Socio-pedagogical significance of the gto complex in the formation of healthy population

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 572-575

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

Socio-Pedagogical Significance of the "gto"

Complex in the Formation of Healthy Population

Tatiana V. Levchenkova , Raisa I. Platonova *, Arian E. Tarasov , Pankaj Verma , Liliya

I. Ammosova , Anastasiia E. Nikitina , Nikolai P. Olesov

Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism (SCOLIPE), Humanitarian Institute, Moscow, Russia.

North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov, Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Yakutsk, Russia

North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov, Faculty of Road Construction, Yakutsk, Russia

North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov, Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Yakutsk, Russia.

North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov, Institute of Physical Culture and Sport Yakutsk, Russia

North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov, Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Yakutsk, Russia

Received: 29/06/2019

Accepted: 27/08/2019

Published: 29/08/2019

Abstract

Purpose of the study: The purpose of the article is to conduct a historical review of the development of the global trend towards

the creation of physical culture and sports systems aimed at increasing the number of citizens who systematically engage in physical

culture and sports, the formation of the population's conscious needs for systematic physical culture and sports, physical

improvement and healthy lifestyles in Russia, Germany and Austria. Methodology: The leading research methods were a theoretical

review of historical and pedagogical scientific literature on the topic, a comparative analysis of physical culture and sports systems in

Russia and foreign countries, and generalization and interpretation of the materials studied. Results: The main results of the article

which were obtained in the course of the study are the historical analysis of the development of the GTO complex, differentiated by

years and the main directions of state policy in the field of physical culture and sports, the disclosure of changes in the goals and

objectives of the GTO system at various historical stages of the country, and the analysis of the modern GTO system. Applications of

this study: The practical significance of the article is to develop the stages of development of GTO in the context of socio-economic

conditions and political situations in the country, recommendations for improving the basic principles, and approaches to the GTO

system in the context of new global trends to improve the quality of life, a healthy lifestyle, and active longevity. Novelty/Originality

of this study: The novelty of the research is that data were obtained on the historical stages of the development of the GTO in Russia;

the physical culture and sports systems of Austria and Germany are analyzed; it was found that the mandatory delivery of the GTO

standards is not a leading factor in improvement of the well-being of the population, but it is necessary to increase motivation and

encourage the population to maintain a healthy lifestyle, active recreation based on training for independent physical education and

sports, and the formation of a conscious attitude towards their health.

Keywords: All-Russian sports GTO complex, "Ready for Labor and Defense", physical activity, social potential, physical culture

and sports, standards, physical fitness of the population, physical activity, quality of life.

population as well as improve the quality of life (4,7). More

Introduction

effective, "inexpensive" factors of strengthening and

preserving the health of the nation are the increase in the

number of physically active population, the formation of

motivation for maintaining a healthy lifestyle throughout life

and well-thought-out state policy in the field of physical

culture, sports and healthy lifestyle.

To improve the health of Russians to the rank of national

wealth is a high and socially significant goal uniting the

efforts of the state and society. Evidence of this was the

revival of the Physical and Sports Complex "Ready for Labor

and Defense" from September 1, 2014, which provides for

the delivery of sports standards in eleven age groups of the

population. The physical fitness complex “Ready for Labor

and Defense” has similar systems of physical education of

In the twenty-first century at the global level, issues of

preserving, strengthening and reproducing the health of the

population acquire strategic importance for each country,

acting as an important criterion for the social well-being of

society (9, 10, 13, 20). Extensive growth of financing in the

sphere of healthcare, physical culture and sports, an

orientation towards the development of innovative

technologies of medicine, wellness, and rehabilitation, - as

world practice has shown, improve the health of the

Corresponding author: Raisa I. Platonova, North-Eastern

Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov, Institute of

Physical Culture and Sport, Yakutsk, Russia. E-mail:

platonova_raisa@mail.ru.

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 572-575

the population in foreign countries, for example, in Germany

The second stage –1935-1958. During this period, the

system of control exercises, physical tests suitable for

assessing the physical fitness of various age groups of the

population was clarified; levels of regulatory requirements

were adjusted and improved; and detailed age limits within

individual steps.

In the pre-war years with their complex international

situation and real military conflicts, the GTO complex was

distinguished by its practice-oriented content (marching,

skiing, rifle training, swimming, throwing grenades, and

overcoming water obstacles). During the Great Patriotic War,

the GTO complex provided the basis for mass military

physical training of the population (in 1942, the All-Union

Committee for Physical Culture and Sport made changes to

the GTO complex in order to improve its compliance with

wartime requirements (11).

“Golden German Sport Icon” and in Austria - “Sport icon

ÖSTA” (5). For the first time such a system of recovery of

the population was introduced in Sweden “Idrottsmärke”, the

badge of distinction was awarded not to professional athletes,

but to those who were actively involved in sports. After

Sweden in Germany, on the initiative of Karl Dima, the

“

Golden German Sport Badge” appeared. Since 1914, the

Golden German Sport Badge” has been acting as a program

for young people to take the semi-physical tests in

swimming, endurance, strength, speed and flexibility. In the

modern system of Austria, the ÖSTA sports badge, which has

been in operation since 1920, in order to obtain the badge, it

is necessary to pass a standard - one exercise in five

disciplines: swimming, long jump or high jump, running,

strength exercises and endurance exercises. Standards are

provided for different age groups of the population. Each of

these systems during its period of existence has undergone

various changes, which reflected the historical stage, the

political situation, the values of society, and the socio-

economic conditions of the territory.

Russian and foreign historians note the high level of

physical training of the Red Army and the “labor front” of

civilians “The badges of the GTO withstand the hardships of

wartime with honor, quickly eliminated the consequences of

forced interruption of production activities and re-

“The modern complex “Ready for Labor and Defense" is

established their professions” (18).

an international trend for a healthy lifestyle and prolonging

the activity of the elderly population of the country" (12).

The implementation of the “Ready for Labor and

Defense” sports complex is a problem-solving program of the

Strategy for the Development of Physical Culture and Sports

in the Russian Federation until 2020, according to which the

proportion of the population systematically engaged in

physical culture and sports should reach 40% in 2020, and

In the postwar years, the main task of researchers to

improve the health of the population, including those who

were studying, was to find the most effective combination of

the standards of the GTO complex with the program

requirements for physical education in educational

institutions at various levels. It was during this period that the

GTO complex formed the program-normative basis of the

Soviet system of physical education of the population. “The

goal is to contribute to the formation of the moral and

spiritual outlook of the Soviet people, their all-round

harmonious development, preserving for many years good

health and creative activity, preparing the population for

high-productive work and protecting the Motherland” (6).

The emergence of top-level sports, the development of

mass sports and children's sports oriented theorists and

practitioners in the field of sports pedagogy to transfer the

emphasis on strengthening the sports and competitive

orientation of the complex, to transform the latter not only

into a training school for future defenders of the Fatherland,

but also for future champions and highly qualified athletes to

prepare and submit standards for the GTO complex.

Changes in the life of Soviet society in the postwar years,

the results of the political “snowbreak” and scientific and

technological progress changed the social functions of

physical culture and sports, made separate directions and the

old “military-defense” ideology of the GTO obsolete.

The third stage - 1972-1990. - focused on the harmonious

development of man of a new society. In addition to physical

development, in the improved GTO, emphasis was placed on

social activity (civil and physical culture and sports), health-

saving activities are being stimulated, and age limits are

expanding due to the introduction of new levels for students

in grades 1-2 “Ready for the start”.

0% among students. It seems necessary to analyze the main

stages of the history of the development of the GTO complex

in order to reflect on the social and pedagogical potential of

the modern physical culture and sports complex on health

improvement of the population.

Literature Review

In the history of the development of the physical training

and sports complex “Ready for Labor and Defense” we have

identified stages differentiated by years and main areas of

state policy in the field of physical culture and sports:

The first stage - the stage of the formation of the GTO -

covers the years 1931-1934. During this period, the complex

has changed 3 times. The era of the formation of the GTO is

distinguished by the ideology of the dominant proletariat, the

politicization of all aspects of society’s activities. The main

emphasis was placed on the simplicity and general

accessibility of physical exercises and sports included in the

standards, evidence of their usefulness for improving health

and developing the skills and abilities required in the daily

working life-person and defender of the Fatherland.

M.Y. Vilensky, V.V. Mikhailov, and N.A. Levenko

(1979) explained the mass character and general accessibility

of the GTO complex by the necessity of teaching the

population the basics of physical culture, sanitation and

hygiene. The continuity with the “big” sports was weak, as

party documents condemned the so-called “record holder”.

The young country defended its right to exist, involved

The development of the GTO Complex and the

verification of its results were based on the materials of major

scientific studies on physical culture conducted by leading

scientific institutes. Particularly, in the 70s-80s, All-Russian

Research Institute of Physical Culture conducted a targeted

study on the development of the content and control materials

of the GTO complex were grounded and differentiated types

“

mastering the basic skills of physical culture by millions of

working and studying youth with an acute shortage of

qualified coaching staff, almost without social industry and

infrastructure” (18).

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 572-575

of movements (tests), allowing to characterize the parties

physical fitness of a person to solve the problems of physical

education production, sports and defense; the quantitative

indicators of the degree of development of physical

preparedness involved in different age and sex are

determined.

The changes introduced into the text of the Decree “On

the Introduction of the New Complex “Ready for Labor and

Defense of the USSR” (GTO) fixed that sport was firmly

established in the life of the Soviet people, became its

integral part. Being an important means of developing the

Soviet system of physical education, Olympic and mass

sports were designed to further the introduction of physical

culture in the daily life of the population, to create

opportunities for comprehensive physical training of students

for work and military service.

engaged in physical culture and sports, improving the

physical fitness indicators of the country's inhabitants.

Findings and Conclusion

A review of the scientific literature, study of the

programs of the GTO complex of different years, changes in

the rules of the GTO and corrections in tests show that the

improvement of the population, their involvement in

systematic physical education and sports were the main tasks

of the state level.

Analysis of the history of the formation and development

of the GTO shows that in order to realize social potential of

physical culture and sports, to consolidate the priority of

development and maintenance of physical health in the state

policy, and the population to be active (1,2), the modern All-

Russian sports complex should, firstly match the realities of

modern society, secondly, meet the needs of each age

category and the population group; thirdly, be scientifically

based (14,15,19).

The key moments of the modern GTO testify to the

cardinal changes in society are accompanied by changes in

the social functions of physical culture, sport and the sports

industry. If in the previous complexes put together there was

a strong collectivist ideology, a military-patriotic component,

then the new GTO complex should help everyone to

understand their own capabilities, improve their own health,

turning it into life value, and daily activities with physical

culture or sports - into a natural need. It is not important to

achieve high athletic performance, a career in professional

sports for children and young people who will take the GTO

complex, the formation of behavioral stereotypes to establish

and maintain a healthy lifestyle. The motivation is systematic

physical education and sports, rest will become the daily need

of every person. And for adults and the elderly population -

improving the quality of life, preventing diseases, promoting

health, increasing life expectancy through systematic various

types of physical culture and health activities. In 2017, the

GTO was developed and implemented for people with

disabilities, taking into account sensory, movement and

mental disorders. The priority approaches of the modern

GTO complex are: - personification and individualization as

indicators in addressing social issues, taking into account

gender and age groups and population groups; - the inclusion

of tests on the choice of the student, including those on

military-applied types most popular in the youth environment

The differences of this GTO complex from its

predecessors, - experts believe, firstly, in the difference of

tasks. The upgraded complex included the task “to go to the

vanguard of international sports” (18), that is, the GTO was

intended to become the foundation for the training of highly

qualified athletes; hence the requirement of the complex, that

“the applicant or contender of the badge should know about

the international relations of Soviet sport, its international

and peace-loving nature” (3); secondly, the regulatory

requirements have increased, in order to compensate for the

lack of physical activity of students who live in more

comfortable conditions.

The reasons for termination of the existence of the

complex of the GTO in the 90s of the 20 century, according

to B.R. Goloshchapova, are:

a clear downward trend in the importance and popularity of

the complex in the system of physical education;

unjustified frequent changes and additions to the content

and structure of the complex, erroneously exaggerated

understanding of its significance for the process of physical

education of the population;

the proclamation of the complex program basis of physical

education, which meant a close connection of the content of

physical education in educational institutions with the list of

control exercises included in the complex of the GTO;

command-bureaucratic style of work, methodical planning

of preparation of icons, as a consequence of a formal attitude

to work;

the collapse of the USSR (11).

The fourth stage: 2014 - to the present. After a break of

(mountain bike, parkour, karting, BMX-racing, workout,

almost a quarter of a century, the GTO is again being

implemented. The main reason for introducing the GTO was

the tendency to reduce the quality and life expectancy of

people, physical development and physical fitness of various

population groups. According to the results of the study, it

was revealed that the majority of citizens do not lead an

active lifestyle: 15.9 percent of the population regularly

engages in physical culture and sports in the country, and in

the economically developed countries of the world this figure

reached 40 - 60 percent (8,16,17). The real amount of

physical activity of schoolchildren and students did not

ensure full physical development, optimal mental and

physical performance, and health promotion.

skateboarding, speedway, etc.); suitable types of tests and

physical education and fitness activities for the elderly age

group; ethnic types of exercise and sport in the region; - the

inclusion of theoretical tests in order to identify knowledge

involved in the theory, methods of organizing self-study

physical education and a specific sport, methods of self-

diagnosis, operational self-control before, during and after

exercise).

We believe that the need for systematic physical training

should be formed and developed through obtaining

information about the level of physical fitness, about the

capabilities of your body to achieve the optimal form of

physical performance, etc. The GTO complex is not an end in

itself, but a means by which each person will not only know

the state of his physical development, physical fitness, but

The modern complex of the GTO is called upon to play a

decisive role in increasing the number of people actively

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2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 572-575

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