Main Assumption for Treatment the Natural Resources in Environment

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 551-555

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

Main Assumption for Treatment the Natural

Resources in Environment

Bambang Raditya Purnomo , Abditama Srifitriani , Rustem Adamovich Shichiyakh , E.

Laxmi Lydia , K. Shankar

Department of Management, Universitas Dr Soetomo, Surabaya, Indonesia. E-mail: bambang.raditya.purnomo@unitomo.ac.id

Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Prof Dr Hazairin SH, Bengkulu, Indonesia

Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, Krasnodar, The Russian Federation

Professor, Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology(A), Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Visakhapatnam, Andhra

Pradesh, India

Department of Computer Applications, Alagappa University, India

Received: 15/11/2019

Accepted: 10/02/2020

Published: 20/02/2020

Abstract

The limited natural resource is a real challenge that can hinder the achievement of the goal of Environmental treatment. Holistic

and integrated efforts from various sectors are needed to overcome the challenges of limited natural resources. In addition, the

development planning needs to pay attention to balance the use of natural resources and the achievement of development targets

and to pay attention to the reaction that the environment may depict against using its natural resources. In this regard, economists

are taught that long-term economic growth should be maximized. However ecologists and environmentalists believe we can have

too much of a good thing. The models used by mainstream economists do not properly take into account a few details – such as

melting iceberg, shrinking resource stocks, or the opinions on all this of future generations. In fact, the real credit crunch is not the

one involving banks, but the one involving the environment. For centuries we have been depleting forests, oceans, fuel sources, and

other species, and the bill is about to become due. Economists’ cherished belief in economic growth is colliding with the reality

that we are just one part of larger ecosystem. It explores new economic approaches that aim to resolve the conflict and bring our

financial system into balance with the rest of the world.

Keywords: Natural resource, Ecological economics, Mainstream economics, Human population, Environment

Introduction¹

Environmental Assessment conducted by the Ministry of

PPN / Bappenas, several natural resource parameters that

need to be considered in terms of development planning

aspects.

Ecological economists believe that when the human

economy becomes too large relative to the natural systems

that support it, then the problems caused by economic

growth can outweigh any benefits. The world is already

stretched to capacity to feed the current human population.

We can increase production by improved efficiency, but

there is always the trade-off between efficiency and

robustness-intensive monoculture farming, for example, is

inherently fragile and requires large amounts of fertilisers

and pesticides to maintain it. Our agricultural system

exhibits the same lack of modularity, redundancy, and

diversity as our banking system, but it is even more

important for our survival. Development constraints (natural

resource development constraints) can be defined as a

condition of natural resource limitations that can be

exploited as the main capital of development that needs to

consider aspects of availability and quality (which is

increasingly diminishing) as well as characteristics that are

classified as vulnerable and high risk to support

development. Based on the analysis of the Strategic

2 Primary Forests on Peatlands

Indonesia's primary forest cover tends to decrease

gradually. Although the rate of deforestation has decreased

significantly compared to before 2000, the area of primary

forest cover is decreasing so that it is estimated that th ere

will be only 18.4 percent of the total national land area

(189.6 million ha) in 2045 compared to conditions in 2000

which reached 27.7 percent of the total national land area. In

addition, the primary forest moratorium policy which has

been implemented since 2011 has not been able to

completely prevent the decline in primary forest area. Based

on an analysis of land cover, for seven years the

implementation of the policy of delaying the issuance of new

permits and improving the management of primary natural

forests and peatlands of at least three million hectares of

primary natural forests and peatlands or roughly equivalent

Corresponding author: Bambang Raditya Purnomo, Department of Management, Universitas Dr Soetomo, Surabaya, Indonesia.

E-mail: bambang.raditya.purnomo@unitomo.ac.id.

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 551-555

to 5 times the area of Bali Island has been completely

converted for use other. In the same period, thousands of fire

hotspots had destroyed the forest areas that were protected

in the Moratorium map every year.

are classified as high risk to support development, so they

need to be considered as boundaries in planning

development. Therefore, zones with high levels of disaster

risk need to be prioritized as protected areas in spatial

planning, rather than as cultivation areas. If this cannot be

avoided, it needs to be supported by an increase in adaptation

efforts and disaster risk reduction to reduce losses because

of disasters.

For the primary forest loss trend to not continue, the area

of primary forest cover must be maintained at a minimum

area of 43 million ha (conditions in 2019). Therefore, the

area of the primary forest moratorium becomes an absolute

boundary that must be considered in development planning.

The area of forest cover, both primary and secondary forests

located on peatlands is increasingly reduced. The 2015

moratorium on peatlands has not been able to fully prevent

the decline in forest cover on peatlands. In the future

development plan Total forest cover on peatlands should be

maintained at a minimum of 9.2 million ha, such in 2000.

Besides, the additional peatland restoration of 2 million ha

from 2015 according to Peat Moratorium Regulation is

needed to reach the minimum limit. For this reason, peatland

restoration efforts need to be a priority.

Water Availability and Energy Availability

The damage of forest cover is predicted to trigger a water

scarcity especially on islands that have very low forest cover

such as Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara. From the results of

the projections, the water scarcity also began to spread in

several other regions because of the impact of global climate

change that is affecting most of Indonesia are. It is estimated

that the area of critical water has increased from 6 percent in

000 to 9.6 percent in 2045. At present, the availability of

water has been classified as scarce to critical in most areas

of Java and Bali; while southern Sumatra, West Nusa

Tenggara and southern Sulawesi will be water scarce /

critical in 2045.

Rare

Species

Habitat

and

Abrasion/Accretion Coastal Areas

So that water scarcity does not hamper development,

nationally safe water areas need to be maintained at a

minimum area of 175.5 million ha (93 percent of the total

area of Indonesia); while the availability of water on each

island must be maintained above 1,000 m3 / capita / year.

Specifically for Java, given the threat of the water crisis is

very worrying, the proportion of safe water areas needs to be

significantly increased. The challenge in meeting future

energy needs is predicted to be tougher. Reserves of fossil

energy sources (non-renewable) such as petroleum, gas and

coal are running low, while the development of renewable

energy sources is still not significant to meet the needs.

Domestic energy supply is estimated to only meet 75 percent

of national energy demand in 2030 and will continue to

decline to 28 percent in 2045. By the expectation of

relatively high economic growth, the reduced ability of

domestic energy production is predicted to affect the balance

between energy supply and demand in national level in the

future. If the energy demand exceeds the domestic supply,

this is predicted to disrupt the government's current account

deficit which can have an impact on the stability of the

Rupiah exchange rate and economic growth. In order to

reduce the scarcity of energy, the portion of new renewable

energy must be increased to a minimum of 20 percent of the

national energy mix by 2024. In addition, it aims to find new

sources that can be exploited to anticipate the decline in

natural gas and coal reserves in the future.

The Main rare species habitat is significantly reduced

due to a reduction of forest cover area. The analysis shows

that forest cover in the rare species habitat in the west of the

Wallacea line will shrink from 80.3 percent in 2000 to 49.7

percent in 2045, especially in Sumatra and Kalimantan. It is

estimated that the key biodiversity areas on the east side of

the Wallacea Line, particularly the Papua region, will also be

significantly reduced. According to the KLHS analysis of the

RPJMN 2020-2024, the area of rare species habitat that must

be maintained is a minimum of 43.2 million ha. If the loss of

habitat for this rare species is not well anticipated, it will

trigger ecosystem instability that can be a major obstacle in

development.

The coast length total which is abrasion/accretion

because of the changes in sea level is estimated to reach

8,480 km in 2045. If no intervention is carried out, the area

of abrasion/accretion certainly cannot be utilized optimally

to support development, particularly threatening the

sustainability of settlements and industries which already in

the area. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that

the residential area which is currently affected by the

abrasion / accretion along 11 km. Residential areas that are

potentially affected by the effect of abrasion / accretion

along the 253 km, whereas residential areas that need to be

aware of the impact of abrasion / accretion along 155 km.

Disaster-Prone Areas

Geographically, Indonesia is a country that is prone to

Levels of Emissions and Intensity of GHG

disasters, both hydro-meteorological and geological

disasters. Most of Indonesia's territory is located above the

major earthquake source routes from the megathrust-plate

subduction zone and active faults so that it does not only

potentially cause damaging the infrastructure and basic

connectivity, but it can also cause huge loss of life. Around

Emissions

GHG emission is increasing at baseline conditions, while

the intensity of emissions although tends to be positive but

have not been able to support the overall emission reduction

effort. This is not in line with the commitment of the

Government of Indonesia to reduce GHG emissions by 26

percent on its own, and 41 percent with international support

in 2020. Even at the UNFCCC COP 21 2015 meeting in Paris,

this commitment was increased so that the emission reduction

target was at least 29 percent in in 2030. To achieve the 29

17 million (77 percent) of the population are potentially

exposed to earthquakes> 0.1 g, and 4 million are only 1 km

away from active faults; About 3.7 million people have the

potential to be exposed to tsunamis; around 5 million people

live and live around active volcanoes. Disaster-prone areas

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 551-555

percent emission reduction target (fair / minimal scenario),

GHG emissions must be maintained below 1,825,374.5 Giga

gr CO2 / year by 2030. The GHG emission intensity must be

maintained below 261.1 tons CO2 / billion Rp. in 2030 (a

reduction of 33 percent from the baseline).

sustainability and the public participation. In addition,

mainstreaming also aims to provide equitable development

access by increasing the efficiency of governance and also

being adaptive to external environmental factors. This needs

to be done by Indonesia to achieve global goals indicators

such as GPI.

Fiscal Capacity and Development Funding

Based on the RPJPN 2005-2025, the medium-term

8 Mainstream economists

development target of 2020-2024 is to realize an

independent, advanced, just and prosperous Indonesian

society through accelerated development in various fields by

emphasizing the development of a solid economic structure

based on competitive advantage in various regions supported

by sources qualified and competitive human resources.

These goals can be achieved through quality public

investment, namely: 1) the right on target and time; 2)

provide a significant positive impact and sustainable; 3) the

consistent direction of policies, programs and development

plans; and 4) The efficiency of resource and fund uses.

In the last five years, Indonesia's tax revenue to GDP (tax

ratio) is still low, even lower than the tax ratio of countries

with an equal income. The main problem of low tax ratio is

the tax policy that has not been sufficient enough to realize

a tax system that is able to mobilize tax revenue optimally.

In addition, the tax administration system, individual

compliance with taxation obligations, and the role of

taxation institutions also influence the tax performance

which is not optimal yet. These various tax problems cause

limited fiscal space to fund development needs.

Mainstream economists treat money in abstract

numerical terms, as something that can grow and expand

without constraints. Ecological economists see this is an

illusion, and believe that money should be tied more closely

to real physical wealth. Under fractional-reserve banking,

banks can lend our far more money than they hold as

reserves. The result is a debt-based financial system in which

most of the money is in the form of credit, and everyone is

running around franctically trying to pay it off. The situation

is exacerbated by the existence of complex financial

derivatives. The hugh tower of money that was sitting

uneasily on top of the world’s oil supply in 2008 was an

imaginary thing that could vanish as easily as it was created

(though its effects on humanity were real enough). One of

the biggest obstacles to a sustainable, controlled growth

economy is that governments would have to get out of debt

in order to afford it. Ecological economists therefore argue

that we should reduce the amount of credit in the economy

even to the extent of returning to full-reserve banking, in

which the only money that can be lent out is backed by

deposits.

By limited fiscal capacity to finance large and

increasingly diverse development needs, it needs a funding

strategies that can optimize the use of all available funding

capacities to achieve development goals. The utilization of

development funding is prioritized to meet the basic needs

of the community by taking into account the Minimum

Service Standards (SPM) and the investment activities that

provide high leverage for national development. Therefore,

it is necessary to encourage and synergy the participation of

various stakeholders to strengthen the use of development

funding. The central and regional government are directed to

provide the public basic services, while business entities

Conclusion

The difference assumptions and worldviews behind

ecological and mainstream economics mean that the two

come up with very different policy recommendations. For

instance, mainstream economists, along with most

politicians and media, are almost religiously in favour of

economic growth, as measured by GDP. The one thing every

politician around the world could agree on after the credit

crisis was that growth needed to be restored; less often was

it mentioned what kind of growth. Some ideologues even

argue that the best way to protect the environment is by

growing the economy – as if a healthy planet is a luxury that

only the rich can afford. Yet there is now ample evidence

that GDP growth is often associated with a decline in

environment-sensitive. Mainstream economists, or at least

their models, often seem to treat the planet’s resources and

pollution sinks as if they were essentially infinite, but

according to estimates from the World Wildlife Fund we are

already living beyond our means. The ecological footprint of

the human race – as measured in terms of the amount of the

resources we need to support ourselves sustainably is now

equivalent to 1.3 planets. The extra 0.3 planets worth of

resources is being borrowed from future generations. If all

countries had the same ecological footprint. We are building

up a large and unsustainable debt of a different kind that far

outweighs anything produced by the subprime housing

market.

(BUMN and Private) are focused on strengthening economic

growth and achieving development targets.

To optimize the use of funding, it is necessary to

integrate development funding at government sources (K /

L, Non K / L, Transfer to Regions and Village Funds), the

fund which is financed by BUMN, government and business

entities, the community in line with the implementation of

the Money Follow the Program principle. In addition, the

government needs to encourage more use of funding sources

that come from the public and the private sector through

innovative financing schemes including through the

development of Government and Business Entity (PPP)

schemes, Non-Budget Government Investment Financing

(

PINA), and forms of funding other innovative (innovative

financing).

To accelerate the achievement of national development

targets, RPJMN IV in 2020 - 2024 has established 6 (six)

mainstreaming as a form of innovative approach that will be

a catalyst for equitable and adaptive national development.

The six mainstreaming have a vital role in national

development while still paying attention to environmental

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