Algal Flora of the Ponds, Located within the City of Vyksa (Nizhny Novgorod Region of the Russian Federation)

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 858-864

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

Algal Flora of the Ponds, Located within the City

of Vyksa (Nizhny Novgorod Region of the

Russian Federation)

Liliya Yu. Khaliullina*, Anastasia D. Panina

Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia

Received: 13/09/2019

Accepted: 22/11/2019

Published: 20/12/2019

Abstract

The article presents the results of studies of planktonic algae of ponds, located within the city of Vyksa, for 2017-2018.

During the period of observation, 110 taxa were found in the phytoplankton of the studied water bodies. Phytoplankton was

formed by diatoms, green, blue-green and euglena algae. The highest values of the abundance and biomass were typical for the

Vil'skiy pond. The lowest values of the abundance and biomass were observed in the Verkhnevyksunsky pond. The quality of

water in majority of the studied reservoirs was estimated as mesosaprobic. According to the indicators of water trophicity, most

of the studied objects are mesotrophic. The highest values of the indices of saprobity and trophicity were defined in the Vil'skiy

pond, the water quality of which corresponded to the eutrophic and hypereutrophic types.

Keywords: Algocenosis, Algae, Phytoplankton, Vyksa city, Zheleznitsa River, Pond

Verkhnevyksunsky, Varnavsky, Nizhniy ponds, Lake

Introduction

Lebedinka and Lake Malaya Lebedinka) are one of the

The city of Vyksa is an administrative-territorial (the

largest reservoirs (with a surface area from 2.8 to 5.8 km )

city of regional significance) and a municipal formation

with the status of an urban district in the Nizhny Novgorod

region of the Russian Federation. Currently, the city of

Vyksa is one of the largest industrial centers of the region.

Its production is represented by 15 large enterprises.

in the Nizhny Novgorod region, and are situated within the

urban district of Vyksa. The city is located in the Prioksky

lowland and is included in the Prioksky southwestern

lowland territory of Polesye.

In 2017-2018, during the growing season, we

conducted expeditionary surveys of these reservoirs.

Algological samples were taken at 10 control stations. The

location map of the sampling points is shown in Figure 1.

Sampling and laboratory investigation of phytoplankton

samples were carried out according to generally accepted

methods (2, 3, 6, 12). Phytoplankton samples were taken

using Molchanov bathometer. All quantitative samples with

a volume of 0.5 l were fixed with 4% solution of formalin.

Fixed samples were concentrated in 2 stages, using the

settling method, to 10−20 ml. Qualitative water samples

were concentrated by direct filtration through the

membrane filters in two stages — with pore diameters of

For the development of ferrous metallurgy, several

large artificial factory ponds were created in this area. Four

of five largest ponds of the Nizhny Novgorod region are

located within the urban district of Vyksa. These reservoirs

are the part of the previously existing Vyksa hydropower

system. In the 18th century it operated the mechanisms of

seven metallurgical plants, and two flour mills, using the

water of the Zheleznitsa River nine times (5). Nowadays,

the cascade of ponds is a place for recreation and fishing.

These reservoirs are the object of cultural heritage.

The results of investigations of planktonic algae of

ponds, located within the city of Vyksa, are presented in the

article. To date, there are very few published works on the

study of hydrobiont communities of water bodies in the

Vyksa urban district. There is no information about the

algal flora of these water bodies.

3–5 μm and 1.2–1.5 μm, and they were studied in a living

state (7-10). Also, during the period of research, the

weather conditions and air temperature were recorded.

When sampling, the temperature of water and the

transparency by Secchi disk were measured (11-13).

Materials and Methods

The studied water bodies (Vil'skiy, Zapasnyy,

Corresponding author: Liliya Yu. Khaliullina, Kazan

Federal University, E-mail: Liliya-kh@yandex.ru.

858

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 858-864

stations 5 - 8), diatoms algae dominate in the number of

species. 53 species, belonging to blue-green, diatoms, green

and euglena algae were found in the Nizhniy pond, in

which all other water bodies flow.

Figure 2: The distribution of taxa (%) of algae in the reservoirs,

located within the city of Vyksa (2017-2018)

In the small lakes Malaya Lebedinka (station 9) and

Lebedinka (station 10), phytoplankton was represented only

by 12-15 species of diatoms and euglena algae. The most

frequent occurrence was typical for the euglena algae

Trachelomonas, blue-green algae Microcystis aeruginosa

Kutz., diatoms algae of the genera Aulacoseira, Cyclotella,

species Tabellaria fenestrata (Lyngb.) Kütz., Nitzschia

palea (Kütz).W.Sm., as well as green algae of the genera

Pediastrum, Scenedesmus.

Figure 1: The location map of the water quality sampling stations

in the reservoirs, which are situated within the city of Vyksa (14-

56 quantitative and qualitative samples were collected

in total. Species composition, abundance, and biomass were

used to characterize the algal communities. The index of

trophicity was calculated for each sample by the Milius

block: Ib = 44.87 + 23.22 * logB (1); and the Pantle–Buck

saprobity index in the Sladechek modification for plankton

communities was also estimated (4, 19, 20). The dynamics

of the general and relative species richness was studied in

order to characterize the structural indicators of

phytoplankton communities. The species with the

abundance or biomass greater than or equal to 10% of the

total values of indicators, were considered as dominant in

the communities, for the subdominant species - 5-10%.

Dominant complexes were distinguished on the basis of

rank distribution by the abundance and biomass of species.

Discussion of the Results

According to the analysis of ecological and

geographical characteristics of the algae species of plankton

in the ponds of the city of Vyksa, in terms of the

geographical distribution, the vast majority of taxa refer to

the species with a wide geographical distribution. The main

part of algae – the indicators of acidification of the

environment – refers to indifferents. The significant

number of algae, represented in the algal flora of plankton,

is the indicators of organic pollution. Among them, the

major part relates to mesosaprobes. The algae of the studied

reservoirs are mainly represented by the phytoplankton

species. At the same time, there are diatoms with a wide

ecological spectrum, which can inhabit both plankton and

benthos. There are also some taxa, requiring further

identification at the level of specie. The average abundance

and biomass of algae in the ponds, located on the river

Zheleznitsa were 37.3 million cells/l and 17.3 mg/l (Fig. 3,

Research Results

During the period of observation, 110 taxa were

defined in the phytoplankton of the studied water bodies.

The largest number of taxa was found among the diatoms

4).

(

39.0%) and green algae (36.6%) (Fig. 2). Among the other

divisions, phytoplankton was represented by blue-green

7.31%) and euglena (17.1%) algae. The most frequent

occurrence is typical for the species, belonging to the

classes Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, and

Among them, 32.8% of abundance and 2.3% of

biomass were constituted by blue-green algae. There were

also diatoms, which amounted to 33.9 and 44.9% of the

abundance and biomass, euglena algae - 8.5 and 44.9%, and

(

green algae

- 24.8 and 8.0%, respectively. The

Euglenophyceae. The highest species diversity of algae is

observed in the ponds, located on the river Zheleznitsa, at

the stations 1 and 2 (Vil'skiy pond), where 21-23 species

are occurred simultaneously. At the stations, located below

phytoplankton of ponds, located on the river Vyksunka, is

less abundant. Here, the average abundance and biomass

were 1.44 million cells/l and 2.85 mg/l. In this water body,

diatoms algae (33.1% of the abundance, 50.0% of biomass)

and euglena algae (33.1 and 49.8%, respectively) prevail.

There are also blue-green and green algae. Their share in

the percentage ratio doesn’t exceed 0.1-3.0%.

(

Nizhniy and Zapasnyy ponds), the species diversity

increases to 30 species. In the samples from these

reservoirs, diatoms and green algae predominate in the

number of taxa. The phytoplankton of ponds, located on the

river Vyksunka, is less diverse. In this reservoir (the

859

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 858-864

in a number of ponds, located within the city of Vyksa, was

studied. The reason is that the single-shot irregular analyzes

of water are uninformative, and based on them it is difficult

to assess the state of the reservoir. For this purpose, the

observations and water sampling were conducted at the

Verkhnevyksunsky pond, located on the river Vyksunka, on

the Vil'skiy pond, located on the river Zheleznitsa, as well

as on the Nizhniy pond, where all other water bodies flow.

The highest values of the abundance and biomass during

the period of research were defined for the Vil'skiy pond.

The total abundance and biomass here ranged from 12.5 -

41.3 million cells/l and 15.4 - 116.4 mg/l (Fig. 5-8). The

Figure 3: The abundance of planktonic algae (million cell/l) in a

number of reservoirs, located within the city of Vyksa (August

average values of the abundance and biomass of algae for

the season was 82.2 ± 52.1 million cells/l and 40.4 ± 11.9

mg/l. In early summer, the diatom complex of algae

dominated in the reservoir. The following species

prevailed: Aulacoseira granulata, A. italica, Melosira

varians, Stephanodiscus hantzschii, Asterionella formosa,

Navicula sp., Nitzschia palea, Synedra ulna. From the

second half of summer, “blooming” in the pond was

periodically caused by the blue-green algae Oscillatoria

sp., Microcystis aeruginosa, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.

Also in the second half of summer, the green algae of the

species Pediastrum duplex, Coelastrum proboscideum,

Scenedesmus guadricauda, Chlamydomonas sp. were

subdominant. Periodically, the increase in the content of

dinophytes algae Peridinium, euglena algae Trachelomonas

and cryptophytic algae Cryptomonas ovata was observed in

water.

017): the axis of abscissa shows the numbers of stations on the

studied reservoirs

Figure 4: The biomass of planktonic algae (mg/l) in a number of

water bodies, located within the city of Vyksa (August 2017): the

axis of abscissa shows the numbers of stations on the studied water

bodies

The lowest values of the abundance and biomass,

during the period of study, were defined for the

Verkhnevyksunsky pond. The total abundance and biomass

varied between 0.7 - 15.4 million cells/l and 2.4 - 22.6 mg/l

During the period of research, “blooming” of water was

observed, caused by blue-green algae, in the Nizhniy pond,

where all other water bodies flow. The average abundance

and biomass were 119.9 million cells/l and 11.8 mg/l, while

(

Fig. 5-8). The average abundance and biomass of algae

were 7.0 ± 1.8 million cells/l and 8.0 ± 2.6 mg/l. During the

entire period of research, the dominant complex consisted

of diatoms and green algae in equal shares: Aulacoseira

granulatа, A. italica, Navicula sp., Asterionella formosa,

Nitzschia palea, Synedra ulna, Diatoma vulgare,

Dictyosphaerium pulchellum, Scenedesmus guadricauda,

Coelastrum proboscideum, Crucigenia tetrapedia.

In the second half of summer, there were short-time

outbreaks of development of the blue-green algae

Microcystis aeruginosa. Also in August, the euglena algae

of the genus Trachelomonas were observed among the

subdominants. On some dates, the species of dinophytes,

related to the genera Peridinium, became quite numerous.

Despite the fact, that all other water courses flow into the

Nizhniy pond and it is located at the very bottom of the

stream, this reservoir is not the most polluted, according to

the indicators of phytoplankton. Here, the quantitative

indices of algae and trophic indices are significantly lower,

than in the Vil'skiy pond. The total abundance and biomass

vary between 13.8 - 78.7 million cells/l and 1.9 - 27.4 mg/l

83.0% of the abundance and 9.0% of the biomass were

constituted by blue-green algae. Diatoms (5.7 and 40.2%),

euglena algae (0.7 and 29.7%) and green algae (10.6 and

21.1%) were also numerous.

In the lake Malaya Lebedinka, the abundance and

biomass of algae were 0.93 million cells/l and 1.38 mg/l.

Among them, 74.07% of the abundance and 47.32% of

biomass were constituted by diatoms, and 25.93% of the

abundance and 52.68% of biomass - by euglena. In the lake

Lebedinka, the average abundance and biomass of algae are

0.11 million cells/l and 0.48 mg/l. Among them, 50.00% of

the abundance and 99.23% of biomass are constituted by

diatoms. In terms of quantitative indicators, the following

algae prevail among phytoplankton: division Cyanophyta:

Microcystis aeruginosa f. flos-aquae (Wittr.) Elenk.,

Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (l.) Ralfs., Oscillatoria

planctonica Wotosz., class Bacillariophyceae: Aulacoseira

italicа (Ehr.) Kiitz., A. granulata (Ehr.) Ralfs., Nitzschia

palea (Kiitz).W.Sm., Cyclotella meneghiniana Kiitz.,

Fragilaria construens (Ehr.) Grun., Tabellaria fenestrata

(

Fig. 5-8). The average abundance and biomass of algae

during the study period were 40. ± 9.1 million cells/l and

3.7 ± 3.1 mg/l.

(

Lyngb.) Kiitz., division Chlorophyta: Scenedesmus sp. sp.

Pediastrum boryanum (Turp.) Menegh. and Euglenophyta:

Trachelomonas sp. sp. (Table 1).

During the growing period of 2018, the seasonal

dynamics of the quantitative indicators of planktonic algae

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2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 858-864

Table 1: The dominant complexes of planktonic algae in a number of reservoirs, located within the city of Vyksa (August 2017)

№

Water body

Dominant species

№

Water body

Dominant species

Aulacoseira italica (Ehr.) Simonsen

Aulacoseira granulata (Ehr.) Simonsen

Trachelomonas volvocina (Ehr.) Ehr.

Nitzschia palea (Kütz). W. Sm.

Scenedesmus denticulaus Lagerheim (var.

disciformis Hortobágyi)

Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Bréb.

Pediastrum boryanum (Turp.) Menegh.

Trachelomonas hispida (Perty) Stein

emend. Defl.

Trachelomonas volvocina (Ehr.) Ehr.

Aulacoseira granulata (Ehr.) Ralfs.

Aulacoseira italica (Ehr.) Simonsen

Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs.

Tabellaria fenestrata (Lyngb.) Kütz.

Cyclotella meneghiniana Kütz.

Asterionella formosa Hass.

Synedra ulna (Nitzsch.) Ehr.

Cocconeis placentula Ehr.

Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz.

Verkhnevyksun

sky pond

(st. 5, 6, 7, 8)

Vil'skiy pond

(

st. 1, 2)

Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz.

Trachelomonas intermedia Dang.

Trachelomonas horrida Palmer.

Cyclotella meneghiniana Kütz.

Euglena sp.

Synedra ulna (Nitzsch.) Ehr.

Oscillatoria planctonica Wotosz.

Fragilaria construens (Ehr.) Grun.

Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb.

Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz.

Aulacoseira granulata (Ehr.) Simonsen

Trachelomonas volvocina (Ehr.) Ehr.

Nitzschia palea (Kütz). W. Sm.

Pediastrum boryanum (Turp.) Menegh.

Fragilaria construens (Ehr.) Grun.

Coelastrum cambricum Arch.

Aulacoseira granulata (Ehr.) Simonsen

Aulacoseira italica (Ehr.) Simonsen

Euglena viridis Ehr.

Trachelomonas volvocina (Ehr.) Ehr.

Trachelomonas intermedia Dang.

Aulacoseira italica (Ehr.) Simonsen

Coelastrum proboscideum Bohl.

Cyclotella meneghiniana Kütz.

Trachelomonas intermedia Dang.

Trachelomonas hispida (Perty) Stein

emend. Defl.

Lake

Lebedinka

(st. 9)

Malaya

Zapasnyy pond

st. 3)

(

Tetraedron caudatum (Corda.) Hansg.

Didimocystis planctonica Korschikoff.

Trachelomonas horrida Palmer.

Cyclotella comta (Ehr.) Kütz.

Oscillatoria planctonica Wotosz.

Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb.

Microcystis aeruginosa Kutz.

Nitzschia palea (Kütz). W. Sm.

Pediastrum boryanum (Turp.) Menegh.

Aulacoseira granulata (Ehr.) Simonsen

Pediastrum duplex Meyen.

Cocconeis placentula Ehr.

Monoraphidium arcuatum (Korsch.) Hind.

Trachelomonas volvocina (Ehr.) Ehr.

Scenedesmus falcatus Chodat.

Aulacoseira italica (Ehr.) Simonsen

Cyclotella meneghiniana Kütz.

Asterionella formosa Hass.

Nizhniy pond

st. 4)

Lake Lebedinka

(

(st. 10)

Trachelomonas intermedia Dang.

Trachelomonas hispida (Perty) Stein

emend. Defl.

Achnanthes sp.

Nitzschia holsatica (Kütz). W. Sm.

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 858-864

Figure 5: Seasonal dynamics of the total abundance of planktonic

algae (million cells/l) in the reservoirs, located within the city of

Vyksa (2018)

Figure 6: Seasonal dynamics of the total biomass of planktonic

algae (mg/l) in the water bodies, located within the city of Vyksa

Figure 7: The abundance of planktonic algae (million cells/l) in the

reservoirs, located within the city of Vyksa (2018): a - Vil'skiy

pond, b - Verkhnevyksunsky pond, c - Nizhniy pond

(2018)

In this reservoir, the dominant complex consists of

diatoms, green and blue-green algae. The following species

are the most numerous among the diatoms: Aulacoseira

italica, Melosira varians, Nitzschia palea, Diatoma

vulgare, Asterionella formosa. Such species as

According to the calculations, the quality of water in

most of the studied reservoirs is estimated as mesosaprobic,

and only at some stations – as oligosaprobic. The trophic

indices, calculated on the basis of the Milius block (1) for

the assessment of trophic status of the reservoirs,

characterize these water bodies as mesotrophic for the most

part.

According to the results of research of the seasonal

dynamics of ponds in 2018 (Vil'skiy, Nizhniy and

Verkhnevyksunsky ponds), during most of the growing

season, these water bodies belong to β-mesosaprobic type

and correspond to a moderately polluted zone (1.51-2.50).

The highest values of the saprobity index are typical for the

Vil'skiy pond. Considering the composition of the dominant

complex, it can be said, that this reservoir is significantly

polluted, and it is slow flow. During the summer, the

quality of water remains rather low. Flagellate

cryptophytes, dinophytes and green algae prevail in the

pond. They prefer water bodies with organic pollution. The

indicators of trophic status also characterize the reservoir as

eutrophic, and in some periods – as hypereutrophic. The

values of the trophic index range from 72.45 to 92.84.

Scenedesmus

guadricauda,

Carteria

globosа,

Dictyosphaerium pulchellum, Chlamydomonas sp.,

Coelastrum cambricum, Pediastrum sp. sp. predominate

among the green algae. During the summer, the blue-green

algae breed in large quantities in this pond, and periodically

cause the “blooming” of water by such species as

Microcystis

aeruginosa,

Oscillatoria

planctonica,

Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Anabaena scheremetievi. The

high content of euglena algae of the genus Trachelomonas

and Euglena is also observed in this reservoir.

The indicators of quantitative development of

phytoplankton are widely used in order to characterize the

state and trophic status of water bodies. To determine the

degree of saprobity of the reservoir, the Pantle–Buck

saprobity index in the Sladechek modification (S, P/B) was

calculated on the basis of the phytoplankton biomass (Fig.

-10).

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 858-864

range from 53.66 to 76.32. Contrary to the assumptions, the

Nizhniy pond is in a satisfactory condition. The values of

the trophic indices during the summer were in the range

51.47-78.24, the water quality corresponded to the

mesotrophic and eutrophic type. Such different indicators

of trophicity of the studied reservoirs are explained by their

heterogeneity and location, as well as by the features of the

streams, which flow into these ponds.

Figure 10: The trophic indices (ITS) of the water bodies, located

within the city of Vyksa (August 2017): the axis of abscissa shows

the numbers of stations on the studied reservoirs

Summary

The phytoplankton of the studied water bodies, located

within the city of Vyksa, is formed by diatoms, green, blue-

green and euglena algae. The highest values of the

abundance and biomass are typical for the Vil'skiy pond.

The lowest values of the abundance and biomass are

observed in the Verkhnevyksunsky pond. The quality of

water in most of the studied reservoirs was estimated as

mesosaprobic. According to the indicators of water

trophicity, most of the studied objects are mesotrophic. The

highest values of the indices of saprobity and trophicity

were defined in the Vil'skiy pond, the water quality of

which corresponded to the eutrophic and hypereutrophic

type.

Figure 8: The biomass of planktonic algae (mg/l) in the water

bodies, located within the city of Vyksa (2018): a - Vil'skiy pond, b

Verkhnevyksunsky pond, c - Nizhniy pond

Conclusions

To identify a complete list of the species composition

and structural features of the algal flora of water bodies,

located within the city of Vyksa, it is necessary to conduct

multiple seasonal investigations with repeated analyzes.

Nevertheless, the obtained data can be applied in the long-

term monitoring and prognostic research of the biodiversity

and the state of water bodies in the Russian Federation. The

study of biology and structure of phytoplankton

communities in aquatic ecosystems is the basis for

monitoring and control the quality of natural waters.

Figure 9: The indices of saprobity S (P/B) of the reservoirs, located

within the city of Vyksa (August 2017): the axis of abscissa shows

the numbers of stations on the studied reservoirs

Acknowledgements:

The work is performed according to the Russian

Government Program of Competitive Growth of Kazan

Federal University.

According to the trophic index, the Verkhnevyksunsky

pond is the most prosperous among the studied reservoirs.

The trophic status of this water body in the studied area

mostly corresponds to the mesotrophic type, and only

sometimes - to eutrophic. The values of the trophic index

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