutions, experimental facilities for accelerated reproduction of grapes and other crops have

been created. In microtelco installation in a single technological cycle is the stratification, cultivation, thermotherapy. In addition, the

plant can saturate the cultivation of vaccinations and seedlings with the necessary nutrients. The support of polymer materials for the

cultivation of seedlings in the bottom, planting them in a permanent place, placement and retention of the sleeves and the growth in the

plane of the trellis. The new method combines previously separated elements of the technology of their production from the cultivation

of planting material to the operation of fruit-bearing plants in a single technological cycle, in order to exclude a number of operations

for the care of plants, protecting them from adverse weather factors, pests and diseases, mechanical damage.

Keywords: grafted seedlings, substrates, graviatational stimulation application, experimental setup for growing seedlings

large amount of nutrients is consumed, depleting the grafts.

Vaccinations planted in the crop of saplings have a low

survival rate.

Introduction

One of the most important reserves of saving labor and

money resources in viticulture is the development of

mechanization and automation equipment to create an optimal

regime for growing quality seedlings, as well as the methods

of production and planting of vineyards. They should help

increase labor productivity and reduce a number of agro-

practices of caring for plantations.

At present, the technology of open stratification in the

environment of intensively humidified air has been developed.

Stratification chambers are usually heated by water heating,

and the necessary humidity in the chambers is maintained by

evaporation of water from special baths. For additional

moistening and removal of mold on grafted cuttings, they are

periodically poured with water from special nozzles, and also

ventilated with special fans. The disadvantage of this

technology is in the complexity of its implementation, the

mold is intensely formed with such stratification, which is

difficult to combat. After grafts’ treatment with pesticides it is

not possible to monitor the passage of the grafts’ stratification

The technology of carrying out stratification of

vaccinations, treatment of planting material from diseases and

pests, maintenance of optimal automatic regimes in the

cultivation of seedlings in Russian and foreign practice is still

very poorly developed (1,2,7,17). A serial electrostatic plant

ESU-2M is known, where grafting is carried out with a heating

wire of the brand POSHP-1-1. When stratified, the grafted

cuttings are placed in boxes and interlaid with wet sawdust.

From above, a moisture-heating element is laid in a box in the

form of a rug 700 x 900 mm, the edges of which are folded

along the box for 10-12 cm. To monitor the temperature

maintenance, a thermometer is installed in one of the 72 boxes,

connected to one installation. Sawdust before use is well

sieved, steamed with superheated steam (130°C) for 30

minutes, adjusted to optimum moisture and used in warm state

(

5,15,18,24). When using this type of equipment at the end of

the stratification, when the grafts begin to germinate in poorly

illuminated conditions, the shoots are rapidly stretched, and a

large amount of nutrients is consumed, depleting the grafts.

With such stratification, it is not possible to create different

regimens in the apexes and bases of the same grafts, which

sharply reduces the yield of grafts with circular callus. Not one

of these plants does not provide proper control of pests and

diseases by heat treatment of plants (25,22). We were not able

to find the studies of technology for stratifying vaccinations

and growing vegetative seedlings in the same technological

regime in literary sources. Planting seedlings are not actual for

our country, one of the main reasons is that there are no

(

25-30°C) to interlace grafted cuttings. The described

installation allows only stratification of vaccinations, while

some of the vaccinations being molded and with bud damping-

out. When using this type of equipment at the end of the

stratification, when the grafts begin to germinate in poorly

illuminated conditions, the shoots are rapidly stretched, and a

Corresponding author: Abuzar Batukaev, Chechen Research Institute of Agriculture, Grozny, Russia.

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 581-587

equipment and developed, scientifically justified technologies

for their production.

The research was carried out at the All-Russian Institute of

Viticulture and Wine making named after Ya.I. Potapenko and

OOO Loza in the Semikarakorsk district of the Rostov region.

The purpose of the work is to study the mechanization and

automation tools that we have created for optimal conditions

of growing seedlings in a single technological cycle, to restore

plants from phytopathogenic infection, to saturate cuttings of

rootstocks with nutrients for better callus formation, and to

increase the yield of seedlings. It was necessary to combine

stratification, cultivation on the basis of new substrates. To

develop a new type of trellis to connect disparate elements of

the grapes production technology from growing seedlings by

the pot method cultivation to the exploitation of fruit-bearing

plantations in a single technological cycle. And also, the

exclusion of a number of operations to care for plantations,

protecting them from adverse factors, pests, diseases and

Results and discussion

The test of the setup, that we designed, when growing

grafted seedlings, showed that the cost of electricity per

seedling is reduced by a factor of 1.4 - 2. In average, the yield

of grafted seedlings increases by 10 - 25%. Installations can be

available to any farmer who starts to produce healthy seedlings

but does not have his own material base (grifting complex with

a computer room, stratification chambers, greenhouses, etc.).

As shown by the practitioner, it is possible to use the setup in

rooms that are not used for these purposes. Good results were

obtained in the cultivation of grafted vegetative seedlings by

farmers in the premises that were not used for these purposes.

At the same time, anybody can temporarily do without creating

new nursery facilities. This setup can be used even in empty

abandoned buildings and film heifers, providing optimal

conditions during stratification of grafts, growth and

development of seedlings (23, 26). The block diagram shows

the installation of one of the setup we offer.

mechanical damage. Eliminate such

a labor-intensive

operation as cutting of outer roots and a number of other

operations in the vineyards.

Methods of research

1. Agrobiological surveys and observations were carried

out according to "Agrobiological research on the creation of

intensive vine plantations on an industrial basis" (edited by

B.A. Muzychenko, 1978); 2. Phenological observations of the

growth and development of grape plants were carried out

according to the method of M.A. Lazarevsky; 3.

Determination of the leaf-area duration was established

according to the method of A.S. Melnik and V.I.

Shcheglovsky; 4. Absorption method for the determination of

toxic elements GOST-30178-96. R. Soil selection - GOST -

220 В

8168-89; general requirements for the analysis - GOST-

9269-91; Nitrate nitrogen in the soil - GOST-26951-86;

ammonium exchange in soil - GOST-26489-85; mobile forms

of phosphorus and exchangeable potassium in soil by the

method of B.P. Machigin - GOST 26205-91; 5. Determination

of the developed techniques for the organ-embryonic

fruitfulness of the central buds of the eyes and the content of

trace elements in the leaves and berries according to the

methodology set forth in the manual "Agrotechnical research

on the creation of intensive vine plantations on an industrial

basis" (Novocherkassk, 1978); 6. The consumption of

electricity per one seedling was taken into account when using

new plants; 7. Output of commodity grapes, pcs., number of

berries in bunches, pcs., bunch weight, berry weight, g., effort

to detach berries, crush berries according to the method of

N.N. Prostoserdov; 8. Determination of the quality of the crop

Figure 1: Block diagram of the first setup installation. (1) Control unit;

(2) Heated surface; (3) Heating element; (4) Sand temperature sensor;

(5) Micro-hull housing; (6) Sifted sand; (7) Humidity sensors; (8)

Steam generators; (9) Pipe for steam supply.

3.1 The operating principle of the setup

The block diagram (Fig. 1) shows the installation device.

When the voltage supply is applied to the control unit 1 and

the set temperature is controlled by the temperature sensor 4,

the sand layer is heated by the heating element 3. The steam

generator qualitatively provides the necessary parameters for

not only the temperature and humidity of the air, but also the

substrate, ensuring high yield of grafted seedlings. Developed,

the setup can be recommended for use in production in the

study of thermotherapy, as a method of treatment against

fungal, viral diseases and a number of pests of grapes. On the

basis of this installation, we developed an ecologically clean

method for decontaminating grape seedlings during their

cultivation from gray rot. For example, gray rot is an infectious

disease. This micro fungus develops well on the dead parts of

plants and is considered saprophyte. Gray rot spreads through

conidia. Conidia penetrates the nodes’ tissues of the shoots

through the antennae, the leaf or the stem of the grapes and

lead to tissue death. On the vineyard plantations or on the

mother solution in rainy cool weather, the number of conidia

in the air increases and, as a rule, their billionth mass, the

the mass concentration of sugars in the juice was carried out

by the hydrometer during the period of reaching the technical

maturity of the crop (GOST 27198-87); 9. Determination of

titratable acidity in the juice of berries was carried out by

titration with 0.1 N NaOH solution during the technical

maturity of the crop (GOST 51434-99); 10. Samples of wine

materials were obtained by the method of micro winemaking

according to N.N. Prostoserdov (1963); 11. The physio-

chemical analysis of wine materials was carried out according

to the following methods: sugar content - according to the

method of Bertrand (1947); titrated acidity - titrated 0.1 N.

solution of NaOH, organoleptic analysis - according to the 10

point assessment system by the taste panel of the All-Russian

Research Institute for Viticulture and Winemaking named

after Ya.I. Potapenko.

"smoke" and spraying is released from the surface of the

diseased bunches. Gray rot is dangerous because the outbreak

of its development occurs during the ripening of grapes, when

the use of chemicals in vineyards is not allowed. It can settle

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 581-587

on the surface of the bud scale, at its base and on the wounds

left after the fall of leaves (6,8).

All these chemical control measures are ineffective and

dangerous for the health of workers involved in growing

seedlings. The currently used complex of agrochemical and

chemical measures for combating gray rot cannot solve the

problem of protection against gray rot, especially when

growing seedlings of grapes. The task of the proposed method

is to increase the yield of grafted seedlings by destroying

Botrytis cinerea before stratification of the rootstock, which

drastically reduces bud damping-out and the cost of seedlings.

It has been established that steam with a temperature of 20-25

°C and an air humidity of 90-95% is used to provoke the

development of the fungus, and the full germination of conidia

Botrytis cinerea is formed by the formation of a green cone

from the bud of a stock with a height of 1.5-2 cm, and

continuously the t of the the steam rises to 45-50 °C. Such a

high t of the steam is kept for 10 minutes, being a critical

boundary, after which the death of gray rot occurs. This

method provides not only the death of gray rot with minimal

outlays of labor and resources, but also the yield of standard

seedlings, their survival on the plantation, which will speed up

the laying of new vineyards.

When preparing grafts in November-December, especially

with mild and rainy weather, the hyphae of gray rot penetrate

deeply into the living tissue, resulting in the main and

replacement buds die during storage of grafts, spots appear on

the bark of shoots with dead tissues. It often happens that from

a healthy-looking bud in the process of stratification of grafted

cuttings, the shoot that develops from the bud is already

affected by gray rot. From what has been said, it follows that

it is necessary to destroy conidia by chemical treatment in

vineyards, just before harvesting the grafts and re-laying them

for storage. In Germany, Chinosol (Chinosol W) consisting of

67% 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate + 30% potassium sulfate is

used to treat the grafts. In Hungary, Solvokhin extra (Chinoin,

Budapest) 70% 8 hydroxyquinoline, 14% potassium sulfate,

15% ethylenedialin-tetraacetic acid, 1% neutral fatty sulfate

are used. For disinfection, the bundles of rootstock and scion

grafts are completely soaked in a 0.5% solution of quinazole.

The duration of soaking depends on the water temperature: at

5°C it lasts for 5 hours, 10°C for 3 hours, and 20°C for 2 hours.

Soaking the cuttings in quinozole is carried out after they are

soaked in water. Excess concentration of the disinfectant

inside the grafts and on their surface adversely affects the

formation of callus and roots, the development of the buds and

sharply reduces the yield of seedlings.

Table 1: Influence of grafts’ saturation by Albit on the quality and development of annual grape plants (Kristall variety, Kober

rootstock 5 BB)

The content of macro- and microelements in the vine of annual

plants

Zn,

mg/

Co,

mg/

Mn,

mg/

N, %

P, %

K, %

. Treatment of grafts

with steam at 60 °C for

an hour

8,8

25,9

4,5

4,8

6,5

18,6 110,5

22,9

12,6

18,9

. Treatment of grafts

with steam at 60 °C for

half an hour

15,0 18,4

80,6 173,3

121,8

. Treatment of grafts

with steam at 45-50 °C

for 10 minutes

89,0 2015,5 84,2

65,0 1752,3 63,4

0,45

0,7

0,11

0,09

0,01

0,75

0,63

0,02

1,12

0,95

0,03

11,3

9,6

0,06

0,05

0,01

0,80

0,68

0,03

. Grafts treated with a

.1% solution of

27,4 23,0

5,3

0,6

quinazole three times

control)

(

НСР05

0,7

0,04

0,11

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 581-587

As can be seen from Table 1, during the treatment of

grafting at t 60 °C for an hour, the conductive tissues of the

rootstock cuttings were damaged, and the yield of the grafted

seedlings of the Kristall variety was only 8.8%. Treatment with

the same temperature for 30 minutes also resulted in the

seedling tissues burns with the steam, but at the same time their

yield increased significantly and amounted to 15%. The three-

times spraying with a 0.1% solution of quinazole proved a low

effectiveness: a large number of grafts was affected by gray

rot, and the yield was only 27.4%, while in the proposed

method the yield of vegetative seedlings was 80.6%.

apices in one direction. The grafts are placed in such a way that

the upper bud does not reach the edge of the plate by 2-4 cm.

The next gravelly plate is laid on top with the same width,

length and thickness of 3-4 cm. Grafts are placed on it in

exactly the same way as in the previous case.

The obtained experimental data shown that the best callus

formation in grafts was noted with Albit application, as well

as the most intensive growth of shoots. The leaf-area duration

in the second variant is 75.6 cm , which is higher than the first

Figure 2: The construction of a heat shield in polyethylene

greenhouses (OOO Loza, Semikarakorsky District, Rostov

Region)

variant by 20.7 cm and higher by 55.1 cm than in the third

variant. The yield of grafts with circular callus in the second

variant was 94.7%, which is 16.7% higher than in the first

variant, and 82.7% higher than in the third variant. The yield

of seedlings at the control was 50%, which is less by 31.2%

than in the second variant and by 40.6% more than in the third

variant. The average increase in shoots reached 10.6 cm in the

first variant, 17.0 cm in the second variant, and 6.9 cm in the

third one. The adaptation ability of the seedlings on the

plantation was 87.4%, which is 6.2% higher than at the control.

At the same time, the growth of shoots increased both in the

apical and in the lateral meristem. In general, the quality of

seedlings increased.

Figure 3: Shelves, covered with polyethylene film for the

installation of boxes with seedlings

3.2 We offer a second setup for the production of seedlings

Figures 2 and 3 show its installation. In order to identify

the optimal regime for growing seedlings and vegetative

seedlings, we tested the heat shield developed by us. The heat

shield consisted of 30 mm high density polyethylene pipes. To

create the installation of the entire area of the greenhouses,

river sand was applied with a layer of 8-10 cm, the heat shield

tubes were laid according to the scheme of 40 × 40 cm each,

forming a screen 160 cm wide, over which a sand layer of 3-5

cm was poured. Shelving units 180 cm wide, covered with a

black plastic film with a thickness of 200 microns were

installed along the heat shield. The established heat shield

created a differentiated temperature regime: under the shelves

Figure 4: Seedlings in a polyethylene greenhouse (OOO Loza,

Semikarakorsky District, Rostov Region)

in the root system 22-23 C, and the air in the greenhouse about

4-16 C, close to the optimum temperature. The temperature

control was automated using the TRDK-3 thermal relay. In the

blocks of greenhouses, five sections with aerosol irrigation

were created. In the first variant, heating of greenhouses with

pipes filled with hot water with a temperature of 50 - 80 °C

was carried out from the boiler winery. The heat shield

provides a higher yield of seedlings in comparison with the

second block, where the heating of the greenhouses was

carried out by heat generators. An important role in growing

seedlings is played by substrates. However, for vegetative

seedlings, such substrates were required, that would ensure not

only good development of them in the greenhouse, but, above

all, their high survival rate on the plantation.

We offer the production technology of growing seedlings

on gravelly plates. On the basis of the greenhouse the first plate

of gravelly is laid with a width of 50 cm, a length of 400 cm

and a thickness of 12 cm. Then, grafts are placed on the

gravelly, placing them at an angle of 30 ° to the horizontal

surface and tightly to each other (3500-4000 grafts), with

Figure 5: Vegetative seedlings in a polyethylene greenhouse

(OOO Loza, Semikarakorsky District, Rostov Region)

The subsequent layers of grafts are transferred with the

same gravelly plates. The total height of the plates reaches the

height of the greenhouses.

Thus, in order to reduce labor costs and improve the

quality of seedlings by eliminating the mechanical damage to

seedlings during their growing and forming, cuttings or grafts

are placed between plates stacked at a distance of 2-4 cm from

the edge of the plate where they are stratified, and then grow

and form seedlings with a bend to form a horizontal cordon on

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 581-587

the seedlings during stratification and growing in the

greenhouse (11,14,16). In this case, the shoots can be formed

at different angles with respect to the soil surface for various

methods of planting. As shown by the experiments, shorter

internodes on the shoots of the seedlings and the best

intergrowth of the stock with the scion can occur when laying

the grafts in the greenhouse at an angle of 30 ° to the horizontal

surface. The highest yield of seedlings with circular callus was

obtained with the location of grafts at an angle of 30 ° with

respect to the horizontal surface of 80.4% or higher than in the

vertical location of grafts by 4.1%.

should be removed, the heating of the soil and steam

generators should be turned off. Setting is carried out for 9-10

days, every three days, there are moistening, watering

sessions. Before planting the seedlings in the open ground, the

substrate moisture in the covers is brought to the level of 85-

90%.

3.4 Timing of planting

Vegetative seedlings should be planted in vineyards in the

Rostov region, in the Chechen Republic from May 10 to June

10. The temperature and humidity regimes of soil and air have

a great influence on the survival of vegetative seedlings.

Dying-out after planting in early May can occur from recurrent

frosts, which are often observed in many regions of Russia. It

is mainly explained by the loss of the root system or a

sustained recovery of growth: the soil during this period is too

wet, because it is colder and less aerated. The highest survival

rate is observed when planting in the first half of June, when

conditions for the development of the root system are more

favorable.

Planting seedlings in a permanent place should be done in

pits with depth of 45-55 cm, depending on the region of

growing grapes. The pits are made with digger KGK-60 or

planting is made under hydro-drills with an extended tip.

Planting pits are slightly deeper than the depth of planting. At

the bottom of the pit a mellow earth hummock mixed with

humus is placed (2-3 kg per bush and 100 grams of ammonium

nitrate phosphate fertilizer).

Figure 6: Grafted seedlings in a shroud from a heat-shrinkable

photocleavable sleeve, grown in gravelly plates

When planting vegetative seedlings, the cover is raised to

the top, freeing the roots from below. The cover is tied with

twine above root system heel, and above, under the junction,

as shown in Figure 8. Then, the vegetative seedling is set in

center. The pit is covered at a half with the soil and watered at

the rate of 10-15 liters of water. After water absorbing, the pit

is completely covered. It is advisable to leave a seedbed around

the seedlings, for the following watering. The location of the

joint, in this case, for the grafted seedlings should be 5-6 cm

above the soil surface. After 7-10 days, depending on the

weather conditions, the second watering is carried out, and

after 25-30 days the third one.

The essence of the new method of planting seedlings,

grown by us, is that they are planted with closed root system

with ready graft horizontal cordon, having 10 rows formed in

one direction and 10 rows in the other direction. This allows

to reduce the age of the grafted plantations under the

mechanized cover of the vine plantations and to increase their

durability and productivity.

Figure 7: Grafted vegetative seedlings, grown on gravelly, ready

for sale

.3 Preparation of grafted cuttings and their planting in

the greenhouse

For the cultivation of grafted seedlings, the graft is

produced in February-March. It is best to conduct a bandage

of grafts with F-535 photocleavable sleeves according to the

technology developed by Malykh G.P. (3). For the bandage,

the graft is placed in a 250 mm long sleeve with a melted upper

part, 10-15 mm wider than the graft diameter, and then

immersed in molten vaseline oil at a temperature of 150-200

C for 1-2 seconds and immediately placed in cold water.

Due to the high shrinkage force, it tightly squeezes the

joint of the stock with the graft. After the end of the specified

service life (45 days), the photocleavable film decomposes in

the light, and then finally is destroyed by microorganisms

(

19,20).

The use of gravelly as a substrate makes it possible to

extend the growing period of seedlings in a greenhouse up to

0 days or more without reducing their yield. This contributes

to the development of well-developed seedlings, when laying

vineyards, they have a better survival rate and more powerful

development of bushes (9,10,13,21).

Then, for acclimatization of plants and further flow of

physiological and chemical processes taking place in the

constituent parts of the grafts, they are set before planting on

the plantation. To do this, the film from the greenhouses

Figure 8. Prepared vegetative seedling with a cover for planting under

a hydro-drill. Under the action of graviatational stimulation, a

horizontal cordon was formed on the seedlings during the stratification

and growth in the micro-greenhouse

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 581-587

other, the support is assembled to the desired height. Suggested

method:

- Provides protection of stem and sleeves of grape bushes

from the impact of critical low temperatures;

- Allows the specialist to create a stable and straight stem

of the desired height;

- Increases the productivity of vineyards by improving the

conditions for plant development;

We believe that this progressive, intensive and economical

method of growing planting material in our country should be

given much more attention. We have developed a highly

effective way of growing vegetative seedlings, forming and

growing grapes using plastic supports made in the form of rod

elements made of elastic and durable synthetic heat-insulating

material. The support of polymeric materials for fruit and berry

crops is intended for growing seedlings in its lower part,

planting them in a permanent place, as well as placing,

retaining sleeves and crops in the trellis angle (4,12).

- Protects the stem of the sleeve from mechanical injuries,

which allows to fully mechanize soil cultivation in rows and

inter-rows at young vineyards;

The new method of growing seedlings and laying down

plantations of grapes unites previously disunited elements of

their production technology from growing planting material to

the exploitation of fruit-bearing plantations in a single

technological cycle, with the goal of excluding a number of

operations for planting, protecting them from unfavorable

meteorological factors, pests, diseases, damage. The support

of polymeric materials is mounted from separate cones 1 and

support ring 2 (Figure 9). The cone consists of identical parts.

When conducting the grapes in the lower cone of the

support, filled with a substrate, one graft or cuttings of 50-55

cm in length is planted.

The seedlings are grown according to the pot method

cultivation. Cultivated seedlings are planted on a permanent

place together with a cone. To do this, hydro-drill or digger are

used to make a pit with a depth of 55-60 cm and a cone with

seedlings set to the bottom. After filling the pits, a support ring

is fixed, which gives the support greater stability.

- Eliminates the appearance of dew roots, which inhibits

the spread and development of phylloxera;

- Excludes cutting of outer roots - one of the most

laborious operations in viticulture;

- Allows to replace reinforced concrete or wooden

supports with light plastic ones.

- The cost of implementing the proposed method of

forming and growing vine bushes per unit of area is 2 times

cheaper than existing ones. Supports, manufactured using the

proposed technology, are used from 10 years till the renewal

of vineyards. The construction of these supports is easier than

the construction of reinforced concrete supports in 8 times.

- The complexity of care for the vineyard is reduced,

compared to the traditional, by 27%. Equipment for the

manufacture of supports for the formation of vine bushes is

simple and does not require highly qualified specialists.

- The technical solution is patented in 13 countries.

Conclusion

The setup we created allows us to stratify and grow

seedlings in a micro-greenhouse in a single technological

cycle, which helps them to significantly improve the quality

and yield. Studies on pest and disease control by steam with a

temperature of 45-50 °C showed encouraging results. The

steam generator qualitatively provides, in the right parameters,

not only the temperature and humidity of the air and substrate,

but the feeding regime of the seedlings. When studying

thermotherapy, as a method of treatment from fungal, viral and

a number of pests of grapes, the developed setup may well be

used. Application of the developed technological methods for

the production of planting material, improvement of the

methods of planting and maintaining plantations in vineyards

will improve the yield and quality of seedlings, survival rate,

productivity of vineyards.

Figure 9: Polymer material support

References

Malykh G.P., Kravchenko L.V., Malykh P.G., Muzychenko B.A.

Method of obtaining seedlings of grapes. A. s. no. 163950S

USSR, A01G17/00. Applicant: NPO "Vinograd". No.

681276/15, declared 20.04.1989, publ. 07.04.1991, bul. no. 13,

p. 2: illustration.

Malykh G.P., Ilyashenko O.M. Method of winter grafting. A. s.

no. 1150897 USSR, A01G1/06. Applicant: All-Russian Research

Institute for Viticulture and Winemaking named after Ya.I.

Potapenko, no. 3613572/30-15, declared 20.04.1983, publ.

0.05.1985, bul. no 20, p. 2: illustration.

Malykh G.P., Zelenkova T.N. Photocleavable composition based

on polyethylene. A. s. no. 1040768 USSR, A01G1/06. Applicant:

NGO "Vinograd" and Kuban Agricultural Institute (USSR), no.

3308818/13, declared 01.07.1981, publ. 10.05.1983, bul. no. 23,

p. 2: illustration.

Figure 10: Vineyards with polymeric support

As the bush grows, a new cone is set, and the stem is

inserted into it. Thus, successively, installing cones on each

Malykh G.P., Muzychenko B.A. Support for growing grapes. A.

s. no. 1075460 The Russian Federation, applicant: patent holder

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2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 581-587

All-Russian Research Institute for Viticulture and Winemaking

named after Ya.I. Potapenko.

Malykh G.P., Muzychenko B.A. Method of planting a grape plant

and device for its implementation. A. s. no. 1423052 The Russian

Federation, applicant: patent holder All-Russian Research

Institute for Viticulture and Winemaking named after Ya.I.

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