Factors Analysis and Their Influence Determination on the Indicators Value of Goods Export Competitiveness

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 904-910

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

Factors Analysis and Their Influence

Determination on the Indicators Value of Goods

Export Competitiveness

Maxim V. Demchenko*, Gulnara F. Ruchkina, Svetlana V. Frumina, Ilya S. Iksanov, Susana

A. Kirakosyan, Igor V. Matveev, Valery E. Belov, Olga V. Popova

Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

Received: 13/09/2019

Accepted: 22/11/2019

Published: 20/12/2019

Abstract

The relevance of the problem is due to the influence of export competitiveness factors of the Russian Federation on the dynamics

of foreign trade in the movement of goods outside the customs territory of the EAEU. The existence of such factors will not allow for

the effective implementation of state export policy and the development of the national economy. Therefore, it is necessary to

identify such factors, their analysis, to determine the degree of their influence and to form proposals for taking measures on their

elimination. In this regard, the purpose of the article is to identify the degree of influence of export competitiveness factors on the

export competitiveness indicators declared in Russian and international documents. The leading methods of cognition underlying the

study of this problem are analysis, synthesis and induction, allowing to identify the degree of influence of export competitiveness

factors on export competitiveness indicators and to justify proposals for their leveling. The main result of the article is the formation

of a matrix, which clearly shows the influence of factors on individual indicators of export competitiveness, allocated by international

organizations, which will determine which factors have a more negative impact on the performance of export competitiveness in a

larger volume and, therefore, need to be addressed as a priority. The materials of the article can be used to assess the export

competitiveness of industrial and other products; will determine further directions to improve the state policy in the field of Russian

exports’ development and increase the attractiveness of the domestic economy in foreign markets.

Keywords: Export competitiveness, Factors of export competitiveness, Indicators, State support of export

progress in further integration of the economies of the EAEU

Introduction

member States is to minimize and eliminate the impact of

such factors and barriers. One of the steps towards removing

barriers to the normal functioning of the EAEU should be the

systematization and analysis of such factors, since the

successful overcoming of barriers is possible only after that

The unification of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan,

Kyrgyzstan, Armenia in the EAEU is designed to promote the

welfare of these countries’ population by expanding the

opportunities for trade in goods and services and increasing

the competitiveness of the countries’ economies. The geo-

economic potential of the EAEU is high, although a

significant part (80-87%) falls on Russia (2). The creation of

favorable conditions for access of domestic goods to foreign

markets is the most important factor in ensuring the economic

growth of the state and is the object of close attention of

national economies and their integration associations (24).

However, the creation of a favorable environment for access

is limited by a significant number of factors related both to

the organization of economic activities within countries and

to trade barriers at the borders between countries. Of course,

(

7). The analysis of trade problems in the framework of the

EAEU is increasingly drawn attention in the legal literature

5, 10, 13, 20, 28). An effective mechanism to support the

(

export of industrial products requires access to markets

outside the Russian Federation, which is important for job

creation and the transition from a raw material to an

innovative economy (7, 16), and the development of

investment in this area is required (15, 22). In this regard, of

particular importance is the formation of a comprehensive

system of export support, which is one of the prerequisites for

ensuring the competitiveness of the national economy in the

world markets (9), and overcoming barriers to the normal

functioning of the EAEU. Special attention is paid to export

support measures (26). The topic of export support is

described in the works of such researchers as (1, 6, 17, 21).

Corresponding author: Maxim V. Demchenko, Financial

University under the Government of the Russian Federation,

Moscow, Russia. E-mail: mvdemchenko@fa.ru.

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 904-910

Special attention is drawn to the topic of institutional and

legal aspects of development and support of trade and

economic development of the EAEU (23).

competitiveness and to justify proposals for their

harmonization.

Results

Materials and Methods

Since the article is devoted to the study of export

The study and its results are based on the use of factor

competitiveness factors of the Russian Federation in the

movement of goods outside the customs territory of the

EAEU, the task of the study will be to determine the extent of

their impact on export competitiveness indicators declared in

Russian and international documents.

analysis methods, the use of technique of complex and

systematic study and measurement of factors relatively to the

value of effective indicators. With the help of factor analysis,

the factors responsible for the importance of export

competitiveness indicators were identified and their impact

on export competitiveness indicators was established.

Factor analysis was carried out in several stages,

including:

3.1 The Factor Associated with the Presence of Customs

Residence Principle

So, 1 factor is associated with the presence of customs

residence principle, limiting the possibility of filing a

Declaration for goods to any customs authority in the

–

Factors’ selection. At this stage, the following factors

were selected: the presence of customs residence principle;

the lack of harmonization of rules governing export control in

the EAEU member States; the lack of harmonization of rules

governing currency control at the EAEU level; the

establishment of excessive material requirements for the

customs representative; the establishment of special

requirements for the authorized economic operator (AEO);

the inability to provide an electronic Bank guarantee as a

security for the payment of customs duties; the duration and

complexity of the VAT refund procedure; the lack of

grounds’ list of grounds for request of additional documents

during verification of documents and information; the

ambiguous interpretation of provisions of national laws and

regulations and customs legislation; the lack of provisions in

the Customs code of the EAEU, which regulates the

possibility of diversifying the methods of notification about

the call in order to obtain explanations as forms of customs

control; establishing the amount of customs duties that cannot

be set lesser than the value of the security Deposit.

territory of the EAEU (conditional symbol of the factor -푓 ).

Taking into account that the proposed abolition of

residency principle will reduce material and time costs in the

implementation of customs Declaration, help to avoid

multiple VAT payment to participants of value chains and

intermediary operations within the EAEU, contribute to

introduce a single electronic document management in this

territory, it can be assumed that it (the factor) will affect such

indicators of export competitiveness as time for export:

border and customs control; export value; time for paperwork

and the cost of paperwork. Indirectly, this factor may also

affect other indicators presented in table 1. However, let us

clarify that in this section we will consider only a direct

relationship, the detection of which is obvious from the

description of the factor.

To determine the degree of factors’, influence on the

value of export competitiveness indicators, we group all

indicators proposed by international organizations and

Russian regulatory legal acts, and identify the possibility /

impossibility of the studied factors’ impact on each indicator

separately (Table 1).



Systematization of export competitiveness

indicators proposed by international organizations and

Russian regulatory legal acts, and identification of the

possibility/ impossibility of selected factors’ impact on each

indicator separately.

Calculation of influence of each selected factor’s

degree on the indicators of export competitiveness.

Ranking of factors in groups from 1 to 4

Based on the fact that 푓1 affects the change of four

indicators out of 15, we will consider the degree of influence

as 4: 15 = 0.27.



3.2 Factor Associated with the Lack of Rules

Harmonization Governing Export Control in the EAEU

Member States

depending on the degree of their impact on the export

performance of Russian industrial product.

^T^h^eⁿ^e^x^t^f^a^c^t^o^r^푓2 is connected with the lack of norms’

harmonization regulating export control in the EAEU member

States. This fact leads to a distortion of the competitive

advantages of goods that fall under export control in one

member state of the EAEU and do not fall into another. In

addition, the absence of a unified automated procedure for

export control significantly increases the time of customs

clearance. Consequently, the implementation of the proposed

recommendations will allow for the establishment of a single

procedure for export controls, which will affect the time spent

on export controls (table 2).



Construction of a factor model-a matrix of factors

affecting the export competitiveness of Russian product.

Formation of recommendations on the practical



use of the factor matrix.

The study also used the method of analysis, it allowed

comparing the indicators used by the World Bank and used in

the documents of strategic planning of the Russian

Federation, characterizing export competitiveness. The paper

also uses the method of induction, which allows to identify

the relationship between the applied indicators of export

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 904-910

Table 1: The influence of the factor associated with the presence of customs residence principle on the indicators of export

competitiveness

The factor

№

Indicator

Indicator symbol

푓

World Bank indicators

Time to export: customs and border control

The value of exports: customs and border control

푖₁

푖₂

푖₃

푖₄

Time for paperwork

Cost of paperwork

Indicators of strategic planning documents of the Russian Federation

Increase in the share of Russian high-tech goods’ exports in total world exports of high-tech goods

Increase in the value of exports of goods and services

Increase in the value of exports of non-primary goods

Annual increase in the supply of machinery, equipment and vehicles in the export of goods

Increase in the coefficient of commodity diversification of exports

Increasing the share of services in Russia's total exports of goods and services

Increase in the share of knowledge-intensive and intellectual services in the structure of services

exports

푝₁

푝₂

푝₃

푝₄

푝₅

푝₆

푝₇

The increase in the number of exporters of goods

푝₈

푝₉

푝₁₀

푝₁₁

Export growth rates of non-primary non-energy goods

Share of Asia-Pacific economic cooperation countries in total merchandise exports

Volume of export credits and other financing instruments

Table 2: The impact of the factor associated with the lack of harmonization of export control standards on export competitiveness indicators

Indicator

푖₁

푖₂

푖₃

푖₄

푝₁

푝₂

푝₃

푝₄

푝₅

푝₆

푝₇

푝₈

푝₉

푝₁₀

푝₁₁

Factor 푓₂

Based on the fact that 푓 affects the change of one indicator out of 15, we will consider the degree of influence as 1: 15.

.3 The Factor Associated with the Procedure of the

located; Reducing the level of the customs representative

provision to the amounts proposed in p. 1.1, will increase the

Transaction Passport Registration

The 3rd factor is related to the procedure of the

transaction passport’s registration and is mediated by the

lack of harmonization of norms regulating currency control at

competitiveness index푖 (Table 4).

3.5 Factor Related to the Establishment of Special

Requirements for the Authorized Economic Operator

(AEO)

the level of the EAEU (푓 ). The presence of a transaction

passport between the EAEU member States entails the

formation of costs for the exporter in the amount of up to 1%

of the export contract’s value. Also, passport registration

takes up to 10 days. Therefore, the ability of all EAEU

member States to enter in the Declaration the number of the

transaction passport without providing it to the national

banks, will allow on the one hand to reduce the time for

export control, and on the other - to reduce the costs incurred

in the preparation of documents (Table 3).

The 5th factor is related to the establishment of requirements

to the authorized economic operator (AEO). Currently, the

AEO is burdened with excessive material requirements,

including the need to provide security in the amount of 150

thousand to 1 million euros for obtaining a certificate of

inclusion in the register, which increases the cost of export

operations. Moreover, the authorized economic operator is

recognized as such only in the territory of registration. This

complicates the implementation of activities throughout the

EAEU and significantly increases the costs of the exporter.

Reduction of material requirements for AEO, the introduction

of tax incentives, reduction of duties, and as one of the

possible positive changes - the possibility of self-audit, will

reduce the cost of paperwork and affect the indicator 풊_ퟒ

(Table 5).

.4 Factor Related to the Requirements to the Customs

Representative

The 4th factor is related to the requirements for the

customs representative, which can be defined as the

establishment of excessive material requirements. The

amount of enforcement of duties of the customs

representative for the payment of customs duties and taxes is

equivalent to the value of not less than 500 thousand euros.

The absence of standardized requirements in the approach to

the registration of a legal entity and its exclusion from the

registers of customs representatives is due to the inability to

throughout the EAEU. The solution to this problem will

allow reducing the period of customs clearance for the period

necessary for the implementation of these actions in respect

of goods, the production of which is located in the EAEU

country other than the country in which the head office is

3.6 The Factor Associated With the Inability to Provide an

Electronic Bank Guarantee as Security for the Payment of

Customs Duties

The 6th factor is related to the requirements for the

electronic Bank guarantee (푓 ). Today, despite the rapidly

developing digitalization of the economy, article 63 of the

customs code of the EAE limits the possibility of

mechanisms to ensure the payment of customs duties and

taxes. The inability to provide an electronic Bank guarantee

as a security for the payment of customs duties affects the

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 904-910

efficiency of document flow and the timing of export

operations.

Table 3: The impact of the factor associated with the lack of harmonization of exchange control on export competitiveness

Indicator

푖₁

푖₂

푖₃

푖₄

푝₁

푝₂

푝₃

푝₄

푝₅

푝₆

푝₇

푝₈

푝₉

푝₁₀

푝₁₁

Factor 푓₃

Based on the fact that 푓 affects the change of two indicators out of 15, we will consider the degree of influence as 2: 15.

Table 4: Influence of factors related to the establishment of the material requirements’ excess to the customs representative on the

performance of export competitiveness

Indicator

푖₁

푖₂

푖₃

푖₄

푝₁

푝₂

푝₃

푝₄

푝₅

푝₆

푝₇

푝₈

푝₉

푝₁₀

푝₁₁

Factor 푓₄

Based on the fact that 푓 affects the change of two indicators out of 15, we will consider the degree of influence as 2: 15.

Table 5: The impact of the factor associated with the establishment of excessive material requirements for AEO on export

competitiveness

Indicator

푖₁

푖₂

푖₃

푖₄

푝₁

푝₂

푝₃

푝₄

푝₅

푝₆

푝₇

푝₈

푝₉

푝₁₀

푝₁₁

Factor 푓₅

Based on the fact that 푓 affects the change of one indicator out of 15, we will consider the degree of influence as 1: 15 = 0.07.

Table 6: Influence of the factor connected with impossibility of providing the electronic Bank guarantee as ensuring payment of

customs duties on indicators of export competitiveness

Indicator

푖₁

푖₂

푖₃

푖₄

푝₁

푝₂

푝₃

푝₄

푝₅

푝₆

푝₇

푝₈

푝₉

푝₁₀

푝₁₁

Factor 푓₆

Based on the fact that 푓 affects the change of one indicator out of 15, we will consider the degree of influence as 1: 15 = 0.07.

Table 7: The impact of the factor related to the duration and complexity of the VAT refund procedure on export competitiveness

indicators

Indicator

푖₁

푖₂

푖₃

푖₄

푝₁

푝₂

푝₃

푝₄

푝₅

푝₆

푝₇

푝₈

푝₉

푝₁₀

푝₁₁

Factor 푓₇

Based on the fact that 푓 affects the change of one indicator out of 15, we will consider the degree of influence as 1: 15 = 0.07.

Table 8: The impact of the factor related to the duration and complexity of the VAT refund procedure on export competitiveness

indicators

Indicator

푖₁

푖₂

푖₃

푖₄

푝₁

푝₂

푝₃

푝₄

푝₅

푝₆

푝₇

푝₈

푝₉

푝₁₀

푝₁₁

Factor 푓₈

Based on the fact that 푓 affects the change of one indicator out of 15, we will consider the degree of influence as 1: 15 = 0.07.

In addition, the inability to provide an electronic Bank

guarantee limits the right of the exporter to participate in

foreign economic activity using the mechanism of electronic

Declaration. In turn, the simplification of the procedure and

the provision of the possibility of payment of customs duties

through the transfer of funds or a Bank guarantee (including

in electronic form) will significantly accelerate the process of

export operations (Table 6).

development of a Plan for the implementation of the

electronic procedure for VAT refund, providing for the

creation of information and infrastructure bases of this

procedure will reduce the VAT refund period and will

increase export competitiveness (Table 7).

3.8 Factor Related to the Established Requirements for the

Provision of Additional Documents and Information

Factor 8 - requirements for additional documents and

3.7 Factor Related to the Duration and Complexity of the

information (푓 ). In article 324 of the EAEU CC there is no

VAT Refund Procedure

The 7th factor is related to the duration and complexity of

the VAT refund procedure. To date, the declared rules of law

list of grounds for requesting additional documents when

checking documents and information, which causes an

artificial increase in the output of goods when requesting

documents. The solution to the problem will reduce the cost

of the export process to the average exporter by 40 euros, as

well as reduce the cases of request for additional documents

by the decision of the national customs authority without

good reason by 24%, thereby accelerating the export process

by 1.2 times. Impact on the performance of 푖₃и 푖₄- 2: 15

(Table 8).

(

article 67 of the EAEU CC) provide for VAT refund as a

national competence. Accordingly, among the parties to the

agreement, the regulation of this issue is carried out by

national regulatory legal acts; the coordination between them

is absent. This increase the VAT refund time and affects the

export competitiveness factor 푖₄with a little caveat. In this

case, VAT refund is considered as a delayed factor affecting

the speed of paperwork, as VAT refund occurs after the

transaction. Thus, the solution proposed in paragraph 1.1-the

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 904-910

3.9 The Factor Associated with the Wrong Definition of

Concepts

3.12 Construction of a Matrix of Factors Affecting the

Export Competitiveness of Russian Products

Factor 9 - incorrect definition of (푓 ). The ambiguous

interpretation of the provisions of national regulations and

Taking into account the different effects of these factors

on the performance of export competitiveness, we will rank

them. However, taking into account the fact that the factors

listed in the paper have an impact on the export

competitiveness indicators proposed by the world Bank, and

do not affect the competitiveness indicators determined by

the Russian strategic planning documents, the overall picture

of the factors' impact on the indicators changes significantly

and is considered not in proportion to 15, but in proportion to

4, since there are 4 factors of export competitiveness

proposed by the world Bank.

Therefore, when ranking the first group includes factors,

the impact of which is the greatest-from 0.75 to 1; the second

group includes factors, the impact of which on the

competitiveness is large - from 0.5 to 0.75; the third group

will include factors, the impact of which on the

competitiveness is moderate – from 0.25 to 0.5. And the

fourth group will be formed by factors whose influence is

insignificant-from 0 to 0.25. Based on these ranks, we

construct a matrix of factors affecting the export of Russian

industrial products (table 9).

customs legislation creates problems with the implementation

of operations and weakens the protection of exporters'

interests. The impact of this factor is difficult to estimate in

numerical (economic) terms, so in this paper its impact on the

change in export competitiveness will be considered as = 0.

.10 A Factor Related to the limitation of Notification

Methods

Factor 10-means of notification (푓 ). To date, the

customs code of the EAEU does not contain provisions

regulating the possibility of diversifying the methods of

sending call notifications in order to obtain explanations as a

form of customs control (article 323 of the EAEU CC).

The lack of the possibility to use electronic means of

communication significantly increases the time of customs

control and directly affects the indicator of export

competitiveness푖 . Degree of influence 1: 15. According to

the results of the practice of using electronic means of

notifications’ transmission used in the EU countries, the

duration of the procedure of giving an explanation is reduced

to 2 days.

This matrix allows us to visualize the degree of influence

of factors on individual indicators of export competitiveness,

allocated by international organizations. Consequently, the

negative impact of factors that have a greater impact on

export competitiveness indicators needs to be addressed as a

matter of priority.

3.11 Factor Related to the Establishment of the Amount of

Customs Duties

Factor 11 – the amount of security of customs duties

(

푓 ), which cannot be set at a rate less than the value of the

security payment. The requirements of the legislation of the

Russian Federation oblige the exporter to provide General

security for the full amount of customs duties, which reduces

the possibility of his participation in foreign economic

activity (especially small exporters). With the introduction of

a risk-based approach to the size of the General guarantee,

the size of the guarantee can be reduced by 30% -50%.

4 Discussions

In the scientific literature controversial issues remain

related to the methodology for identifying and assessing the

export competitiveness of goods, which are partially reflected

in the works of E.S. Mityakov (2015) (19).

Impact on the factor 푖 1:15.

Table 9: Matrix of factors affecting the export competitiveness of Russian products

푖₁푖₂푖₃

Factor

Indicator

Factor

푖₄

푓

Factor 푓₂

Factor 푓₃

Factor 푓₄

Factor 푓₅

Factor 푓₆

The rest of the table 23

Factor 푓₇

Factor 푓₈

Factor 푓₉

Factor 푓₁₀

Factor 푓₁₁

The greatest influence is from 0.75 to 1

Great influence-from 0.5 to 0.75

Moderate influence - from 0.25 to 0.5

Minor influence-from 0 to 0.25

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 904-910

He proposes to consider the volume of exports per capita

as an indicator determining the competitive advantages of

exports of raw materials or finished products; T.G.

Maximova et al. (2015, 2008) (18) determining to the

indicators reflecting the position of the country in the

international market, referring to the share of exports in the

total volume of foreign trade; E.A. Stepanov (25), who

studied the method of export assessment applied in foreign

countries and adapted to the Russian conditions, based on the

calculation of the entropy coefficient (2014), and other

researchers. Foreign authors who studied the development of

exports and export potential, based on the idea of a positive

impact by the demand for products and negative – obstacles

in the form of customs duties, distance, etc. (3, 11). In several

studies, in contrast, already exported products were

considered and were not taken into account the magnitude of

the demand (8). Among the works in which attention was

drawn to the topic of evaluation of export competitiveness,

the works of specialists such as (4, 12, 14, 27), should be

noted.

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

Factors are revealed and the degree of their influence on

the value of indicators of goods’ export competitiveness

is defined.



A matrix of factors affecting the performance of export

competitiveness of Russian products, which allows you to

visualize the degree of factors’ influence on individual

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

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Given the different effects of these factors on the

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Acknowledgment

The article is prepared according to the results of research

carried out at the expense of budget funds on the state task of

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