An overview of leveraging workers compensation rights based from biological infections

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 41-46

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal weblink: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

An Overview of Leveraging Workers’

Compensation Rights Based from Biological

Infections

Marziah Zahar*

Department of Human Resource Management, School of Business Management (SBM), College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia

6010 Sintok Kedah, Malaysia

Received: 29/06/2019

Accepted: 24/09/2019

Published: 20/02/2020

Abstract

The workers’ compensation firm offers reasonable compensation to its beneficiary members when it comes to occupational disease.

While common occupational-related injuries are visually justifiable, many illnesses influenced by biological hazard are difficult to

predict as it takes years for the disease to develop, depending on the individual immune system. The occupational disease that consists of

physical injury and microbial infection were rising in the past decades. This paper discoursed a winding microbial infection from direct

contact and prolonged condition, which both are originated from physical injuries. In principle, the complexity to extenuate microbial

pathogenicity usually hamper compensation claims; as it faced various challenges and condition to meet its requirement. We included

several legal opinions that support compensation benefits, in hope to leverage a hopeful transition of compensation rights of trained

workers such as paramedic, researcher, frontlines, customer services, and other biological-risk industry workforces.

Keywords: Microbiology; Compensation; SOCSO; Malaysia; Disease

Such regulation creates a perturbing perception towards

Introduction

employees in the medical profession such as, doctors, nurses,

medical assistant and other medical professionals throughout

the country; in which, certainly exposed to the “ordinary

disease of life”. The claimant’s attorneys keep emphasizing to

its client that not all disease are ordinary diseases of life. In

fact, some diseases fall in occupational disease categories. In

the eyes of law, segregation in occupational disease

classification reduces any windfall of claims from the

employee who contract illnesses that are common in everyday

life. The objective of this overview is recreating awareness of

microbial infection in occupational disease; specifically, in

Malaysia. The outcome of this overview will create a better

platform to extenuate microbial relation in occupational

injuries without jeopardizing compensation benefits.

Humans are vulnerable to ordinary disease of life in which

involves microbial infections. These sorts of diseases are

usually occurring outside the scope of employment. Therefore,

it is not entitled to receive compensation benefits. Efforts to

distinct occupational injuries and ordinary diseases remain

difficult as it involves comprehensive research to assess

microbial pathogenesis inside the human body and how it

relates to occupational diseases. In addition, the degree of

infection is usually reflected in host immunological strength; a

discreet system that reacts to foreign body invasions inside the

body. It may occur in later time after the occupational-based

incident. When the injuries are classified occupational, the

injury date will be recorded. The injury date is not only

recorded to observe the first symptom appearance, but it also

represents and recognizes nature, work-relatedness, and

severity of the disease. Therefore, the date of injury is essential

as part of determining the factor of the workers' compensation

insurance carrier is liable to offer such compensations. The

employer, who employs the employee upon the injury recorded

is the considered the true employer. In brief description, the

worker has worked with several employers over period, had

exposed to similar occupational disease with no distinct

manifestation throughout employment. Therefore, the

insurance company from his/her last employer is liable to

compensate the worker that exposed to the causes of the

disease (24).

2 The Human Immune System

A human immune system plays an important role to protect

its bodily system from a pathogenic microbiome invasion.

Such a complex system is constantly available and amplifies its

strength wherever a foreign object invades the human tissues.

However, every human is born with deviate

immunocompromised condition; weakened immune

–

system that compromised body effectivity to combat infection.

It is usually occurring on an individual with diabetes, AIDS,

cancer, and malnutrition. It is asymptomatic and silently

degrades the overall body defenses until a certain period of

time.

In some circumstances, the immune system is intentionally

suppressed by consuming an immunosuppressed drug (e.g.

Tacrolimus and Humira) to allow effective treatment. For

example, in chemotherapy (for cancer treatment), organ

transplant, or viral treatment such as; Shingles, SLE, Hepatitis

Corresponding author: Marziah Zahar, Department of

Human Resource Management, School of Business

Management (SBM), College of Business, Universiti Utara

Malaysia 06010 Sintok Kedah, Malaysia; Email:

marziah@uum.edu.my.

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 41-46

B, Hepatitis C, AIDS, and etcetera. Therefore, a patient that

receives treatment to treat above disease must also ensure its

body is not exposed to any potential infection route. If an

genesis of inflammation and promotes the correct folding of

other proteins: concentrated in a topical gel and applied to the

skin, speeds up scarring and tissue regeneration. The faster the

healing rate, the chances of a microorganism to enter the open

wound are slimmer.

individual, without his

her knowing having an

immunocompromised condition, it may get worse if he/she

were exposed to an open wound – A perfect entry route for a

microbial agent.

Certain microorganisms are commensal human microbiota;

brings mutual benefit when residing on or within human bodily

fluid and tissues (e.g Lactobacillus genera (gut), Actinomycetes

(oral cavity), and Staphylococcus aureus (on the skin). Others

may get transmitted from contaminated food, water, inhalation,

body openings, and open wound. In certain circumstances, a

commensal microbiota may become a pathobiont. For instance,

Staphylococcus aureus along with similar symbiotic species

can cause disease if they begin to take over the tissues they

have colonized or invaded other tissues. After 72 hours, it can

take hold in human tissues and eventually become resistant to

treatment; famously known as Methicillin-Resistant

Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

In general, occupational injury can be examined visually

such as- type of wound, fractures, blood loss, dehydration, and

temperature-related stroke. However, an infection ailment

cannot be determined based on visual. An early symptom may

not straight away indicate it is a such and such disease. It may

demonstrate a harmless symptom such as fever, flu, and

physical pain. Upon uninterrupted duplication or tissue

breaches, invaded microbiome may have overtaken the most

essential tissue; the brain. It is usually considered the severe

stage of infection where it can cause permanent disability or

death.

Given the context of the above criteria, a deteriorating

immune system is vulnerable to even the common flu. To

determine its severity, the medical practitioner needs to

characterize a type of microbial agents, its biomechanism

nature inside the human body and how it eventually affected

physical functions, such as; brain function (comatose,

paralysis, or epilepsy), blindness, or cell necrosis (a died cell

due to meat-infested microorganism).

.1 Microbial Transmission Route based from Occupational

Injury

A microbacterium has existed on the earth for billions of

years. Numerous amounts of its species were a dynamic key

player in the natural ecological system by regulating

biogeochemical cycle for its sustainability (9). Therefore, a

microbacterium has certain ability to survive in a normal or a

thriving environment. For instance, several microbes were

successfully cultivated from

a high pressure, salinity,

temperature, concentration, and vice versa (19, 15).

The microorganism may invade human in several ways.

The common transmission route is inhalation, where the

airborne-type microbe gets inhaled into the respiratory system.

The second common route is ingestion (from contaminated

hand and food), followed by direct contact from an open

wound, and invasion of insects/animal bite that breaks the skin

barrier; allowing entry of pathogens. Upon entry, it perceives

the local environment and transmits the signals to its molecular

signal, so it can determine the needs to surge its predatory

skills and permit cell modifications to protect itself if needed.

2.2 Challenges of claims compensation due to unforeseen

history

This report below was excerpted from the

FreeMalaysiaToday, (2017) websites. Ally (real name is

undisclosed), a 52 years old female who works as a cleaner is

becoming clinically blind from an occupational hazard. Her

initial reports in 2011 denote that she had applied for a

compensation from the Temporary Disablement Benefit

scheme when she experiences pain in her right eye, suffering

hair loss, and a peeled skin on the forehead. Following the

inquiry, SOCSO had advised her to submit a Notice of

Occupational Disease (NOD) together with the medical report

from a reputable medical center. As she claimed her blindness

is due to cleaning chemicals splash, investigators found that

none of her co-workers experienced the same problem.

SOCSO reveals that they take three years to receive her

NOD submission and medical report. As her case was referred

to the SOCSO’s Medical Board, her injury is not verified as an

occupational disease as defined under Section 28 of the

Employees’ Social Security Act. Moreover, the SOCSO’s

medical board team discover that she was suffering from

Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO), a form of shingles back in

2011. Her compensation application was rejected. The

decision to reject her application was conveyed to her after the

Medical Board review. In 2015, The SOCSO medical board

team declares that she is clinically blind and kept her case

under review following her continuous re-appealing. The

SOCSO’s has received her appeal and referred her cases to the

Appellate Medical Board. The appellate board’s decision will

be final.

Figure 1: Illustration of common open wound and healing process

(

Image courtesy of MeteoWeb.eu)

An occupational injury is usually determined by

mechanical trauma; an injury to any portion in the body that is

visible to the naked eyes such as; a blow, crush, cut, or

penetrating wound. Bone fracture, hemorrhage, and infections

are the usual complications of mechanical trauma. In this

review, we are focusing on how the microorganism invades the

host based on an open wound. Naturally, a small form of open

would (as depicted in Figure 1) can be healed with the aid of

the body immune system and coagulation factor. A recent

research indicates that healing rates correspond with the

immune system and coagulation factor; stimulated by the

Hsp60 protein (20, 14). This protein denotes its role in the

In the eyes of the public, the verdicts on her compensation

case seem injustice, as her rights to receive such compensation

was denied. In our personal views, her initial symptoms may

associate with chemical hazards. However, it is unclear that her

injury is related to work.

Table1: Workers with risk of occupational infections. Adapted from (18)

Worker

Disease

Agent

Health Worker

AIDS, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis, SARS

HIV,

Hepatitis

Mycobacterium

tuberculosis, H1N1♠ (Avian flu)

leptospirosis, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi,

Rabies, Anthrax, Schistosomiasis Lyssaviruses♠, Bacillus anthracis,

Schistosoma mansoni,

Nipah Virus infection (NiV), Trichinosis, Q Trichinella spiralis, Nipah virus, Coxiella

Veterinarians, farm workers

Abattoir

Salmonella

infections,

fever

brunetii♠

(sheep,

goats,

cattle),

Streptococcus suis♠ (pigs),

Sewer Worker

Hepatitis, Leptospirosis

Hantavirus, Hepatitis A, Leptospira,

Forest ranger / worker

Lyme disease, rabies, Black plague

Borrelia

burgdorferi♠

(deer

tick),

Lyssaviruses♠ (Lyssa bat), Yersenia pestis

Histoplasma capsulatum (fungus in birds

droppings).

Construction Worker

Histoplasmosis,

Miners,

Sandblaster,

grinders, Silicotuberculosis

Usually

involves

Mycobacterium

quarry workers etc.

Rice farmers

tuberculosis

Melioidosis, Cercarial dermatitis (“sawah Burkhoderia pseudomallei, Schistosomes

itch”) sp.

Military Personnel

Biological warfare agents; Anthrax, Yersenia pestis, Bacillus anthracis

smallpox, Black plague

♠

Infected animals (vector)

Given the fact that she is suffering from Herpes-Zoster

appeared. But it is the date that a reasonable person recognizes

the diseases' nature, seriousness, and work-relatedness (24)

If an injury is indeed an occupational disease, the employer

in whose employs the affected employee, is the valid employer.

The date of injury is also important to determine the workers'

compensation insurance carriers. It must be liable to

compensate occupational disease. If the employee has worked

for several employers over a period of time and is exposed to

similar occupational disease throughout his/her employment

with no distinct manifestation of the disease, the last

employers' insurance company that insured their occupational-

based injury are liable for compensations (24)

Many infections are associated with occupations. A person

with certain occupation and intriguing lifestyle criteria’s has a

higher risk to contract certain infections. The link between the

infection and the workplace are often missed by the attending

physician due to a lack of awareness. Sometimes, the prognosis

is difficult to construe without the use of sophisticated

molecular epidemiological tests (e.g. mRNA). For instance,

pathogens reported to be associated with closely related

professions were different, indicating qualitative under-

reporting. Arranging systematic review on work-related

infectious diseases outcome in a matrix of occupational groups

and exposure pathways allowed the reliable exposure hazards

identification for specific occupational groups beyond currently

reported diseases (13, 2). Therefore, an adequate preventive

measure is needed to achieve diagnostic accuracy and helping

the patient to secure their SOCSO monetary compensations

Ophthalmicus (HZO), we unable to predict if she had

contracted with the Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) (a virus that

caused HZO) on the same year she filed for compensation.

There is a possibility that VZV inhibited unnoticedly inside her

body for years. Based on previous studies, VZV affects

children worldwide. But it occurrences can be so mild that it is

unnoticed. There are 300,000 to 500,000 individuals are

affected by shingles each year and 95% of adults in the United

States have antibodies to VZV. If acquired in infancy, or

adulthood or by an immunocompromised person, the infection

can be fatal. If it is reactivated in the elderly years, vesicular

rash or shingles can be seen (1)

Based on the above cases, it is unknown if Ally was

vaccinated with the anti-VZV vaccine. It can be assumed that

she was immunocompromised; as she experiences keratitis.

Another speculation that seems important to investigate is,

does she contracted with the VZV transmitted from chicken

pox patient, unvaccinated individual, or else?

Challenges of Associating Infection with

Occupational Disease

To be covered under SOCSO, a sick employee must

demonstrate that their current illness has resulted directly from

conditions of their employment, and in excessive exposure rate,

compares to a normal environment. These unique exposures

usually occur in the medical profession such as - Doctors,

nurses, paramedics, and other medical professionals throughout

global because they are certainly at risk of high exposure to the

(18).

“

ordinary diseases of life.” Other than medical professionals,

Emerging og Exotic and Non-Communicable

the veterinarians, military, forestry worker, miner, farmers

workers and refuse workers also have the risk of occupational

infection.

While opting for compensation, the Claimant’s attorneys

sternly remind us that not all diseases are the ordinary diseases

of life. Some diseases are instead, occupational disease.

However, it needs a substantial connection to the employment

Disease in Malaysia Perspective

.1 Exotic Diseases in Malaysia

Malaysia is tropically hot and humid terrain opposes some

of the unique exotic diseases. Many of infectious recorded are

specifically occurs only in such conditions. Based on Table 1,

several occupational infections occur in Malaysia are classified

as zoonosis; originated from infected animals etc. Malaysia has

a constant Dengue fever cases every year (26). In past three

years, Rabies (6), Malaria (11) and Leptospirosis (21) cases

were reported. For instance, the Leptospirosis infection is

steadily increased from 2,268 cases (2011) to 8,291 (2015) and,

(

24). It is difficult to distinguish between ordinary diseases of

life and occupational diseases. When the injury is occupational,

the date of this injury should be the date that the employee

knew that the disease strongly related to the employment. This

date is not necessarily the date that first symptoms have

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 41-46

falling to 5,284 in 2016. For the past decade, Malaysia was

affected with H1N1, SARS (10), Japanese Encephalitis (16);

pandemic diseases that transmitted zoonotically (birds,

mosquitoes, horses, pigs etc.)

The Malaysian health authorities have raised concerns over

an infectious diseases’ comeback namely, tuberculosis (TB),

leptospirosis and rabies. These diseases were once virtually

eradicated in the country. Based on the Health Ministry

statistics, there were 25,739 cases with TB reported in 2016, of

which 1,945 patients died, a 14.7% annual increase, compared

to 1,696 deaths recorded among 24,220 TB cases in 2015. The

Former director of the Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Mr.

Abdul Razak Muttalif, express his concern over the upstretched

TB cases in mid-1990, although TB cases were dropped

significantly from 30,000 (in 1960) to less than 6,000 cases in

the mid-1980s. Razak attributed the comeback to delay in

diagnosis and treatment, which has led to disease spreading,

adding that more cases are being detected because more people

were screened. In the case of dengue fever, there were 237

fatalities out of 101,357 cases last year, down from 336 deaths

out of 120,836 cases in 2015 (25, 3). Additionally, there is a

hype arises over sudden emergence of Nipah virus (NiV) in

many tropical countries. As 2018 reaches the end, there is no

vaccine ever produced to treat this disease (22).

Figure 2: Distribution of Infectious Disease in the South East Asia. Image adapted from Coker, et al., (2011)

Astonishingly, NiV were originated from Nipah River,

Malaysia. However, its outbreaks are somewhat isolated, deep

in the forest reserves, and mainly contribute by fruit bats and

pigs (8, 23). Until May 2018, the NiV infection reaches 700

cases and the fatality rate is between 50-75 percent (5, 8).

Based on Table 1 depicted above, the forest ranger, abattoir,

researcher, military officer, and veterinarians were vulnerable

from contracting with NiV.

high risk of developing cardiac-related diseases in 10 years to

come. (Azhar, 2017; 4). These alarming statistics caused

galvanize reactions to every OSH stakeholder. A greater

number of accidents and deaths means higher total

compensation to be paid by SOCSO to workers or their

dependents; by providing temporary or permanent disabilities,

or death, through Temporary Disablement Benefit, Permanent

Disablement Benefit, Invalidity Scheme or Survivors’ Pension.

Therefore, all participated parties should find ways to address

such issue as Malaysia cannot afford to lose valuable human

resources to industrial and road accidents, or diseases (17).

For the past five years, the compensation paid out due to

NCDs had surged by 50%. In 2016, the estimated value of

compensation was RM731 million. Quoting the statement from

the SOCSO’s Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Mohammed Azman

Aziz Mohammed:

.2 Non-Communicable Disease (NCD)

The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines NCDs or

chronic diseases as diseases that are not transmitted from

person to person. The top NCDs that reported in Malaysia are

the Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), diabetes, hypertension,

cancer and asthma (4). These diseases are a major cause of

death among employees under the age of 60 (> 6,500 cases in

016) and 73% of workers aged 40 and above, are overweight

- “If the uptrend continues, the SOCSO fund will be

depleted. And the way we are going, this will happen soon,”

Hence, by 2030, NCDs would cost the nation a 5% loss in

GDP (US$30 billion or RM133 billion). A never-ending NCD

case might hinder future collaborations between the researcher

(infectious disease) and SOCSO. Colossal grants are needed to

commence the assessment of infection epidemiology. In

addition, it requires a firm and transparent collaboration with

the Minister of Health and SOCSO to provide the necessary

or obese. Whereas, 62% have high or borderline cholesterol

levels. Based on survey and free health screening conducted by

SOCSO, 66% or 460,000 Malaysia workers over 40 years old

never opt for a suitable medical screening.

After free medical screening was completed, SOCSO

found that 9% of workers above 40 years old are diabetic, 20%

are hypertensive, and 21% are pre-hypertensive (Azhar, 2017).

In addition, it is projected that 4% of all employees were at

data in order to pinpoint the possibility of the ordinary diseases

of life with the occupational disease.

Malaysian University. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and

Environmental Science. 2018;140: 12118: IOP Publishing.

1. Fornace KM, Herman LS, Abidin TR, Chua TH, Daim S,

Lorenzo PJ, … Drakeley CJ. Exposure and infection to

Plasmodium knowlesi in case study communities in

Northern Sabah, Malaysia and Palawan, The Philippines.

Conclusion

For the conclusion, a better perspective of compensations is

needed to protect workers with an immense risk to contract the

above exotic diseases. We believe that, if medical intervention

able to succinate / clear the infections, not all the disease will

end in fatality. Perhaps, they might survive with a temporary or

permanent disability. These occupational disease survivors still

have a right to receive injury compensation or perhaps, a

comprehensive therapy to improve their wellbeing and increase

their eligibility for work re-entry programs.

As we are currently facing endless economy turbulences, it

is important for government, insurance provider, and

stakeholders to raise awareness and educate workers about the

consequences of occupational disease and its impacts on the

country fiscals and talent. An extensive collaboration with the

medical researcher, SOCSO and other related organizations is

also important to improve data of exposure hazard

identification beyond currently reported diseases (13), so it will

convey compassionate-justified claims without hurting any

parties.

PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.

e0006432.

2018;12(6):

2. FreeMalaysiaToday. Socso explains its rejection of blind

woman’s claim. Retrieved March 29, 2017;from

https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2017/

3/29/socso-explains-its-rejection-of-blind-womans-claim/

3. Haagsma JA, Tariq L, Heederik DJ, Havelaar AH.

Infectious disease risks associated with occupational

exposure:

Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2012;69(2):

40 LP-146. Retrieved from

http://oem.bmj.com/content/69/2/140.abstract

systematic review of the literature.

4. Haghshenas S, Iravani MR, Nasrabadi HAB. Study of

Effective Factors on Job Satisfaction of Omid Hospital

Staff in Isfahan City. UCT Journal of Management and

Accounting Studies. 2015;3(1):15-17.

5. Hashim M, Ahmad A, Abdul Latif M, Mohd Yunos M.

VISUAL COMMUNICATION OF THE TRADITIONAL

HOUSE IN NEGERI SEMBILAN. Humanities & Social

Sciences Reviews. 2018;5(2): 112-123.

6. Kumar K, Arshad SS, Selvarajah GT, Abu J, Toung OP,

Abba Y, … Ong BL. Prevalence and risk factors of

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in livestock and

companion animal in high-risk areas in Malaysia. Tropical

Animal Health and Production. 2018;50(4):741–752.

7. Lam Thye, L. It’s Time for a Fresh Focus. 2016, August;

References

AAOP. Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus. 2018; Retrieved

November

29,

2018,

from

https://www.aao.org/focalpointssnippetdetail.aspx?id=8367

b620-245c-4ebf-89e7-eca0c8d35aa3

Ameen AM, Ahmed MF, Hafez MAA. The Impact of

Management Accounting and How It Can Be Implemented

into the Organizational Culture. Dutch Journal of Finance

and Management. 2018;l2(1):02.

Araya-Guzmán S, Cares-Monsalves L, Ramírez-Correa P,

Grandón EE, Alfaro-Pere J. Enterprise Architecture

Proposal for Undergraduate Teaching in Higher Education

Institutions. Journal of Information Systems Engineering &

Management. 2018;3(3):21.

Retrieved

August

31,

2016;

from

https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/letters/2016/08/31/its-

time-for-a-fresh-focus/

8. Lim VKE. Occupational infections. The Malaysian Journal

of Pathology.

2009;31(1):1–9. Retrieved from

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23283035

9. Marziah Z, Mahdzir A, Musa MN, Jaafar AB, Azhim A,

Hara H. Abundance of sulfur-degrading bacteria in a

benthic bacterial community of shallow sea sediment in the

off-Terengganu coast of the South China Sea.

Augustin R. Socso: Most workers die of heart attacks,

cancer, diabetes, asthma. 2017; Retrieved March 16, 2017,

from

https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2017/

MicrobiologyOpen.

2016;5(6):967–978.

3/16/socso-most-workers-die-of-heart-attacks-cancer-

https://doi.org/doi:10.1002/mbo3.380

diabetes-asthma/

0. Pei W, Tanaka K, Huang SC, Xu L, Liu B, Sinclair J., …

Burgess SM. Extracellular HSP60 triggers tissue

regeneration and wound healing by regulating

inflammation and cell proliferation. Npj Regenerative

Broder CC, Xu K, Nikolov DB, Zhu Z, Dimitrov DS,

Middleton D, … Wang L-F. A treatment for and vaccine

against the deadly Hendra and Nipah viruses. Antiviral

Research. 2013;100(1):8–13.

Brookes VJ, Degeling C, Ward MP. Going viral in PNG –

Exploring routes and circumstances of entry of a rabies-

infected dog into Papua New Guinea. Social Science &

Medicine. 2018;196:10–18.

Medicine,

16013.

2016;Retrieved

from

https://doi.org/10.1038/npjregenmed.2016.13

1. Rahman M, Hairon S, Hamat R, Jamaluddin T, Shafei M,

Idris N, … Daud A. Leptospirosis Health Intervention

Module Effect on Knowledge, Attitude, Belief, and

Practice among Wet Market Workers in Northeastern

Malaysia: An Intervention Study. International Journal of

Coker RJ, Hunter BM, Rudge JW, Liverani M,

Hanvoravongchai P. Emerging infectious diseases in

southeast Asia: regional challenges to control. The Lancet.

Environmental

018;15(7):1396.

Research

and

Public

Health.

011;377(9765):599–609.

Crowder L. Ventilator blues: Infectious disease expert Tom

Inglesby on the next major pandemic. Bulletin of the

Atomic Scientists. 2018;74(5):340–347.

2. Rizzardini G, Saporito T, Visconti A. What is new in

infectious diseases: Nipah virus, MERS-CoV and the

Blueprint List of the World Health Organization. Le

Infezioni in Medicina: Rivista Periodica Di Eziologia,

Danovaro R, Zoologica S, Dohrn A, Gambi C.

submarine volcanic eruption leads to a novel microbial

habitat, (June). 2017.

Epidemiologia, Diagnostica, Clinica

e Terapia Delle

Patologie Infettive. 2018;26(3):195–198.

3. Semin AN, Kurdymov AV. International food security

regulation. Opción. 2018;34(85-2):628-651.

4. Texas Defence Counsel. Occupational Disease or Ordinary

Disease of Life?–Fort Worth, Texas Workers’

0. Er CM, Sunar NM, Leman AM, Khalid A, Ali R, Zaidi E,

Azhar ATS. Indoor and Outdoor Surface-Growing Fungi

Contamination at Higher Institutional Buildings in a