Influence of Cashew Apple (Anacardium occidentale) on the Stress Level, Productivity, Organoleptic Property and Profitability of Broiler Chickens

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 1165-1174

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

Influence of Cashew Apple (Anacardium

occidentale) on the Stress Level, Productivity,

Organoleptic Property and Profitability of

Broiler Chickens

Noel S. Tumbagahon *

¹Bulalacao National High School, DepEd Oriental Mindoro, Philippines

Agriculture and Allied Fields, Mindoro State College of Agriculture and Technology, Philippines

Received: 13/09/2019

Accepted: 22/11/2019

Published: 20/12/2019

Abstract

The study aims to determine how feeding dried ground cashew apple pulp (DGCAP) and fermented cashew apple juice (FCAJ)

affects the stress level, productivity, organoleptic property and profitability of broiler chickens. A total of 240 day old chicks were

used and data was analyzed following 2x4 factorial CRD and significant differences between treatments was analyzed using

Scheffe’s Test and Friedman’s Test. Broilers fed with 50 grams DGCAP significantly reduced the blood cortisol, lipid profile,

enhanced the organoleptic property of cooked broiler meat in terms of texture, flavor, tenderness and general acceptability,

improved the ADG, weight gain and FCR, and increase net income, income per bird and ROI. Fermented cashew apple showed

significant effects on the blood cortisol, blood lipid profile, enhanced all the organoleptic property of cooked meat, increase dressing

percentage and reduced abdominal fat pad. Moreover, FCA improves the growth rate and feed efficiency, net income, income per

bird and ROI. Providing DGCAP and FCAJ significantly improved the blood cortisol and blood lipid profile, ADG, abdominal fat

pad, net income, income per bird and ROI. Results suggest that feeding DGCAP and 30ml FCAJ were potential CP, energy and

Vitamin supplement and potential alternative and natural feedstuff to reduced feed cost and consequently maximized profit in

broiler production.

Keywords: Fermented and dried ground cashew apple, cortisol, ADG, abdominal fat pad, economics

The severity of response of the animal to heat stress may

Introduction

vary depending on its breed, species, physiological and

nutritional status, and genetic potential. Though poultry (i.e.

chickens) undergo thermoregulatory adaptations during

periods of heat stress (6), studies showed that exposure to

high ambient temperature could suppress immune system of

birds and may lead to death and high mortality rates if

coupled with high relative humidity.

Strategy used by some broiler raisers to reduce the

negative economic impacts of heat stress is by raising heat

stress tolerant breeds and are well-adapted to Philippine

climate and inclusion of cashew apple in the feeds that is

well-known for its high CP content and other nutrients

particularly high ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) of 200mg/100g

and glumatic acid (28%) that can combat heat stress and had

favorable immune-modulatory effect in poultry without any

toxicity (3, 7, 29).

Broiler is the fastest growing meat type chicken with a

body weight of 1.5 – 1.8 kg in 4 weeks and more than 1.9 kg

in 5 weeks. However, such growth can only be achieved

when quality diet was provided fulfilled the nutrient content

that can support rapid growth which is the inherent genetic

potential of modern broiler.

In addition, important factor is the implemented feeding

practices due to incorporation of various higher input costs

of protein source feedstuff like soybean in feeds that has

great impacts on animal growth and profitability. Moreover,

extreme temperature brought about by climate change is

known to have adverse impacts on egg and meat production

and quality (6), animal metabolism and behavior, leading to

lower feed intake and productivity that can be attributed to

heat stress. Problems associated with heat stress could be

devastating particularly to smallholders having no access to

temperature-controlled housing facilities.

Corresponding author: Noel S. Tumbagahon, (a) Bulalacao National High School, DepEd Oriental Mindoro, Philippines. (b)

Agriculture and Allied Fields, Mindoro State College of Agriculture and Technology, Philippines. Email:

noel.tumbagahon@deped.gov.ph.

1165

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 1165-1174

Various attempts are continuously being carried out to

improve the utilization of the existing commercial diets in

the market. The most widely used additives in poultry feed

are the antibiotic growth promoters (AGP), which act in the

intestine of birds reducing the population of certain types of

commensal bacteria, promoting better growth performance

which is the standard additive in commercial broiler diets (3,

income, income per bird and ROI) of broilers; determine

how fermented cashew apple (FCA) juice influences the

productivity (final body weight, ADG and weight gain, FCR,

dressing percentage, weight of giblets and AFP); stress level

(blood cortisol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides and cholesterol);

organoleptic property (color, texture, flavor, tenderness,

juiciness and general acceptability); and profitability (net

income, income per bird and ROI) of broilers; and determine

the influence of interaction of feeding dried ground cashew

apple (DGCA) pulp and different levels of fermented cashew

apple (FCA) juice on the productivity, stress level,

organoleptic property and profitability of broiler chickens.

7, 11, 15, 16, 18, 19, 22-26, 29). However, the use of AGP

is being banned in animal feed due to the possibility of the

emergence of resistant microorganisms. Therefore, it is

necessary to study in vivo various natural additives that have

similar characteristics to the growth promoters, in order for

them to be used in poultry feeding in the future (3, 7, 29).

Several natural feed additives were developed and have

become commercially available for efficient animal

production such as probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, nutrient

supplements such as minerals, amino acids and vitamins.

Other naturally occurring additives are extracts from fruits,

herbs and botanical (2).

The cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a tropical

plant, scattered in almost all geographical area of

MIMAROPA Region especially in Palawan and Occidental

Mindoro (DA-RFU IVB). The fruit of the tree consists of an

outer shell (epicarp), a tight-fitting inner shell (endocarp)

and a strongly vesicant cashew nut that contains amounts of

nutrients that can be utilized as probiotic and nature feed

additives to enhance the performance, carcass yield, relative

weight of internal organs and intestine microbiology of

broiler chickens fed diets containing different inclusion

levels of cashew apple (2, 3, 7, 10, 29).

Materials and Methods

.1 Materials

The following are the materials that were used in

conducting of this study are as follows: broiler chicks (240

heads); fermented cashew apple juice (40 liters); dried

ground cashew apple pulp (50 kg); commercial feeds (12

bags); disinfectant (creoline 1000 ml); commercial

antibiotics, vitamins and minerals supplements (1 bottle);

equipment and supply; experimental-brooder and grower

cages (2 units); feeding trough-medium size (24 pcs);

watering trough- 2 litres capacity (24 pcs); 10-watt bulbs (24

pcs); kerosene lamps (24 pcs); digital camera (1-unit);

beaker-1000 ml capacity (1 pc); recording material (1 pc);

newspaper (2 kgs); broom and dust pan (1 pc); syringes (24

pcs); and test tube (24 pcs).

2.2 Methods

Several studies had been conducted on cashew apple

mixed with other feeds were used for feeding different

species of animals in many parts of the world, like rabbits,

pigs and layer and broiler chickens (1, 7, 12, 17, 28) resulting

to improved feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion

ratio can be utilized as probiotic and nature feed additives to

enhance the performance, carcass yield, relative weight of

internal organs and intestine microbiology of broiler

chickens. However, studies with application on how feeding

cashew apple influences the stress level, productivity

To evaluate the influence of cashew apple on the stress

level, productivity, organoleptic property and profitability of

broiler chickens, the following were the methods followed

by the researcher in the conduct of experiment.

.3 Experimental design and treatment

This study is experimental in nature, specifically

following the 2x4 factorial experiment of the Completely

Randomized Design (CRD). A total of 240 chicks were

randomly distributed to different treatments and were

replicated with ten (10) birds per replication. Factor A was

the addition of ground cashew apple while Factor B was the

different levels of fermented cashew apple juice. The various

treatment combinations are presented in Table 1.

(

growth performance, feed efficiency, dressing percentage,

abdominal fat pad, weight of giblets), organoleptic property

and/or meat quality (cooked and freshly dressed) and

economics in raising broiler chickens are limited hence, this

study was conducted. If proven effective, broiler raisers

could now engage in this kind of venture. Likewise, this will

also contribute to the advocacy of implementing organic

farming (i.e. cashew apple as potential feed additive and/or

probiotics) that is becoming popular practice in the country

as stipulated in RA 10068 known as Organic Agricultural

Act 2010.

The following are the objectives of the study to determine

the influence of cashew apple on the productivity, stress

level, organoleptic property and profitability of broiler

chickens specifically as follows: determine how dried

ground cashew apple (DGCA) pulp influences the

productivity (final body weight, ADG and weight gain, FCR,

dressing percentage, weight of giblets and AFP); stress level

Table 1: Treatment combinations following a 2x4 factorial

CRD that was used in the study

FACTOR A

FACTOR B (LEVEL OF FERMENTED

(DRIED

CASHEW APPLE JUICE)

GROUND

CASHEW

APPLE PULP)

– 0

– 10

– 20

B – 35

– Without

– With

A B

Legend: A1B1 – without supplementation of ground and fermented

cashew apple juice; A – without supplementation of ground with

0ml fermented cashew apple juice; A – without supplementation

of ground with 20ml fermented cashew apple juice; A – without

supplementation of ground with 30ml fermented cashew apple juice;

2 1

A B – with supplementation of ground but no fermented cashew

apple juice; A – with supplementation of ground with 10ml

fermented cashew apple juice; A – with supplementation of

1 2

1 3

1 4

(

blood cortisol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides and cholesterol);

organoleptic property (color, texture, flavor, tenderness,

juiciness and general acceptability); and profitability (net

2 2

2 3

1166

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 1165-1174

ground with 20ml fermented cashew apple juice; A

supplementation of ground with 30ml fermented cashew apple juice.

– with

2.6.4 Water Management

Pure water was given to the Control group, while water

with various proportions of fermented cashew apple juice

was supplied to the test birds. This was supplied twice a day,

once in the morning and once in the afternoon. During the

last week of the experiment, water was supplied frequently

to make the birds hydrated at all times due to warm

environmental condition. All watering trough were cleaned

with soap and water regularly.

.4 Preparation and Construction of Experimental Pen

There were two experimental pens and each pen was

divided into twelve cages measuring 5 feet long, 3 feet wide,

feet in high and the pens were elevated 3 feet from the

ground. The pens were constructed using Bamboo slats that

served as flooring and sliding door while good lumber for

the structure of cages. The buri leaves was used as roofing

materials that served as shed to provide cooler condition that

is needed for growth and development of birds. Each pen

was constructed a month before the actual study and was

cleaned and disinfected using 3% Creoline solution.

Moreover, the pens were arranged perpendicular to sunlight

following east-west orientation.

.6.5 Sanitation and Waste Management

The experimental area was cleaned regularly. In order

to obtain the good health of the birds, chicken dung was

collected regularly once in the morning and once in the

afternoon from each respective pen and was placed in old

used sacks, hence the poultry house and its premises was free

from house flies. These will make sure that the experimental

area is free from any contamination brought by the flies. In

addition, footbath was provided for strict implementation of

biosecurity.

2.5 Acquisition of raw materials

The fermented and dried ground cashew apple pulps were

acquired from the nearest cashew farm in Bulalacao,

Oriental Mindoro.

.6 Care and Management of the Broilers

.6.6 Blood Collection

Blood was collected after the duration of the study early

2.6.1 Procurement of stocks

Two hundred forty heads day old broiler chicks were

in the morning using six (6) mL capacity syringe. The blood

samples were collected on the jugular vein of the chicken of

about five (5) mL each sample of bird. Blood samples were

stored using an ice box to prevent contamination during the

transportation and immediately brought to MMG Hospital,

Tawiran, Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro for cortisol

analysis.

procured from reliable poultry supplier at Roxas, Oriental

Mindoro. To ensure better performance of chicks, the

behavior (activity), conformation or appearance especially

the eyes, feather and feet were considered.

2.6.2 Brooding Management

A total of 24 light bulb (10 watts/cage) were installed

three (3) days before the arrival of the stocks. Pens were pre-

heated before the arrival of the chicks. The behavior of the

chicks was used as basis in determining the level of

temperature inside the brooder cage. If the birds went nearer

or far from the incandescent bulb adjustment was done

immediately. Meanwhile, during power interruptions

kerosene lamps was used to provide light and heat needed by

birds. Heat in the brooder cage was conserved by providing

old clean sacks and used magazines or newspapers as litter

materials.

.6.7 Marketing

After 35 days of rearing, with an approximately 1.5 to 1.8

kg body weight, broilers were harvested and marketed

dressed weight).

(

2.7 Data Gathering

The following were carefully observed and recorded to

serve as basis for the analysis and evaluation on the influence

of cashew apple on the productivity, stress level,

organoleptic property and profitability of broiler chickens.

This was done before, during and after 35±5 days of rearing

period of birds.

.6.3 Feeding Management

After one week of feeding chick booster ration, the

stocks were fed with commercial broiler starter followed by

broiler finisher. Birds in Factor B Treatments A , A

and A received 50 grams of dried ground cashew

apple pulp mixed in every kilogram of commercial ration.

Gradual shifting of ration was done. Ad libitum was the

feeding system employed.

.7.1 Stress level

Blood cortisol and Blood lipid profile. Blood samples

2 1

2 2

B ,

A B

2 3

2 4

were collected through jugular vein before harvesting the

chicken at 35 days of rearing period. This was brought

immediately at MMG Hospital, Tawiran, Calapan City,

Oriental Mindoro to analyze the Blood cortisol, LDL, HDL,

Triglycerides and Cholesterol.

2.6.4 Lighting Management

Trial and error experiment of the temperature was done

.7.2 Productivity

Initial weight. This was obtained by weighing the chicks

to make sure that it is above the comfort zone of chicken

which was between 25-27 C using a thermometer. All cages

on the day of arrival using the standard weighing scale and

was recorded in grams.

were provided with similar light bulb in terms of watts based

on the trial and error experiment prior to the conduct of the

study.

Final live weight. This was determined by weighing the

birds on the last day (35 days) of rearing period using the

standard weighing scale and was recorded in grams.

Average daily gain. This was obtained by dividing the

final live weight to the number of days of rearing period.

1167

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 1165-1174

Gain in weight. This was determined by subtracting the

initial weight from the final weight of the birds after 35 days

of growing period.

2.7.4 Profitability

Net income. This was computed by subtracting total cost

from total sales.

Feed consumption. This was obtained by getting the

difference of the amount of feeds given to the birds from the

left over feeds.

Feed Conversion Ratio. This was determined by

dividing the final gain in weight with the total amount of

feeds consumed in kilograms. This was done to all

treatments of the study.

Dressing Percentage.This was obtained by dividing the

dressed weight of the birds by final weight x 100%.

Abdominal Fat Pad. This was measured using the

Vernier calliper.

Weight of Giblets. This was obtained after dressing and

heart, gizzard and liver was weighed separately using a

digital weighing scale and recorded for analysis.

Income/bird. This was obtained by dividing total number

of birds harvested from the total sales.

Return of Investment. This was obtained by dividing the

total cost from net income.

2.8 Statistical analysis

The various data gathered were analyzed and interpreted

using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) following the 2x4

factorial experiment in Completely Randomized Design

(CRD). This was set at 5% and 1% level of significance.

Differences between and among treatments was analyzed

using Scheffe’s Test.

Results and Discussion

.7.3 Organoleptic property

This was evaluated with 40 evaluators and obtained using

.1 Stress level

five (5) hedonic scales mentioned by Cabaral et al., and

Rieta & Cabaral as follows (4, 21):

Dried ground cashew apple pulp. Analysis showed

significant (p<0.01) differences on the blood cortisol level

and blood lipid profile of broilers fed with dried ground

cashew apple pulp (DGCAP) raised under induced heat

stress (AET±3 C).

Broilers fed with 50 grams DGCAP in the dietary ration

Color

Very acceptable

– Slightly acceptable

– Neither acceptable nor unacceptable

– Slightly unacceptable

– Very unacceptable

has significantly (p<0.01) lower blood cortisol level, LDL

(

bad cholesterol), triglycerides, cholesterol, and higher HDL

good cholesterol) compared to the cortisol level and blood

Texture

Juiciness

Flavor

lipid profile of broilers fed without any inclusion of DGCAP

in the dietary ration (Table 1).

– Very fine

– Fine

– Neither fine nor coarse

– Coarse

– Very coarse

Results in the lower cortisol level can be associated to the

higher Vitamin C, niacin, riboflavin and thiamine content

and essential amino acids particularly glutamic acid which

enhanced performance of broilers exposed to different

concurrent stressors found in the environment that

significantly (p<0.01) lower cortisol level, thus has the

potential to combat heat stress through efficient feed

utilization that consequently enhance nutrient absorption

and had favorable immune-modulatory effect in poultry

without any toxicity due to moderation of cortisol level in

blood and urine; Okpanachi et al., Bhat and Nagarala, 2008;

– Very juicy

– Juicy

– Neither juicy nor dry

– Dry

– Very dry

– Very rich meat flavor

– Rich meat flavor

– Neither rich nor bland

– Bland

16) that reduce stress and anxiety (14), thus relaxes the

animals which consequently reduces the incidence of stress.

Furthermore, lower level of stress hormone (blood cortisol)

can be correlated to the lower LDL, triglycerides, and total

cholesterol which consequently enhanced the good

cholesterol (8, 13, 16).

– Very bland

Tenderness

– Very tender

– Tender

– Neither tender nor tough

– Tough

– Very tough

Results were in line to the findings reported by Perai, et.

al., and Seyrek et. al., (2004) that Vitamin C in cashew apple

significantly lowers the blood triglycerides of broiler (20).

Likewise, decreased triglyceride levels, decreased low-

density lipoprotein, and cholesterol levels was observed in

broilers treated with Vitamin C. On the other hand, nutrient

composition of cashew apple, such as Vitamin C, niacin,

riboflavin and thiamine content and essential amino acids

particularly glutamic acid content significantly (p<0.01)

reduced blood triglycerides of broilers even under heat stress

due to it has favorable immune-modulatory effects to combat

heat stress without any toxicity or adverse effects (Bhat and

Nagarala, 2008). In contrast, Fanimo et al., reported that

General acceptability

– Very acceptable

– Slightly acceptable

– Neither acceptable nor unacceptable

– Slightly unacceptable

– Very unacceptable

1168

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 1165-1174

feeding cashew appe either fresh or dried have comparable

effects (p>0.05) on the blood profile and cortisol level (5).

Fermented cashew apple juice. Findings on the blood

cortisol and blood lipid profile of broilers raised under

Table 2: Stress level in terms of blood cortisol and blood

lipid profile (mg/dL) of broilers provided with different

levels of fermented cashew apple juice

induced heat stress (AET±3 C) and fed with fermented

cashew apple juice (FCAJ) regardless of level has significant

FACTOR B

(Fermented

cashew apple

juice)

(

p<0.01) effects (Table 2).

CORT

LDL

HDL

TRIG CHOL

In general, analysis revealed that providing 35ml FCAJ in

broiler’s ration significantly (p<0.01) lower blood cortisol

and blood lipid profile (i.e. triglycerides and cholesterol). In

addition, birds provided with 35ml FCAJ has the

significantly higher LDL (good cholesterol). On the other

hand, provision of FCAJ on the dietary ration of broilers did

not trigger changes in blood HDL (bad cholesterol).

Findings can be associated to the fact that heat-stressed

broilers supplemented with various fermented feedstuff

which contains several nutrients in the drinking water and

diet showed improved performance (Vierden and Kidd,

Pure Potable

Water

134.750^a63.190^b34.550^a254.835^a158.835^a

0ml FCAJ +

120.833^b67.345^b33.250^a234.880^b145.370^b

90ml water

0ml FCAJ +

17.833^b65.285^b32.500^a219.885^c143.810^b

17.000^b74.615^a31.000^a211.160^d137.920^c

980ml water

35ml FCAJ +

970ml water

Legend: TRIG – triglycerides; CHOL – cholesterol; CORT-

cortisol;. Means within column having similar superscripts

are significantly different (p<0.01).

2009) due to enhance effect of lactic acid in the fermented

cashew apple that improved the villi in the intestine hence

improve nutrient digestibility and absorption (Murwani, et

al., 2011).

3.2 Productivity

3.2.1 Growth performance and Feed Efficiency

Dried ground cashew apple pulp. The final body weight

among broilers used in the experiment after 35 days of

rearing raised under induced heat stress (AET±3 C) fed with

dried ground cashew apple pulp (DGCAP) are comparable

Table 1: Stress level in terms of blood cortisol and blood

lipid profile (mg/dL) of broilers fed with or without dried

ground cashew apple pulp

(

p>0.05). However, analysis on the average daily gain,

FACTOR B (LEVEL OF FERMENTED

FACTOR A

weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed highly

significant different (p<0.01).

CASHEW APPLE JUICE)

Moreover, broilers fed with 50 grams DGCAP have

significantly heavier (p<0.01) average daily gain with

(

DRIED

GROUND

CASHEW

APPLE PULP)

– 0

– 10

– 20

– 35

52.083 grams per day, weight gain of 1.572 kg after 35 days

and are more efficient in converting feeds into meat with an

FCR of 1.338 (Table 3).

These results can be associated to the higher digestibility

rate of cashew apple, high protein but low fiber content,

essential minerals, appreciable quantities of vitamins A and

high content of ascorbic acid and glutamic acid (9,14) that

may enhance feed intake that consequently improved the

growth rate and feed efficiency of animals through improve

nutrient digestion and absorption (5,12,13,27).

Results were in lined to the findings reported of several

researchers (1,5,7,17,28) who found out that cashew apple

indeed improved growth performance (i.e. body weight,

weight gain, ADG) and enhanced nutrient digestibility, that

consequently enhances the feed efficiency through efficient

feed utilization that consequently enhance nutrient

absorption.

– Without

– With

Legend: DGCAP – dried ground cashew apple pulp; TRIG

triglycerides; CHOL – cholesterol; Means within column

having different superscripts are significantly different

p<0.01).

–

(

In addition, providing comfort and reduced stress due to

lower cortisol, bad cholesterol, triglycerides, cholesterol and

moderate range of good cholesterol can be attributed to the

vitamin contents and essential amino acid contents of

cashew apple that might help the broilers cope with stress by

reducing electrolytes excretion while improving electrolytes

absorption during heat-stress condition, thus relaxes the

animals which consequently reduces the incidence of stress

Table 3: Growth rate and feed efficiency fed with or without

dried ground cashew apple pulp

FACTOR A

(

dried ground

FWT(kg) ADG(g/day) WTG(kg)

FCR

cashew apple

pulp)

(

17). Results were supported by the finding of Oyewole et

al., who reported decreased in LDL fed in animals (broilers,

quails) with feedstuff containing vitamin C could suppress

the negative effects of heat stress that significantly (p<0.01)

lower the LDL of broilers even under heat stress due to it has

favorable immune-modulatory effects to combat heat stress

without any toxicity or adverse effects (13, 16).

Without

DGCAP

With 50 grams

DGCAP

.592^a

.644^a

49.667^b

52.083^a

1.502^b

1.572^a

1.401^a

1.338^b

Legend: FWT – final body weight; ADG – average daily

gain; WTG – weight gain; FCR – feed conversion ratio;

1169

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 1165-1174

Means within column having different superscripts are

significantly different (p<0.01).

Dried ground cashew apple pulp. The broilers used in the

experiment after 35 days of rearing raised under induced

On the contrary, Oddoye et al., reported that feeding

cashew apple in the dietary ration have comparable (p>0.05)

growth performance and feed efficiency but mentioned that

no detrimental effects or adverse effects is observed in

animals fed with cashew apple (12).

heat stress (AET±3 C) fed with dried ground cashew apple

pulp (DGCAP) has significantly higher (p<0.01) dressing

percentage of 77% compared to broilers fed with pure

commercial feeds with 74%. On the other hand, broilers fed

with dried ground cashew apple pulp (DGCAP) has

significantly lower (p<0.01) abdominal fat pad (AFP) with

6.283mm compared to broilers fed with pure commercial

feeds with 7.610mm AFP. In terms of weight of giblets,

analysis revealed comparable (p>0.05) weights of heart,

liver and gizzard (Table 5).

Fermented cashew apple juice. Generally, findings on the

growth rate and feed efficiency of broilers raised under

induced heat stress (AET±3 C) and fed with fermented

cashew apple juice (FCAJ) regardless of level has significant

(

p<0.01) effects (Table 4).

Moreover, analysis revealed that providing 35ml FCAJ in

These results can be associated to the higher digestibility

rate of cashew apple, high protein but low fiber content,

essential minerals like iron, calcium, magnesium,

phosphorus, appreciable quantities of vitamins A and high

content of ascorbic acid (9,14) that may enhances feed intake

that consequently improved the growth rate and feed

efficiency of animals through improve nutrient digestion and

absorption (5,12,13,27), hence increases the dressing

percentage while reducing the abdominal fat pad.

broiler’s ration significantly (p<0.01) enhanced the final

body weight, average daily gain, weight gain and are more

efficient in converting feeds into meat.

These results can be associated to the higher digestibility

rate of fermented cashew apple, high protein but low fiber

content, essential minerals, has appreciable quantities of

vitamins A and high content of ascorbic acid (5,9,14) that

may enhance feed intake that consequently improved the

growth performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass

characteristics.

Results can be attributed to the high crude protein content

of cashew apple that are highly digestible and other nutrients

like iron, probiotics (lactic acid through fermentation),

lysine (essential amino acid) that enhance nutrient

absorption, its high glutamic acid (28%) content that has

favorable immune-modulatory effect to combat heat stress

on poultry without any toxicity, hence improves the growth

performance and feed efficiency of animals. In addition, it

contains various essential amino acid Met, Thr, Arg, Val,

Cys, Gly, Ser, Tyr, Phe, Ala, His, Pro, and Aspartic acid,

Valine which content are glucogenic compound that could

be converted to glucose as energy source by the animals that

consequently improves feed intake and growth performance

and feed efficiency (1,5,13,16,27).

Table 5: Dressing percentage, abdominal fat pad and weight

of giblets of broilers fed with or without dried ground

cashew apple pulp

AFP(m

WEIGHT OF GIBLETS

(grams)

FACTOR

A (dried

ground

cashew

apple pulp)

ART

LIVE

GIZZAR

Without

DGCAP

74.1

0.01

.610^a

0.558^a

0.519^a

In contrast, Oddoye et al., reported that supplementing

cashew apple in the dietary ration have comparable (p>0.05)

growth performance and feed efficiency but mentioned that

no detrimental effects or adverse effects is observed in

animals fed with cashew apple (12). Differences in results

can be attributed to the variety of cashew apple, how, when,

and where cashew apple is produced.

With 50

grams

DGCAP

7.0

0.01

₆_.₂₈₃b

₀_.₅₇₅a

₀_.₅₃₇a

Legend: DP– dressing percentage; AFP – abdominal fat pad

Means within column having different superscripts are

significantly different (p<0.01).

Table 4: Growth rate and feed efficiency provided with

fermented cashew apple juice

Fermented cashew apple juice. The broilers used in the

FACTOR B (fermented

cashew apple juice)

Pure Potable Water

0ml FCAJ + 990ml water 1.588

0ml FCAJ + 980ml water 1.623

5ml FCAJ + 970ml water 1.807^a53.833 1.610^a1.312^b

experiment after 35 days of rearing raised under induced

FWT

ADG

WTG

FCR

heat stress (AET±3 C) fed with fermented cashew apple

1.453^b46.333^c1.445^b1.438^a

juice (FCAJ) has significantly higher (p<0.01) dressing

percentage of compared to broilers fed with pure potable

water. On the other hand, broilers fed with fermented cashew

apple juice (FCAJ) has significantly lower (p<0.01)

abdominal fat pad (AFP) compared to broilers fed with pure

commercial feeds. Analysis on the weight of giblets

revealed comparable (p>0.05) weights of heart, liver and

gizzard (Table 14).

51.333 1.528

52.000 1.563

1.382

1.347

Legend: FWT – final body weight; ADG – average daily

gain; WTG – weight gain; FCR – feed conversion ratio;

Means within column having different superscripts are

significantly different (p<0.01).

Moreover, analysis revealed that providing 35ml FCAJ in

broiler’s ration significantly (p<0.01) enhanced the dressing

percentage of 77% which can be associated to the significant

.2.2 Dressing percentage, abdominal fat pad and weight

of giblets

1170

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 1165-1174

(

p<0.01) final body weight, average daily gain, weight gain

animal feeding and nutrition who discussed and mentioned

through research results that cashew apple (either ground or

fermented) has significant (p<0.01) effects of the growth

performance in terms of increase dressing percentage and

AFP reduction. On the other hand, Tanod et al., (2015)

reported that feeding cashew apple has significant (p<0.05)

effects on the giblets weight. Differences in results can be

attributed to the variety of cashew apple, how, when, and

where (geographical location) cashew apple is produced.

and are more efficient in converting feeds into meat.

This result is attributed to the fermentation process which

helps improve its enzyme content, increasing its levels and

makes the food more digestible through lactic acid

production which enhances the villi in the animal’s intestine

to absorb and digest feed more efficiently, and thus boosts

the usable (amino acids) protein level and more palatable

and digestible feed, which improves the overall animal

performance (da Silva, 2017) in terms of higher dressing

percentage and lower abdominal fat pad.

3.2.3 Organoleptic Property

These results can be associated to the higher digestibility

rate of fermented cashew apple, high protein but low fiber

content, essential minerals like iron, calcium, magnesium,

phosphorus, has appreciable quantities of vitamins A and

high content of ascorbic acid (1, 7, 9, 14) that may enhance

feed intake that consequently improved the dressing

percentage and reduced abdominal fat pad of broilers fed

with cashew apple.

Dried ground cashew apple pulp. In general, results

revealed significant (p<0.01) differences on the organoleptic

property of broilers fed with dried ground cashew apple pulp

(DGCAP) raised under induced heat stress (AET±3 C) in

terms of texture, flavor, tenderness, juiciness and general

acceptability. On the other hand, findings showed that

provision of DGCAP has comparable effects in cooked

broiler meat color (Table 7).

In addition, cashew apple has higher amount of glutamic

acid (28%) content that has favorable immune-modulatory

effect to combat heat stress on poultry without any toxicity,

hence improves the growth performance and feed efficiency

of animals that consequently increases the dressing

percentage and enhances the quality of the meat by reducing

the abdominal fat pad.

Results can be attributed to the fact that heat-stressed

broilers supplemented with various vitamins and nutrients

needed in nutrient absorption (i.e. Vitamin C, niacin,

riboflavin and thiamine, higher CP and energy) in the

drinking water and diet showed improved performance. In

addition, providing comfort and reduced stress and vitamin

contents of cashew apple might help the broilers cope with

stress by reducing electrolytes excretion while improving

electrolytes absorption during heat-stress condition, thus

relaxes the animals which consequently reduces the

incidence of stress, thus enhanced the texture, flavor,

tenderness, juiciness and general acceptability of the meat

produced.

Results implies that feeding cashew apple produces a

healthy broiler chickens due to the significant increase

(

p<0.01) in growth performance but significantly lower

(

p<0.01) blood cortisol and blood lipid in general as well as

reduced (p<0.01) abdominal fat pad.

Table 6: Dressing percentage, abdominal fat pad and weight

of giblets of broilers fed with different levels of fermented

cashew apple juice

Results in the enhanced texture, flavor, tenderness,

juiciness and general acceptability of broiler meat provided

with cashew apple can be associated to the higher Vitamin C

and glumatic acid which enhanced the overall meat quality

of the cooked broiler meat (8).

In addition, glutamic acid - an essential amino acids

coupled with the higher amount of Vitamin C that

significantly (p<0.01) lower cortisol level and blood lipid

profile, thus has the potential to combat heat stress through

efficient feed utilization that consequently enhance nutrient

absorption (13, 16) thus relaxes the animals which

consequently reduces the incidence of stress and improved

the meat quality (17).

Results were in line to the findings reported by Perai, et.

al., that high amount of Vitamin C and glutamic acid in

cashew apple significantly enhances the broiler meat (20).

Moreover, Fanimo et al., reported that feeding cashew apple

either fresh or dried have significant effects (p<0.05) on the

blood profile and cortisol level that consequently produced

a quality, healthy and nutritious meat (5).

FACTOR

AFP

WEIGHT OF

GIBLETS(grams)

(

fermente

d cashew

apple

(mm)

GIZ

ZAR

HEAR

LIVE

juice)

Pure

Potable

Water

.533

73.865^b

8.065^a

0.010^a

0.012^a

0.456^a

0.584^a

0ml

FCAJ+

90ml

water

0ml

FCAJ +

80ml

water

5ml

FCAJ +

70ml

water

75.202

0.508

.812^b

0.492

7.672^a

7.817^a

7.725^c

5.585^d

0.012^a

0.603^a

0.623^a

0.578

Fermented cashew apple juice. Findings on the

organoleptic property of broilers raised under induced heat

stress (AET±3 C) and fed with fermented cashewapple juice

Legend: DP– dressing percentage; AFP – abdominal fat pad

Means within column having different superscripts are

significantly different (p<0.01).

(

FCAJ) regardless of level has significant (p<0.01) effects

Table 8). In general, analysis on the 5-hedonic scale (4, 21)

revealed that providing 35ml FCAJ in broiler’s ration

significantly (p<0.01) enhanced the texture, flavor,

tenderness and juiciness of cooked broiler meat. On the other

hand, provision of fermented cashew apple in the ration did

These findings were similar to the reported effects of

cashew apple of several researchers (1, 5, 13, 17, 27) in

1171

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 1165-1174

not cause any chances in cooked meat color and general

acceptability.

Results on the higher net income, income per bird and

ROI was associated to the higher dressing percentage which

could be correlated to the significantly higher (p<0.01) final

body weight, ADG, weight gain and efficient FCR and

growth performance (Tables 9 to 14) but significantly lower

(p<0.01) blood cortisol and blood lipid (Tables 2 to 8) of

broilers provided with dried ground cashew apple pulp in the

dietary ration.

Table 7: Organoleptic property of broilers fed with or

without dried ground cashew apple pulp

FACTOR

A (dried

ground

cashew

apple

GEN.

ACC

COL

TEX

FLV

TEN

JUI

Table 8: Organoleptic property of broilers of broilers

provided with different levels of fermented cashew apple

juice

FACTOR

pulp)

Without

DGCAP

With 50

.124^a3.890^b3.909^b3.917^b3.890^b4.161^b

grams 4.208^a4.161^a4.054^a4.243^a4.063^a4.320^a

DGCAP

(Fermented

cashew

apple

GEN.

ACC

COL

TEX

FLV

TEN

JUI

Legend: COL – color; TEX – texture; FLV – flavor; TEN –

juice)

tenderness;

JUI-juiciness;

GEN.ACC-

general

Pure

Potable

Water

acceptability; Means within column having different

superscripts are significantly different (p<0.01).

₄_.₀₂₇a

₃_.₈₄₈b

₃_.₇₂₂b

₃_.₈₇₅b

₃_.₇₉₃b ₄_.₀₉₈a

0ml

These results can be associated to the higher digestibility

rate of fermented cashew apple, high protein but low fiber

content, essential minerals like iron, calcium, magnesium,

phosphorus, has appreciable quantities of vitamins A and

high content of ascorbic acid (9, 14) that may enhance feed

intake that consequently improved the meat quality in terms

of the color, flavor, juiciness and general acceptability of

broilers fed with cashew apple.

These results were in line to the findings reported by

several researchers (5, 8, 13, 16, 20) who found out and

reported that inclusion of cashew apple in the diet indeed

enhance the organoleptic property of the meat.

FCAJ +

990ml

water

.178^a4.002^a^b3.928^a^b4.085^a^b3.890^a^b4.168^a

0ml

FCAJ +

80ml

water

5ml

4.208^a4.042^a^b4.055^a4.112^a4.083^a^b4.335^a

FCAJ +

970ml

water

.250^a4.210^a4.221^a4.248^a4.140^a4.360^a

Legend: COL – color; TEX – texture; FLV – flavor; TEN –

tenderness; JUI-juiciness; GEN.ACC- general

Moreover, more tender and juicy meat of broilers fed with

cashew apple could be attributed to the fact that heat-stressed

broilers when supplemented with various vitamins and

nutrients needed in nutrient absorption (i.e. Vitamin C,

niacin, riboflavin and thiamine, higher CP and energy) in the

drinking water and diet showed improved meat quality due

to high nutrient digestion and absorption (Vierden and Kidd,

acceptability; Means within column having different

superscripts are significantly different (p<0.01).

These results in economics and profitability of broiler

raising was in line to the findings of several researchers

(1,5,7,12,13,16,27) that inclusion of cashew apple indeed

improved the profit due to lower production costs and higher

body weight and dressing percentage owing to efficient feed

conversion ratio.

2009).

In addition, providing comfort and reduced stress and

vitamin contents of cashew apple might help the broilers

cope with stress by reducing electrolytes excretion while

improving electrolytes absorption during heat-stress

condition (Bhat and Nagarala, 2008; Seyrek et. al., 2004),

thus relaxes the animals which consequently reduces the

incidence of stress, thus enhanced the tenderness of the meat

produced.

Table 9: Profitability of raising broilers in terms of net

income, income/bird and return of investment fed with or

without dried ground cashew apple pulp

FACTOR

ANET INCOME INCOME PER RETURN ON

(dried ground

BIRD

INVESTMENT

cashew apple

pulp)

Without

833.39^b

83.338^b

28.084^b

.2.4 Profitability

Dried ground cashew apple pulp. In general, results

DGCAP

With 50 grams967.28

DGCAP

₉₆_.₇₂₈a

₃₂_.₅₉₁a

(

Table 9) revealed that raising broilers fed with 50 grams

dried ground cashew apple pulp has significantly (p<0.01)

Means within column having different superscripts are

significantly different (p<0.01).

higher net income, income per bird and return on investment

even raised under induced heat stress (AET±3 C). These

results can be associated to the significantly (p<0.01) higher

average daily gain, weight gain, and dressing percentage that

consequently improved the final body weight of broilers that

was used as the basis for marketing.

Fermented cashew apple juice. The economics of raising

broilers fed with different level of fermented cashew apple

juice (FCAJ) has significant (p<0.01) effects (Table 10) in

the ration under induced heat (AET±3 C) stress was

1172

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 1165-1174

recorded. Return on investment was also computed and

analyzed to determine the economic impact of the study for

the dissemination of the results to different broiler raisers.

In general, analysis revealed that broilers provided with

References

1. Armah IN. The effect of starter-grower pigs fed diets containing

varying levels of dried cashew (Anarcadium occidentale L.)

PULP (DCP) (Doctoral dissertation), 2015.

35ml FCAJ in the dietary ration has the highest incurred net

Bentoli. Managing Symptoms of Poultry Stress in Broiler

Chickens.2018. Retrieved October 15, 2018, from

https://www.bentoli.com/broiler-chickens-stress-management/.

BLOKHUIS H, HOPSTER H, GEVERINK N, KORTE S,

REENEN C. Studies of StressiIn Farm Animals, 2018.

income, income per bird and return on investment that was

highly significant (p<0.01) from the income of raising

broilers provided with 10ml, 20ml and broilers provided

with pure potable water (Table 21).

Results can be attributed to the highly significant (p<0.01)

final body weight of broilers provided with 35ml FCAJ in

from

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02642498

the diet even under induced heat stress (AET±3 C) that acts

4. Cabaral NC, Untalan H, Rieta PG. Type of Music on the Growth

and Laying Performance, Behavior and Marketability of Quails.

Open Science Journal. 2017 Dec 12;2(4).

as an alternative protein source that enhances nutrient

digestion and absorption (9, 14), hence considered a low-

cost of production input, therefore decreases the total costs

that consequently improves the net income and ROI.

Fanimo AO, Oduguwa OO, Alade AA, Ogunnaike TO,

Adesehinwa AK. Growth performance, nutrient digestibility

and carcass characteristic of growing rabbits fed cashew apple

waste. Livestock Research for Rural Development.

Findings was similar to the findings reported by Huggins,

007; Leterme et al., 2009; Ly et al., 2002; Malek et al.,

008; Murthy et al., 2013; Parashuramulu et al., 2013;

003;15(8):1-8.

6. Lara LJ, Rostagno MH. Impact of heat stress on poultry

production. Animals. 2013 Jun;3(2):356-69.

7. López CA, Lima KR, Manno MC, Tavares FB, Fernandes Neto

DL, Jesus ML, Viana MA. Effects of cashew nut shell liquid

Vierden and Kidd, 2009; 1, 13, 17, 27,Tanod et al., 2015; 5,

Tanod et al., 2015; 7,12) that inclusion of cashew apple

indeed improved the profit due to lower production costs due

to efficient feed conversion ratio and higher body weight and

dressing percentage owing to increase total sales.

(CNSL) on the performance of broiler chickens. Arquivo

Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária

Aug;64(4):1027-35.

e Zootecnia. 2012

McKee JS, Harrison PC. Effects of supplemental ascorbic acid

on the performance of broiler chickens exposed to multiple

concurrent stressors. Poultry science. 1995 Nov 1;74(11):1772-

85.

Table 10: Productivity of raising broilers in terms of net

income, income/bird and return of investment provided with

different levels of fermented cashew apple juice

FACTOR B

9. Morton J. Cashew Apple, Anacardium occidentale L. Retrieved

September 4, 2018, from

(fermented

INCOME PER RETURN ON

NET INCOME

cashew apple

juice)

BIRD

INVESTMENT

https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/cashew_apple.h

tml.

Pure Potable

Water

10. Murray M. Reducing Stress in Your Flock. Retrieved October,

88.58^c

10.89^b

79.70^b

48.857^c

91.085^b

97.972^b

122.218^a

16.625^c

35.765^b

32.988^b

40.972^a

15,

2015,

from

https://blog.mcmurrayhatchery.com/2017/03/01/reducing-

stress-flock/

0ml FCAJ +

90ml water

1. Ngala NM, Mawo ML. An Analysis of the Pre and Post Harvest

Management Techniques in Rice Production: The Case of

Unvda Ndop, North West Region, Cameroon. International

Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Research, 2015;2(4):120-

0ml FCAJ +

80ml water

5ml FCAJ +

222.20^a

70ml water

32.

Means within column having different superscripts are

significantly different (p<0.01).

2. ODDOYE E, TAKRAMA J. ANCHIRINA V, BADU K.

Effects on performance of growing pigs fed diets containing

different levels of dried cashew pulp, 2017. Retrieved July 14,

2017, from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11250-

Conclusion

09-9349-0

The findings of the study led to the following conclusion:

Feeding dried ground cashew apple pulp reduced the

blood cortisol and blood lipid profile, enhanced the

organoleptic property of cooked broiler meat in terms of

texture, flavor, tenderness and general acceptability,

improved the ADG, weight gain and FCR, and increase

the overall net income, income per bird and ROI.

Feeding FCAJ showed reduction in blood cortisol and

blood lipid profile, enhanced all the organoleptic

property of cooked meat as well as the meat quality in

terms of improving the dressing percentage and reducing

abdominal fat pad, improves the growth rate and feed

efficiency, net income, income per bird and ROI.

Providing dried ground cashew apple pulp and

fermented cashew apple juice improved the blood

cortisol and blood lipid profile, ADG, abdominal fat pad,

and profitability in terms of net income, income per bird

and ROI.

3. OKPANACHI U, AYOADE J, TULEUN C. Carcass

Characteristics, Internal Organs and Profitability of Feeding

Sun-Dried Yellow Cashew Pulp Based Diets to West African

Dwarf Goats, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2017, from

http://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/html/10.11648.j.avs.

s.2016040351.11.html

14. OLIVEIRA A. Effects of Oral Vitamin C Supplementation on

Anxiety in Students: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-

Controlled Trial, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2018, from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26353411

5. Owagbemi GO. Climate Change, Cattle-Rearing and Creation

of Ranches to Protect the Environment in Southwest, Nigeria.

Review of Environment and Earth Sciences, 2018;5(1):8-14.

6. Oyewo IO, Raufu MO, Oladosu BO, & Adelalu KO. Climate

Change and Adaptation Strategies: Farmers Perception in Oyo

State, Nigeria. Current Research in Agricultural Sciences,

2018;5(2):32-41.

7. OYEWOLE BO, ROTIMI EA, ANTHONY FO, ADEWUMI J.

Performance and Blood Parameters of Starter Broilers Fed

1173

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2019, Special Issue on Environment, Management and Economy, Pages: 1165-1174

Diets Containing Cashew Pulp Meal. Fudma-journal of Agric.

and agric. Tech, 2018;3(1):87-92.

8. Oyewole OI, Adebayo A, Ogunsakin S. Effects of crude extract

of Ageratum conyzoides, Moringa oleifera and Zanthoxylum

zanthoxyloides on serum lipid profile in albino rats. The

International Journal of Biotechnology, 2012;1(1):21-27.

9. Paulina OA, Hammed AK. Comparative Evaluation of the

Nutritional, Physical and Sensory Properties of Beef, Chicken

and Soy Burgers. Agriculture and Food Sciences Research,

018;5(2):57-63.

0. Perai AH, Kermanshahi H, Moghaddam HN, Zarban A. Effects

of supplemental vitamin C and chromium on metabolic and

hormonal responses, antioxidant status, and tonic immobility

reactions of transported broiler chickens. Biological trace

element research. 2014 Mar 1;157(3):224-33.

1. RIETA PG, CABARAL NC. Acceptability, Marketability, and

Economics of Organically Grown Broiler Fed with Azolla.

Asian Journal of Science and Technology: ISSN: 0976-3376;

https://www.journalajst.com, 2018;9(6):8277-8282.

2. Saleem H, Butt, MS, Shehzad A, Tanweer S. Flaxseed Nutritied

Meat Balls With High Antioxidant Potential. Journal of Food

Technology Research, 2014;1(1):84-95.

3. Salim MN. Productivity Analysis of Labor for Use on Potatoes.

Current Research in Agricultural Sciences, 2018;5(2):23-31.

4. Sami S, Marin E. Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic, Biomass

Gas Turbine and District Heating Hybrid System. International

Journal of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Research,

017;6(1):9-26.

5. Shoaib M, Ashraf I, Chaudhary K. M, Talib U, Usman M, Khan

AA. Farm and Disease Management by Commercial Poultry

Farmers. Current Research in Agricultural Sciences,

018;5(2):42-47.

6. Singh AK, Issac J. Impact of Climatic and Non-climatic Factors

on Sustainable Livelihood Security in Gujarat State of India: A

Statistical Exploration. Agriculture and Food Sciences

Research, 2018;5(1):30-46.

7. SONG M, SENG M. Nutritive Value of Cashew Apple for

Growing Duck, 2008. Retrieved March 2, 2018, from

http://www.tropentag.de/2008/abstracts/posters/483.pdf

8. SWAIN BK, SUNDARAM RNS, BARBUDDHE S.B. Effect

of feeding cashew apple waste replacing maize on the

performance of broilers. Indian Journal of Poultry Science,

007;42(2):208-210.

9. VIRDEN S, KIDD T. Physiological stress in broilers:

Ramifications on nutrient digestibility and responses, 2009.

Retrieved October 15, 2018, from

https://academic.oup.com/japr/article/18/2/338/705613.

1174