The Relationship Between Psychological Dependence and Criminal Behavior

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 641-646

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

The Relationship Between Psychological

Dependence and Criminal Behavior

Igor I. Tazin

Tomsk State Pedagogical University, Tomsk, Russia

Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics (TUSUR), Tomsk, Russia

Received: 20/04/2019

Accepted: 1/09/2019

Published: 03/09/2019

Abstract

Crime is known to be the result of interaction between internal psychological processes, on one hand, and external objective-related

factors, on the other hand. At the same time, criminologists and forensic psychologists have not yet conducted in-depth research into

the psychological mechanism of communication between the individual and the situation at the time of the crime. The present study

takes an interdisciplinary approach, drawing from philosophy, psychology, sociology and criminology, to examine criminal behavior

through the prism of a phenomenon known as psychological dependence, which determines the perception and assessment of a specific

life situation as a problem (conflict) and actualizes harm-doing as a means to overcome it. In the context of psychological dependence,

the basic premise is that a crime is committed because of the manifestation of specific personality traits and the influence of a specific

life situation.

Keywords: behavioral addiction, psychological dependence, criminal behavior, criminal conduct mechanism, criminal decision-

making

Introduction¹

Crime defined as harmful acts taking place in the external

Toronto (Canada). In Another academic literature search

focusing on the terms “behavioral addiction” and “criminal

behavior” was made using Medline and Google Scholar in

world points to the superficial understanding of crime, mainly

as a means of causing harm to particular social relations

protected by criminal law. From this perspective, research on

the topic under investigation is often limited to studying social

conditions and reasons behind the commission of crime,

without properly examining criminal decision-making. The

sociological approach in understanding crime has so far

prevailed in criminology. As such, gaps in upbringing and

education, unfavorable social environments, financial

difficulties, unequal distribution of economic goods, and

social stratification are considered the common causes of

criminal behavior. In addition to the above, there is the need to

adopt the interdisciplinary approach in order to carry out a

comprehensive study of criminal personality based on the

biopsychosocial model of personality. The author believes that

the study of criminal behavior in terms of the integrative

individual-situation interrelation using the phenomenon of

psychological dependence has important research value and

significance.

019. A careful review of the literature on interactions

between addictive and criminal behavior helped to define the

basic topic-related concepts.

A strong connection existing between addictive and

criminal behavior results from both of them being deviant

types of behavior (48). It is no accident that in different

cultures and countries addictive behavior is perceived as a

cross phenomenon to criminal behavior (22). “Deviant”

behavior is commonly understood as a behavior that deviates

from social norms and can further be divided into legal wrongs

and addictions. A legal wrong is a violation of law, i.e. an

illegal action, an offense or a crime (44). Addiction refers to

one’s desire to escape from reality by changing one’s

psychological condition through the use of some substances or

constant focus on certain objects or activities coupled with the

development of intense emotions (42).

Among objects of addiction can be specific objects in the

surrounding world or engagement into an emotionally

significant activity. Modern clinical psychology distinguishes

between two groups of addictions: pharmacological and non-

pharmacological ones (42). The first group includes

alcoholism, addiction to medications or narcotics and solvent

abuse. The other group comprises addiction to food, sports,

sex, gambling, video games and the Internet, television, cell

phones as well as hospitalism, workaholism and shopaholism.

Materials and methods

In 2017, the author conducted a review of English-

language research literature on the topic under investigation

drawing upon the information provided by the Centre for

Criminology and Sociolegal Studies of the University of

Corresponding author: Igor I. Tazin, Tomsk State Pedagogical University, Tomsk, Russia.

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2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 641-646

According to ICD-10 and DSM-V, some of the above

addictions are recognized as mental disorders.

Researchers have carefully examined the relationship

between crime of violence/property crime and alcoholic/drug

addiction (2,3,27,43,47) as well as gambling (25,31,46). Their

studies point to a close link between these types of depence

and income producing offences which transform into a means

to support dependence financially. As stated by Grant

“individuals with behavioral addictions, like those with

substance addictions, will frequently commit illegal acts, such

as theft, embezzlement, and writing bad checks, to either fund

their addictive behavior or cope with the consequences of the

behavior” (17).

Furthermore, the author used the results of random

interviews of accused persons and persons on trial, obtained

during his legal practice in Russia between 2003 and 2012. All

of the participants had read and signed a consent form

indicating that their participation in the study was voluntary

and that they could withdraw at any time without suffering any

negative consequences. Every interview were based on the

respondents’ rating of notions that were of vital importance for

him such as “personal dignity”, “friends”, “family”, “money”,

“

entertainment”, “gambling”, “sex”, “power”, “alcohol” and

drugs”. Following that, the respondent was asked to choose

The relationship between addictions and violent offences

has been examined to a lesser degree, and conclusions on this

matter are often contradictory. As an example, a number of

studies shows lack of any obvious link between dependence on

soft drugs, such as cannabis, and violent offences due to the

fact that these soothing substances reduce the likelihood of

aggressive behavior (10,36). In the USA, statistics reveals the

vast majority of teenagers using soft drugs are not involved in

violent offences, which has been one of the reasons for

legalizing cannabis in Canada in 2018. Other researchers

highlight a close relationship between cannabis and aggressive

behavior, noting that, while reducing the risk of aggressive

behavior during intoxication, cannabis does increase the

likelihood of aggressive behavior during abstinence (21,35).

Analysis of Brazilian experience has revealed that hard drugs,

in particular cocaine, determine violent offenses to a greater

extent (1). A similar situation prevails with respect to

gambling: some researchers consider it to be related to

financially motivated crimes (31,41) while others argue that

gambling can lead to non-property offenses, including

violence, illegal possession of weapons, arson and vandalism

one of several entities that he expected to improve when

committing a crime. The results were divided into two groups,

namely, property crime and crime of violence. Theft, fraud,

plunder, robbery, intentional destruction of property and self-

serving malfeasance in public office were put into the property

crime group. Murder, physical assault, infliction of moderate

damage to health and infliction of severe damage to health are

grouped as crime of violence.

Results

Analysis of research literature points to a close link between

dependent and criminal behavior. Researchers detected

numerous commonalities in the mechanism of formation and

passing of substance and behavior addictions (17,19,29).

Being inside any kind of addiction psychologically means to

feel strong euphoria, to lose self-control and track of time. As

opposed to being outside, current addiction means to sense, to

be depressed and to think about addictive activity. At the same

time, during addictive activity the overall growing tolerance

requires increased amounts of something to achieve the same

effects (increasing drug dosage or the bet size in gambling,

being unable to stop shopping, staying longer with a partner

and so on). Moreover, it was observed that addictions are

mutually reinforcing, i.e. one dependence increases the risks

of emergence of new types of dependence. For instance, a

Canadian epidemiological survey estimated that the relative

risk for an alcohol use disorders increased 3.8-fold when

disordered gambling was present (8,9). Theoretically, the

range of objects of addiction is not limited, and a person in the

course of his life activity might be addicted to an unlimited

number of objects and activities (38). Thus, an addiction can

be due to material well-being, wealth acquisition (Slater 1980),

a prestigious job, a beneficial social circle, power over other

people, pair bonding (38), love (12), family well-being,

entertainment and pleasure. At the same time, the fact that

addictions are not officially recognized as such does not mean

they do not exist or cannot be subjected to research. For this

reason, the general term “psychological dependence”, which

refers to official addictions and nonofficial dependences, is

used in the research community (29,39) and in this paper.

Psychological dependence, in a general sense, means a

compulsive need that determines the high susceptibility of a

personal to a particular external influence. Empirical studies

on delinquents show that the latter have a wide range of

chemical, personal and behavioral addictions (7,13,20,45).

Incarcerated persons often abuse alcohol, psychoactive

substances, gambling and have sexual deviations (sexual

perversions).

(

2,25,33,34). As Griffiths observes, gambling like other

addictive behaviors, causes individuals to engage in stealing,

cheating with borrowing money and committing violence

towards friends, parents and teachers (19).

Finally, one category of habitual criminals has

procedural addiction to criminal behavior, given that they

derive pleasure from destructive activity. Addictive criminal

behavior is a scientifically substantiated behavior in relation to

crimes such as multiple murders, rapes, thefts and terrorism

(

6).

Psychological research on criminals confirms that they

have increased personal sensitivity in certain relationships, the

so-called “psychological reagent” (37). Murderers tend to

show a sensitivity in interpersonal relationships; sex offenders

are characterized by sensitivity to female influence, sexual

needs and affirmation of their masculinity; robbers and bandits

have a sensitive response to the diminished value of their

personality; and thieves pay special attention to material

welfare and social status (5). The author confirmed the

correctness of these conclusions with the results of interviews

conducted among the accused and defendants: criminals

accused of property crimes pointed to money, entertainment,

alcohol, gambling and drugs as their vital interests while those

accused of crimes of violence gave preference to personal

dignity, power, friends, family and sex.

It is noteworthy that research in bioenergy radiation and its

absorption also confirms this phenomenon, i.e. personal

sensitivity. The inherent quality of every living being,

including man, is radiation. When interacting with objects

encountered on its way, radiation is absorbed, reflected or

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2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 641-646

passes unimpeded. The object thus responds to radiation

whose parameters are in some respects similar to its

characteristics (24). Consequently, environment can affect

individuals in three different ways: one may fall under the

influence of the external environment and accepts it; one may

be under the influence of the external environment yet one

repels it; and one is independent of such influence altogether.

Responses vary depending on how the parameters of incoming

radiation correspond to the characteristics of the person

receiving it.

Needs as a source of dependence. Psychology considers a

need as a necessity, something to be satisfied, lack of well-

being, a condition (23). Despite the lack of uniform

understanding of what

a need is, this psychological

phenomenon is as close as possible to the notion of

psychological dependence. The most quoted psychologist on

this matter, Abraham Maslow, adhered to a strictly determined

view on the list and hierarchy of needs, dividing them

according to the principle “from the lowest to the highest” into

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem and the need for

self-actualization (30). According to David McClelland,

people have three needs: need for power, need for achievement

and need for affiliation, and they do not have any hierarchy, as

a person makes his choice between them (32). Erich Fromm

believes that a person has the following needs: relatedness,

creativity, rootedness, sense of identity and frame of

orientation (15). According to Viktor Frankl, the individual’s

main and only need is his pursuance of meaning (14). A

comparative analysis of the theories of needs shows their

diversity and variability. In different periods of life, in various

spheres of human activity and in different situations, a person

has many needs and motives that form his sphere of needs and

motivations (26). The latter is, therefore, a flexible system

where the hierarchy of needs is determined by the importance

that the individual attaches to them.

In the author’s view, criminal behavior should be

associated with needs of special significance to the individual,

resulting from the transformation of needs into dependence.

To explain the transformation of needs into dependence, it

is necessary to consider the proportion of the biological and

the social in the individual. In examining this controversial

issue, it is assumed that humans have the highest level of social

development among all species. The humans construct roads

and buildings, cultivate nature, create technical means and

invent social institutions, but, in the process of their social

evolution, they also develop all kinds of dependencies. Why

cannot other species reach the same level of social

development? What is the source of dynamic human activity?

Unfortunately, psychology often overlooks. While

distinguishing humans from other species in terms of the mind

and speech, psychology does not provide a clear explanation

of what makes humans different from animals. Perhaps, only

philosophical anthropology partially compensates for this

serious gap in psychological research, especially in terms of

human spirituality. Postulating the human aspiration to search

for meaning, philosophy emphasizes the unique ability of man

to change the world and himself. However, as a science of

ideas, philosophy provides no psychological explanation for

this ability. In the author’s view, the psychological difference

between humans and other species should be made according

to consciousness levels. A human being is one whose

consciousness separates him from and opposing him to nature.

Every second, at every moment of his activity, the human

being feels and understands the existence of a border between

him and the natural world, between him and society, between

him and other humans, which in turn becomes a condition for

the human to change nature, society and himself.

Discussion

According to the author, the phenomenon of psychological

dependence is of universal significance for criminal behavior

and is not limited exclusively to drug, alcohol, gambling and

related multiple crimes. To uncover a “link” between the

criminal’s personality and a criminogenic situation, it is

necessary to identify the basic elements of a crime that are

inherent in any deliberate criminal act, regardless of its

composition. Such elements seem to be “harm” and

“problem”. Owing to its danger to the public, any crime

involves infliction of real physical, material, moral,

organizational and other harm or a threat thereof. Because of

the deliberate nature of crime and the perpetrator’s awareness

of the risk to stand trial, any criminal harming an individual,

society or the state, acts consciously under the conditions of a

situation that is subjectively perceived as a problematic

conflict. Consequently, discovering

psychological

connection between the criminal’s personality and the

criminogenic situation means to reveal the component in his

psyche responsible for perceiving the situation as

problematic conflict, which actualizes active behavior taking

the form of harmdoing.

As it possesses the property of reflection, the psyche

ensures the person’s connection with the world around him.

The psyche has as its material substratum the human brain,

studied as part of a medical scientific pattern called the

“central nervous system”, yet it is not limited by it in the same

way as a broadcasting television is not limited by its

microcircuits. As a reflecting system, the psyche accumulates

ideal informational patterns throughout a person’s life, some

of which perform evaluative and motivational functions. In an

attempt to designate these patterns, psychology uses a wide

diversity of terms such as needs, desires, wants, likes, habits,

interests, motives, goals and directions, among others.

Diversity in terminology often leads to conceptual disputes

and, thus, stands in the way of achieving specific research

objectives. Suffice it to note that modern psychology, along

with criminology, has no unified approach to understanding

the psyche, personality, motives and behavior. What is

important is not the number of terms used and their further

theoretical correlation, but the understanding that the

individual’s attitude to various situations forms ideal patterns

of the psyche and ensures their assessment as positive,

negative or neutral. Situations facing individuals throughout

their lives have varying degrees of importance for him.

External objects and situations lead to activity when their

meanings for a person are reflected in his consciousness.

Consequently, the notion of importance is central to

understanding criminal behavior and requires a brief overview

on the Need Theory.

Biological needs of humans, such as nutrition, survival,

procreation and safety, have been developed in society,

generating new aspirations and ways to meet them. In the

author’s view, a wide diversity of social needs results from the

biological need for safety. In nature, the need for safety has

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2019, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages: 641-646

biological overtones, i.e. it is limited to the physical survival

of a species which does not separate itself from nature. On the

contrary, in society, the need for safety has social,

psychological and spiritual dimensions. For a person, safety is

not only a question of his physical safety, but also that of

sufficient material income, prestigious work, a beneficial

social network, a sense of confidence and absence of anxiety

for his and his family’s future.

becomes an autonomous psychological component. According

to Ilyin, “a need does not lead directly to activity but merely

provokes increased sensitivity to the effects of the

corresponding irritants” (23). Only during the very first stages

can an addicted person survive the struggle of motives;

thereafter he no longer chooses, being drawn by a stream from

which he cannot escape, even if it is connected with the

violation of standards of moral and law (6). As defined in

addiction-related research studies, conflict is an integral part

in the evolution of any type of addiction (16,18). Conflict

between the addicted person and people around him becomes

obvious when the latter try to put an end to his addictive

behavior, whether directly or indirectly. Furthermore, the

addicted person feels conflict if he lacks funding to feed his

addiction.

Psychological dependence forms a “zone of sensitivity” of

a person to situations (stimulus) impeding the achievement or

maintenance of an object (subject) of dependence. These

situations are objectively assessed as problematic and conflict.

Thus, if one is dependent on material well-being, one’s

attention and activity will be directed towards material values.

Obtaining material well-being is very satisfying and losing it

is devastating for such a person. If one is obsessed with

leadership, one will do his best to manage other people. Such

a person will be very satisfied if other people follow his

decisions, and in contrast, other people’s attempts to impose

their will would provoke a negative reaction for the subject. If

a person is addicted to interaction and communication, his

priority is to gain favor with people around him and to develop

close relations with his friends and family. People’s negative

attitudes towards him, the loss of a friend or family

disintegration would cause such a person a deep psychological

trauma.

Consequently, psychological dependence heightened by

stimuli of the crime situations is responsible for the

individual’s subjective perception of conflict. Harm as the

consequence of dependence. In a natural environment, we have

the opportunity to observe competition within the same species

and between different species, which often results in

significant harm caused to some of them. Animals protect their

home, eat other species, and compete to reproduce and,

therefore, causing harm is not typical of humans only, but of

other species as well. In dangerous situations, behavioral

patterns in nature and society have more similarities than

differences. In nature, such reactions are represented by the

“struggle, escape behavior, freezing behavior” formula

transforming into the “aggression, retreating, waiting” one in

the social context. Social aggression can be expressed

physically, verbally or substantively. At the same time, not all

harm is socially dangerous or criminal.

In his theory of destructiveness, Eric Fromm draws a clear

distinction between harm in nature and in society (15) and

divides human destructiveness into benign and malignant

forms of behavior. Benign destructiveness is motivated by

human instincts and assists in the survival of the individual and

race, fading as soon as danger disappears. This type of

destructiveness corresponds to justifiable self-defense in

Criminal Law. Far from being defensive, malignant

destructiveness aims to meet personal needs, unrelated to

biological survival, by causing harm to others or to oneself.

One of the key features of behavioral addiction is one’s

failure to resist an impulse, a drive, or a temptation to perform

Thus, a developing psychological dependence becomes a

side effect of the human aspiration for meaning. Given that

division of labor and money as a universal means of payment

are typical of any developed society, people need to make no

physical efforts to fulfil a need, and it is possible to satisfy that

need immediately and repeatedly. Therefore, the imbalance in

the effort-result system can lead to the transformation of a need

into an addiction. Certainly, needs do not necessarily

transform into addictions. The formation of addictions is

fostered, on one hand, by the individual’s social

maladjustment (lack of stable social connections, permanent

job, family, etc.) and, on the other hand, by his individual

psychological characteristics (mental infantilism, anxiety,

chronic dissatisfaction, rigidity) (19). These and other factors

encourage the person to ease his social maladjustment and

anxiety by directing all of his efforts toward an obtainable type

of activity that forms his “psychological comfort” zone (6).

Repetitive behaviors, such as jogging, gardening,

socializing with friends or eating can systematically satisfy

normal needs without being identical too addictions (11). A

repetitive behavior is a means of habitually satisfying a human

need, along with which alternative types of activity can satisfy

an ongoing need. In this regard, repetitive behaviors are a form

of flexible, adaptive behavior that does not adversely affects

individuals. On the contrary, the harmful nature of dependency

is determined by the fact that the dependent person is trapped

in a “false refuge” in which the addictive type of activity

becomes the only way to manage stress and experience

positive emotions (28). At the same time, the addicted person’s

consciousness is continually expecting the repetition of the

addictive behavior in the future while perceiving the present

moment as unsatisfactory and depressing. In this regard, the

transformation of a need into an addiction can be regarded as

a pathological adaptation mechanism (42). Conflict as the

consequence of dependence. “Conflict” (from Latin conflictus

–

“clash”) is generally understood as a clash of disparate

tendencies (40). In terms of criminal behavior, one of these

tendencies is rooted inside one’s personality as its

psychological dependence and the other one lies in a situation

as a stimulus, impinging on the object of dependence.

Taking into consideration the personality-situation

interrelation, it is necessary to proceed from the fact that there

exists no objective list of problem-and-conflict situations,

which are apriori such for any person. A problem or a conflict

becomes such as a result of the subject’s evaluation of various

external influences (stimuli), which gives him a reason to

commit a crime. Having studied the role of life situations in

commission of crime, Antonyan concluded that problem

situations exist only in criminals’ consciousness (4).

Psychological dependence is a phenomenon that determines

most of the so-called “need conflicts” resulting from the

encroachment on a subject’s essential needs (for instance,

material welfare, sense of belonging to a community, prestige,

self-esteem) (40). As opposed to a need, a formed addiction

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an act that is harmful to oneself or to others (17). Harmful

consequences of addictive behavior are related to personal

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(

depression, anxiety, ill-health, suicide), interpersonal

divorce, separation), social (poor performance, absenteeism,

job loss), financial (debts, asset losses, bankruptcy) and legal

consequences (wrongdoing). Causing harm to other people,

their property, society and the State in general is a prerequisite

to the emergence of legal losses. Consequently, external

malignant destructiveness must be manifested to suppress

psychological dependence and criminal behavior.

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Given their weakened will, the addicted are predisposed to

impulsive actions that cause harm to entities protected by

criminal law. These entities suffering from criminally liable

harm are differentiated according to the type of crime. In case

of property crime, they serve as a tool for ensuring the addicted

person’s financial security (for instance, game-oriented theft,

use of alcohol or drugs under the influence of gambling or

chemical dependence). In case of crimes of violence, these

entities are an obstacle to the continuation of addictive

behavior (for example, a murder aimed at avenging an offense

against a family member under the influence of family

dependence).

In summary, criminal behavior takes the form of

aggressive responses to problematic and conflict situations,

being aimed at meeting personal and group needs and

implemented, at the addiction level, through the deterioration

of other representatives of their species.

Conclusion. Therefore, the following stages represent the

association between psychological dependence and criminal

behavior: transformation of a need into a dependency →

repression of the formed dependency by stimuli of the external

situation → perception of the conflict → causing criminally

liable harm. This mechanism is consistent with the

criminological theory about crimes being the result of mutual

interaction between the individual’s peculiar traits and the

situation. The above confirms the author’s hypothesis that

psychological dependence is a vital link between the

criminal’s personality and the crime-prone situation. The

nature of this study does not permit to draw any conclusions

about causality, yet the research outcomes suggest there is a

strong association between psychological dependence and

criminal behavior. The findings of this paper can be significant

for predicting and preventing criminal behavior and, at the

same time, increasingly point to the need for further applied

research aimed at verifying the correlation between

psychological dependence and the type of crime and also at

pinpointing interaction between psychological dependence

and factors underlying criminal behavior.

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