Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 382-389  
J. Environ. Treat. Tech.  
ISSN: 2309-1185  
Journal weblink: ttp://www.jett.dormaj.com  
Environmental Management Best-Practice &  
Strategies within the Institutional Context: The  
Case of United Arab Emirates  
Ahmed Zain Elabdin Ahmed*  
College of Business Administration, Ajman University-Fujairah Campus, United Arab Emirates  
Received: 22/08/2019  
Accepted: 26/11/2019  
Published: 20/02/2020  
Abstract  
Environmental management is the processes, strategies and procedures that regulate the way organizations achieve their goals by  
mitigating negative environmental impacts, utilizing resources efficiently, rising resource consumption. The weak system of  
environmental management (EM) may lead to dangerous emissions, which indeed has many and wide-ranging consequences. The  
exploitation of natural resources and various economic sector growth harm the environmental system of the United Arab Emirates  
(UAE). This research intends to examine the best practices and approaches used by the UAE government to address the problem of  
economic growth and protection of the environment in the institutional context. It also explores EM's strategic perspective in the UAE  
and how the Communities of practice (COPs) view the EM, whether it occurs in the UAE community, strategies policies, programs  
funding opportunities. And if informal/formal support for engagement activities underlines the ability to develop a strong community  
engagement program. Data have been gathered through a questionnaire from COPs, formal and informal social networks and expertise  
who have similar work-related activities and interests in environmental management.  
Keywords: UAE, Environmental Management, Community Engagement Program  
Introduction1  
The best practice in environmental management has many  
1
benefits such as allowing government to protect the  
environment and at the same time reduce costs (7). To  
understand the importance of environmental management best  
practice and strategies, this study examined the best practice  
and strategies in UAE within its institutional context. The  
primary objective of this paper is to investigate the best  
practice and strategies that used by UAE government. UAE is  
one of those countries that adopt the green economy strategy  
to sustain economic growth (8).  
The management of environmental conditions around the  
world has recently received a great deal of interest and debate.  
For business, the climate has become a critical issue (1). Most  
of the countries have established policies, goals, strategies,  
programs, and action plans on environmental management to  
protect their environment. Environmental protection has  
become an important part of corporate social responsibility  
(2). For example, the government of Malaysia has  
implemented many environmental management initiatives,  
including the development of an urban environmental  
management programme (3). There are various rules and  
regulations for the management and protection of their  
environment in many countries; Germany has around 35,000  
environmental regulations (4). A recent study showed that the  
number of companies in Hungary with EMS certification in  
early 2005 has risen quickly to over 800 (5).  
The challenges of environmental management in African  
Countries are entirely different from the rest of the world. In  
Zimbabwe for instance, the legislation was split and obsolete  
with insufficient human and financial resources for the  
implementation of the EMS (6).  
2 Literature Review  
Environmental Management is regarded as one of the most  
dynamic perspective that has received large controversy about  
its importance to society. The corporate approach to  
environmental protection has changed from a regulatory  
reactive mode to a more collaborative management style that  
combines environmental concerns with conventional  
managers' functions themes (9).  
There is no consensus to describe environmental  
management with many different environmental management  
ideas. It has been mentioned that the complex and dynamic  
Corresponding author: Ahmed Zain Elabdin Ahmed, College of Business Administration, Ajman University-Fujairah Campus UA.  
E-mail: fjac.zainelabdin.a@ajman.ac.ae.  
382  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 382-389  
nature of environmental problems requires flexible and  
transparent decision-making that embraces a diversity of  
knowledge and values (10). While define environmental  
management as any administrative functions that develop,  
implement, and monitor the environmental policy of an  
organization (11). Although a consistent and objective concept  
of environmental management is being made, some confusions  
still remain about how to interpret environmental management  
for the evaluation of program and project outcomes are now  
very relevant for defining environmental change in developing  
and developed countries (16).  
Mihalič, on the other hand, adds another dimension to  
environmental management than that of environmental  
quality, which refers to the quality of the natural features of  
the destination that could be impaired by human activities (17).  
Natural features like beautiful scenery, natural hydrologic  
structures, clean water, fresh air and species diversity can  
suffer from pollution and therefore lose their attractiveness.  
Four hypotheses are developed on the basis of the above  
discussion to understand how UAE implements best practices  
and environmental management approaches within the  
institutional context (Philip & Margaret Identified EM Costs  
and Benefits) (18):  
(12).  
The confusions about (environmental management) derive  
from the two extreme definitions one that is very narrowly  
defined by Sinding as the company has the full environmental  
impact of its actions, both in thinking and in practice (13). In  
other words inter-organizational environmental management  
involves learning about the environmental impacts through the  
supply chain and life cycle of products, and interacting with  
firms or organization in the supply chain to reduce these  
impacts. The broad definition suggested by GRUMBINE  
H1: There is a clear line of Environmental Management  
Strategies in UAE  
H2: Business Firms in UAE response to environmental  
concern through integrated the Environmental  
Management into business structure and systems  
H3: Sustainable Development is an important driver for  
UAE to engage in Environmental Management  
H4: Accountability and compliance with International  
Environmental Standard & Principles is the Best  
Practice in Environmental Management in UAE  
“Ecosystem Management Integrates scientific knowledge of  
ecological relationships within a dynamic socio-political  
framework and values towards the overall objective of long-  
term preservation of the integrity of native ecosystems” (14).  
In his book “Environmental Management: Principles and  
Practice” Barrow identified several characteristics for  
environmental management such as:  
It is often used as a generic term;  
It supports sustainable development;  
It deals with a world affected by humans (there are few,  
if any, wholly natural environments today);  
It demands a multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary  
approach;  
2
.1 Environmental Management in UAE  
There is a growing awareness with environmental issues  
and climate change in UAE. The greatest contribution to  
Environmental Management of UAE government comes from  
it is (UAE VISION 2021) which state that “The UAE  
Government wants to ensure sustainable development while  
preserving the environment, and to achieve a perfect balance  
between economic and social development”. To do that, the  
UAE Vision 2021 National Agenda focuses on improving the  
quality of air, preserving water resources, increasing the  
contribution of clean energy and implementing green growth  
plans (19). Considered as an Institutional context for  
environmental management, the transfer of character,  
programs, funding opportunities and informal / formal support  
for engagement activities will underpin the ability to create a  
strong community engagement program.  
It has to integrate different development viewpoints;  
It seeks to integrate science, social science, policy  
making and planning;  
It recognizes the desirability of meeting, and if possible  
exceeding basic human needs;  
The timescale involved extends beyond the short term,  
and concern ranges from local to global;  
It should show opportunities as well as address threats  
and problems;  
It stresses stewardship, rather than exploitation (15).  
Harger & Meyer (1996) have concluded that the metrics of  
environmentally sound and sustainable development (ESSD)  
Table 1: shows the EM Costs and Benefits  
POTENTIAL COSTS  
Internal  
POTENTIAL BENEFITS  
• Improved environmental performance  
• Enhanced compliance  
•
Staff (manager) time  
•
Other employee time  
• Prevention of pollution/resource conservation  
• New customers / markets  
(Note: Internal labor costs represent the bulk of the EMS resources  
expended by most organizations)  
External  
• Increased efficiency / reduced costs  
• Enhanced employee morale  
•
•
Potential consulting assistance  
Outside training of personnel  
• Enhanced image with public, regulators, lenders, investors  
•
Employee awareness of environmental issues and  
responsibilities  
383  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 382-389  
Table 2: Below shows Sustainable Environment Key Performance Indicators  
2
012  
2021  
TARGETS  
KEY  
SPONSOR  
INDICATOR  
DEFINITION  
SOURCE  
RESULTS  
An indicator that measures the quality  
of air in terms of supplying daily  
information on pollution and the  
negative effects it may have on human  
health. The indicator measures the (4)  
main air pollutants: nitrogen dioxide,  
carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide,  
ozone  
An indicator that measures the  
percentage of treated waste out of the  
total generated waste (solid municiplal  
waste) using various treatment  
methods (recycling, incineration,  
waste-to-energy, chemical treatment,  
exporting for external treatment,  
except for the landfill), in line with the  
methodology used by the OECD.  
An indicator that measures the  
contribution of clean energy sources  
(renewable, nuclear) to the total energy  
mix  
Ministry of Climate  
Change  
Environment  
and  
in  
Ministry of  
Climate  
Change and  
Environment  
65.30%  
(2015)  
Air Quality Index  
coordination with  
the National Center  
for Meteorology &  
Seismology  
90%  
75%  
Ministry of Climate  
Change  
Environment  
and  
in  
Ministry of  
Climate  
Change and  
Environment  
Percentage of Treated  
Waste of Total Waste  
Generated  
coordination with 20.77%  
the Federal (2015)  
Competitiveness  
and  
Statistics  
Authority  
Energy  
Share of Clean Energy  
Contribution  
0.23%  
(2015)  
Contribution  
Ministry of  
Energy  
Ministry of Energy  
Ministry of Energy  
27%  
An indicator that measures water  
overuse by monitoring fresh water  
usage (including surface water,  
renewable water and fossil water) as a  
percentage of overall renewable water  
in the UAE. The result is weighted to  
take into account desalination and  
waste water treatment.  
Ratio of 6.95  
(2015)  
Ministry of  
Energy  
Water Scarcity Index  
Ratio of 4.0  
Source: National key performance indicators (19)  
whether there is a clear line of environmental management  
approaches in the UAE and companies in the UAE reacting to  
environmental concerns through the incorporation of  
environmental management into business structures and  
systems. Seventy (70) questionnaires were distributed and 55  
have been returned with 79% response rate. Cronbach's alpha  
is used for the calculation of internal consistency as a statistical  
instrument for assessing the reliability of survey or testing  
products built for measuring the same structure. This method  
is widely employed, because it uses a great deal of information  
about the items in questions and their correlations (20).  
The reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) of this instrument was  
acceptable at 0.86 based on the standardized item at 0.90 and  
the number of items at 14 indicates that the measuring  
instruments are capable of consistently measuring the same  
construct (Table 3). The reliability in this case considered  
highly significant because it’s more than 0.7  
Table (4) shows that 37 of the participants (67.3 %) are  
female, while 18 are female (32.7%). The previous  
information also was illustrated in Figure 1. Table 5 also shows  
that 33 of the participants (60 %) held the Emeriti Nationality  
among others 22 (40 %) were from different nationalities, such  
as Egyptian, Indian, Jordanian, Iraqi, New Zealand, Pakistani,  
Sudanese, Syrian, and Tunisian. As can be seen in Table 6, the  
large majority of participants (60 %) had a bachelor degree, 9  
had Master Degree (16.4%), while the PhD degree participants  
were 7 (12,7 %), and higher school 5 (9.1%). Table 7 also  
shows that the most selected position in Communities of  
practice (COPs) is the Environmental Expert and the least one  
was Environmental Project Manager 18 of the participants  
3
Data and Methodology  
The sample used to examine the hypotheses of this paper  
consists of 55 formal and informal social networks of experts  
with similar activities and interests in environmental  
management known as COPs. Survey questionnaires  
reflecting all research areas have been used as an instrument  
for collecting data using a five-point Likert scale, ranging from  
strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, to strongly disagree to  
determine the response of the participant.  
The first part of the questionnaire covers personal  
information, which includes five questions about gender, age,  
highest qualification, specialty and position in Communities of  
practice (COPs). While the second part includes 14 questions  
regarding the opinion of the participant on Environmental  
Management Best-practice  
&
Strategies within the  
Institutional Context. The third part of questionnaire concerns  
ordering the factors would be important as driver for UAE to  
engage in Environmental Management according to the  
participant’s views, and ordering factors would be important  
to them as Best Practice in Environmental Management. The  
participant scores on a five-point scale with “5” being “very  
low” and “1” very high. The fourth part of the questionnaire is  
opened for the participant’s suggestion on Environmental  
Management Best-practice & Strategies.  
3
.1 Data Analysis  
A descriptive statistical method, SPSS, was used to  
analyze the data collected. To test the hypotheses, ANOVA  
test was performed. Hypotheses have been tested to analyze  
384  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 382-389  
(
32.7%) held the title of Environmental Expert (6.8%) were  
environmental concern through integrated the Environmental  
Management into business structure and systems, are shown in  
Table 8.  
Environmental Project Manager. Respondents’ views as to  
whether there is a clear line of Environmental Management  
Strategies in UAE, and Business Firms in UAE response to  
Table 3: Reliability Statistics Cronbach’s alpha Cronbach’s alpha based on standardized item  
Cronbach's Alpha Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items  
.860  
N of Items  
0
0.866  
14  
Table 4: Descriptive Statistics of Data Collected  
Frequency  
37  
Percent  
67.3  
32.7  
Female  
Female  
Total  
Valid  
18  
55  
100.0  
Figure 1: Descriptive Statistics of Data Collected  
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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 382-389  
Table 5: Nationality  
Frequency  
Percent  
3.6  
Missing  
Egyptian  
Emirati  
2
6
10.9  
60.0  
3.6  
33  
2
Indian  
Jordanian  
3
5.4  
Iraqi  
1
1.8  
Valid  
new Zealand  
1
1.8  
Pakistani  
Sudanese  
Syrian  
1
1.8  
2
3.6  
1
1.8  
Tunisian  
Total  
3
5.5  
55  
100.0  
Table 6: Highest Qualification  
Frequency  
5
Percent  
9.1  
Secondary school  
Bachelor’s Degree  
Master Degree  
PhD  
Total  
System  
33  
9
7
54  
1
60.0  
16.4  
12.7  
98.2  
1.8  
Valid  
Missing  
Total  
55  
100.0  
Table 7: Position in Communities of Practice (COPs)  
Practice  
frequency  
7
Percentage  
12.7%  
21.8%  
20.0%  
18.2%  
3.6%  
Environmental Practitioner  
Environmental Engineering  
Environmental Specialist  
Environmental Researcher  
Environmental Project Manager  
Environmental Consultant  
Environmental Expert  
1
1
1
2
4
1
2
1
0
7.3%  
8
32.7%  
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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 382-389  
Table 8: Attitudes towards the Environmental Management Best-practice & Strategies in UAE  
No.  
1
OPINION  
SA  
AG  
UN  
DA  
SD  
I believe that there is a clear line of Environmental Management Strategies  
in UAE  
23.6%  
69.1%  
3.6%  
3.6%  
0.0%  
I believe that there is a clear Governance for Environmental Management in  
UAE  
I believe that there is shared responsibilities across the stakeholders for  
Environmental Management  
I believe that there is higher coordination and collaboration between Federal  
and Local Government  
I believe that there is a clear Environmental Management tools in UAE such  
as organized of set activities, actions, process  
I believe that there is a general awareness training program provided to  
UAE communities  
2
3
4
5
25.5%  
16.4%  
20.0%  
23.6%  
12.7%  
61.8%  
58.2%  
52.7%  
61.8%  
9.1%  
1.8%  
7.3%  
3.6%  
1.8%  
0.0%  
0.0%  
3.6%  
0.0%  
14.5%  
20.0%  
10.9%  
6
7
8
67.3%  
49.1%  
50.9%  
10.9%  
21.8%  
21.8%  
5.5%  
10.9%  
9.1%  
3.6%  
0.0%  
0.0%  
I believe that there is a clear Public Involvement plans implemented in UAE 18.2%  
I believe that there is a one of the most important environmental  
16.4%  
management used is pollution control and pollution prevention  
I believe that UAE environmental strategy aims to minimize its contribution  
to climate change  
I believe that Business Firms in UAE response to environmental concern  
through observing legal requirement  
I believe Business Firms in UAE response to environmental concern  
through integrated the Environmental Management into business structure  
and systems  
I believe that Business Firms in UAE response to environmental concern  
through achieve environmental & business excellence  
I believe that Business Firms in UAE response to environmental concern  
through improve and use efficiency by control resources and use high  
efficient technology  
9
36.4%  
50.9%  
72.7%  
9.1%  
1.8%  
1.8%  
0.0%  
0.0%  
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
2
3
4
14.5%  
10.9%  
9.1%  
81.8%  
65.5%  
58.2%  
52.7%  
7.3%  
1.8%  
5.5%  
3.6%  
7.3%  
0.0%  
1.8%  
1.8%  
1.8%  
12.7%  
16.4%  
18.2%  
14.5%  
20.0%  
18.2%  
I believe that Business Firms in UAE response to environmental concern  
through invest in cost – efficient renewable energy systems  
In the above table there is a percentage summary for all the  
renewable energy systems, which proves the hypothesis of  
that Business Firms in UAE response to environmental  
concern through integrated the Environmental Management  
into business structure and systems. From the above table one  
can see how the participant considered the importance of their  
opinion according to the Mean of their answers and the Ranks  
column (the item with more rank is the more important Item).  
The above table shows the overall mean and variance for part  
two questions, and it gives positive indication that almost all  
the participant agree with all the points. It can be observed in  
the ANOVA table that there was consistency between the  
Items between the participant and within the participant where  
the P-value = 0.00 with is less than 0.05. The third part of  
questionnaire is used to know the important driver for UAE to  
engage in Environmental Management, as well as the  
important Best Practice in Environmental Management. The  
participants score on a five-point scale with “5” being “very  
low” and “1” very high. According to the participants’ views,  
the order of some driver for UAE to engage in environmental  
management according to their importance comes as follows:  
responses of all the participants. It can be seen that almost in  
all the questions the participants opinion was either strongly  
agree or agree. The majority of the respondents (92.7%) agreed  
that there is a clear line of Environmental Management  
Strategies in UAE, (87.3%) said that there is a clear  
Governance for Environmental Management in UAE, there is  
a general awareness training program provided to UAE  
communities, UAE environmental strategy aims to minimize  
its contribution to climate change, which proves the hypothesis  
of There is a clear line of Environmental Management  
Strategies in UAE.  
Seventy-Eight percent of participants agreed that  
Business Firms in UAE response to environmental concern  
through observing legal requirement, while (90%) of  
participants agreed that the Business Firms in UAE response  
to environmental concern through integrated the  
Environmental Management into business structure and  
systems. Seventy-Eight percent of (COPs) knew that Business  
Firms in UAE response to environmental concern through  
achieve environmental & business excellence; (74.6%) of  
them also agreed that Business Firms in UAE response to  
environmental concern through improve and use efficiency by  
control resources and use high efficient technology, while  
First: Sustainable Development;  
Second: Environmental Initiatives;  
Third: National Policy Framework;  
Fourth: International Policy Framework;  
Fifth: Climate Change.  
(
71%) agreed that Business Firms in UAE response to  
environmental concern through invest in cost – efficient  
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2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 382-389  
Table 9: Mean and Std Deviation for participant response  
Std.  
Deviation  
Opinion  
Mean  
Rank  
I believe that there is a clear line of Environmental Management Strategies in UAE  
I believe that there is a clear Governance for Environmental Management in UAE  
4.13  
4.05  
0.64  
13  
0.848  
1.062  
0.925  
1
2
7
2
I believe that there is shared responsibilities across the stakeholders for Environmental Management 3.73  
I believe that there is higher coordination and collaboration between Federal and Local Government 3.82  
I believe that there is a clear Environmental Management tools in UAE such as organized of set  
4
.02  
0.85  
activities, actions, process  
1
5
4
1
I believe that there is a general awareness training program provided to UAE communities  
I believe that there is a clear Public Involvement plans implemented in UAE  
3.8  
0.869  
0.886  
3.75  
I believe that there is a one of the most important environmental management used is pollution control  
and pollution prevention  
3
.69  
0.979  
0.699  
0.744  
1
1
I believe that UAE environmental strategy aims to minimize its contribution to climate change  
4.24  
4
0
I believe that Business Firms in UAE response to environmental concern through observing legal  
requirement  
3
3
3
3
3
.96  
.98  
.8  
9
I believe Business Firms in UAE response to environmental concern through integrated the  
Environmental Management into business structure and systems  
0.49  
1
6
I believe that Business Firms in UAE response to environmental concern through achieve  
environmental & business excellence  
0.869  
0.884  
1.027  
I believe that Business Firms in UAE response to environmental concern through improve and use  
efficiency by control resources and use high efficient technology  
.82  
.73  
8
3
I believe that Business Firms in UAE response to environmental concern through invest in cost –  
efficient renewable energy systems  
Table 10: variance for questions  
Mean  
Variance  
N of Items  
Item Means  
3.893  
.030  
14  
Table 11: ANOVA with Friedman's Test and Tukey's Test  
Mean  
Square  
Friedman's  
Chi-Square  
Sum of Squares  
df  
Sig  
Between People  
195.107  
20.784  
53  
3.681  
Between Items  
Residual  
Total  
13  
1
1.599  
7.177  
0.505  
3.108  
14.22  
0.00  
a
a
.000  
Nonadditivity  
7.177  
Balance  
Total  
347.253  
354.43  
688  
Within People  
689  
702  
755  
0.514  
0.534  
0.755  
375.214  
570.321  
Total  
Table 12: Participant’s ordering for some driver for UAE to engage in Environmental Management According to Their Importance  
No.  
1
2
3
4
UAE drive to engage in Environmental Management  
Climate Change  
International Policy Framework  
National Policy Framework  
Sustainable Development  
Environmental Initiatives  
Rank Mean  
3.07  
3.55  
2.78  
2.2  
Rank  
5
4
2
1
3
5
2.84  
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2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 382-389  
Table 13: Participant’s ordering for Some Best Practice in Environmental Management According to Their Importance  
No.  
1
UAE Best Practice in Environmental Management  
Go Green  
Rank Mean  
2.4  
Rank  
1
2
3
4
5
Environmental Innovations  
2.96  
3.04  
2.96  
3.36  
2.5  
4
2.5  
5
Gives award for Environmental Management best practice  
Accountability and compliance with International Environmental Standard & Principles  
Continual Improvement  
While order Best Practice in Environmental Management  
According to Their Importance as follows:  
8. Green Economy Report 2016.  
Retrieved from  
http://www.moccae.gov.ae/assets/644fa89a/state-of-green-  
economy-report-2016_summary  
First: Go Green;  
9
.
Khanna M, Anton WR. Corporate environmental management:  
regulatory and market-based incentives. Land economics. 2002  
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Second: Accountability and compliance with  
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Third: Environmental Innovations;  
Fourth: Gives award  
Management best practice;  
Fifth: Continual Improvement  
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for Environmental  
1
1
1
1
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A definition for  
4
Conclusion  
The main objective of this paper is to examine the best  
practices and strategies used in the institutional context by the  
UAE government to deal with the dilemma of economic  
growth and environmental protection. Three of the designed  
hypotheses have been accepted, indicating that there is a clear  
line of Environmental Management Strategies in the UAE in  
response to Environmental Management for business firms in  
the UAE. There is a concern through integrated the  
Environmental Management into business structure and  
systems. Participant agreed that Sustainable Development is  
an important driver for UAE to engage in Environmental  
Management. The hypothesis of Accountability and  
compliance with International Environmental Standard &  
Principles is Best Practice in Environmental Management in  
UAE is rejected, since the order of the participant Go Green  
First.  
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