Pollutant Emissions, Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: An Empirical Review from 2015-2019

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 323-335

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal weblink: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

Pollutant Emissions, Renewable Energy

Consumption and Economic Growth: An Empirical

Review from 2015-2019

Ali Umar Ahmad *, Suraya Ismail , Inuwa Mukhtar Ahmad , Ibrahim Mohammed Adamu ,

Aminu Hassan Jakada , Ibrahim Sambo Farouq , Umar Aliyu Mustapha , Umar Abdul'Aziz

Muhammad , Ahmad Tijjani Abdullahi , Aminu Muhammad Fagge , Ismail Aliyu Danmaraya ,

Abubakar Atiku Mohammed , Uzairu Muhammad Gwadabe , Nuraddeen Umar Sambo , Garba

Ibrahim¹

Faculty of Business and Management Sciences, University Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Terengaennu Malaysia

Department of Economics, Aminu Kano College of Islamic and Legal Studies, Kano Nigeria

Faculty of Arts & Social Science, Department of Economics & Development Studies, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa Nigeria

Faculty of Social Management Science, Department of Economics, Maitama Sule Kano State University, Kano Nigeria

Faculty of Social Management Science, Department of Economics, Bayero University Kano, Kano Nigeria

Development Impact Evaluation (Dime) IE Field Coordinator

Received: 08/12/2019

Accepted: 20/01/2020

Published: 20/02/2020

Abstract¹

The recent global turn on to more effective and systematic action to reduce pollution in the context of greenhouse gases (GHGs) (primarily

considered to be responsible for global warming and its related adverse effects) has led to severe discussions among various institutions,

organizations and scholars from developing and developed nations in respect to the potential impacts of these efforts. This research offers a

review of research on the impact of Renewable Energy used and Pollutant Emissions on Sub-Saharan African countries' economic growth.

Besides, the researchers reviewed 50 articles published between 2015 and 2019 in Scopus Journals. The papers are carefully evaluated based

on the comprehensive recurring variables like the theoretical point of view, the economic conditions, and the analytical perspective.

Nevertheless, the empirical study showed that Renewable Energy Use, Pollutant Emissions, recorded a significant impact on economic

growth. Consequently, the findings of the reviewed studies have suggested an economic growth model that can direct sub-Saharan African

nations to understand better and improve the Renewable Energy Use and Pollutant Emissions at their reach regarding viable economic

development provisions. A proposed model is recommended for the analysis that is best suited for economic growth.

Keywords: Pollutant Emissions, Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth

Table of Contents

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 324

Literature Review ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 324

.1 Economic Growth.............................................................................................................................................................................. 324

.2 Renewable Energy ............................................................................................................................................................................. 325

.3 Pollutant Emissions............................................................................................................................................................................ 327

Empirical Review ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 328

.1 Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth .................................................................................................................. 328

.2 Pollutant Emissions and Economic Growth....................................................................................................................................... 330

.3 Renewable Energy Consumption, Pollutants, and Economic Growth ............................................................................................... 331

Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................................................. 333

References .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 333

Corresponding author: Ali Umar Ahmad, Faculty of Business and Management Sciences, University Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA),

Terengaennu Malaysia. Email: aliumarah@unisza.edu.my.

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 323-335

many determinants along with structural change, industrial

development, market openness, boosting corporate environment

competition, political stability, good governance, fiscal

responsibility among many others; The promotion has a variety

of consequences for conservation and environmental quality in

particular.

Nevertheless, the concern is how these Sub-Saharan African

countries will keep pace with the industrialized world despite

significant and irreversible damage to the global climate system,

which has now experienced severe disruption throughout the

growth of the developed countries? Will SSA nations need to be

encouraged to take a distinct, i.e., fewer carbon-intensive way of

living than developing countries in order to provide sufficient

living standards for generations to come, even though the

progress is as unparalleled as it is undetermined? Does that imply

that third world economies, in turn, need to calm down their

aspirations to close the gap with developed nations? That is where

help comes from empirical research.

Introduction

There is a widespread recognition of both the function of

economic growth and energy, especially in empirical researches.

Energy is realized globally as a source for industrial development

and economic growth according to (26). Nonetheless, the energy

industry acts as a commitment to growth and prosperity through

its essential commodities, which function as ingredients into

almost all products and services in the country (34). Alternatively,

by raising wages and driving urbanization, industrialization

creates a significant rise in energy used. For instance, China’s

energy usage has skyrocketed for over a decade by above 150

percent, and in 2010 happened to be the largest energy user

around the globe, outstripping the US (The World Approximately

0 percent of Chinese people remained under the poverty

threshold of $1.25 (in PPP) in 1991, and that was worse in

growing sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa) even then.

Throughout 2005, China's proportion dropped to 15 percent,

whereas Sub-Saharan Africa's extreme poverty rates were well

above 50 percent, relative to their rates throughout the 1980s.

However, this performance has resulted in the carbonization

of China's economy, traditionally as unparalleled as the hundreds

2 Literature Review

2.1 Economic Growth

of millions caused by poverty. CO

doubled for about 2 tons’ metric of per capita CO

emissions per capita had over

in 1990 by

Economic growth is the expansion of the projected GDP or

national production of a country. In other words, when the

around 5.3 tons per capita as at 2008, crushing the average of

wold’s per capita to 4.8 and adding extra force on international

attempts to bring down world’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

production-possibility frontier (PPF) of a country moves

externally, economic growth arises. Economic growth is

generally seen as the pace of per capita income or production

growth (38) Economic growth theory in the 1960s consisted

mainly of the neoclassical model formed by Cass (1965), Ramsey

(1928), Solow (1956), Koopmans (1965) and Swan (1956). The

primary feature of this model that only within recent times seen

as an established theory is the property of convergence. The

higher the forecast value of economic growth, the lesser the

beginning amount of real gross domestic product (GDP) per

capita. If, of course, all countries were all the same, apart from

their primary capital resources, therefore convergence could

occur in a full course; that is, poor regions would usually grow

quicker per capita than rich ones. Moreover, if countries vary in

numerous estimates with a tendency to save and produce babies,

access to knowledge, desire to work, and government strategies,

therefore, the convergence mechanism only correlates in a narrow

sense. If the original per capita GDP is weak in terms of its long-

term or stable position, which is, when an economy starts far

below the intended level, the rate of economic growth appears to

be reliable. A developing nation, for instance, which likely has a

minor long-term role as its government policies, is uncertain, or

its savings rate is meager would still not usually proliferate.

The convergence principle stems from the rising returns to

capital in the neoclassical model. Countries with less capital per

worker (about their long-term capital per worker) tend to have

higher yield rates across the board levels of economic growth).

Convergence is a situation since the steady-state rates of output

per worker and capital depend on the tendency to save, population

growth rate, and the role of functional characteristics of products

that can differ across economies in the neoclassical model. Recent

modifications of the model indicate the addition of cross-country

variability sources, particularly government policies on national

and international market failures, property rights security, and

consumption expenditure rates. Capital theory in the neoclassical

model could be extended fruitfully from tangible goods to include

human capital like education, experience, and health (89)

(

6).

Seeing as how the developed countries have experienced rapid

industrialization, economic development, and growth as a result

of heavy energy use for industrial and other economic activities,

it all seems and indicates that developing countries will employ

the same development models. As per the United Nations (3). oil,

coal, and gas has driven the industrialization of the country but

have also made

a tremendous contribution to economic

development and social well-fare. As such, power-related

emissions of carbon dioxide lead to about 2 over 3 of global

emissions CO . The overall amount of carbon emission due to the

energy sector keeps rising as the global economy grows.

Nevertheless, it challenges the quest for environmental protection

and viable economic growth, which is given as crucial to the

globe's long-term ambitions for economic and social development

as a whole. Such developments eventually lead to different

arguments about the importance of the rise in energy

consumption, especially from non-renewable origins to

developing nations ' growth. When part of climate change

mitigation and environmental pollution strategies, initiatives also

call for the replacement of non-renewable energy sources with

renewable energy. Empirical research of the interaction among

renewable energies, pollutant emissions and economic growth in

developing economies is therefore crucial to their short and long-

run energy policies.

The African sub-region of Sub-Sahara is the world's most

impoverished region and the zone with the lowest energy use

between developing areas around the globe (16) and (33). Viable

development is, therefore, of immense significance and appears

to be a matter of great interest for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).

Ironically, the search for sustainability includes not only the

cooperation of the different sectors of the SSA countries, yet with

the use of different policy instruments. This is especially essential

because, apart from arguing that economic growth depends on

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 323-335

Nonetheless, the apparent shortcoming is that the per capita

long-run growth rate is wholly determined by an element of the

level of technological progress that emerges from external factors

of the model. (The long-term growth rate of production also

depends on the rate of population growth, and the exogenous

norm hypothesis is an added element.) Nevertheless, we finish up

between an economic growth model that describes everything

the required amount of innovative step tend, however, not to be

optimal for Pareto because of anomalies related to the formation

of new goods and production methods. The long-term growth

level in these areas relies on government actions such as law and

order enforcement, taxes, protection of patent rights, delivery of

public facilities, financial markets, and global trade legislation,

and other economic factors. So, by supporting the long-term rate

of economic growth, the state has significant potential for good or

harm. The drawback of the early versions of the hypotheses of

endogenous growth is that unstable convergence is no longer

expected.

Consequently, this activity is strong quantitative reliability of

information for nations and regions; to regain the convergence

property, it was crucial to expand the new theories. The transfer

of innovation is one such development (95). Nevertheless, the

discovery review applies to the pace of technological

advancement in capitalist economies, and the diffusion thesis

refers to the way follower economies pass these developments

through emulation. In the meantime, replication appears to be

cheaper than technology development; the distribution models

predict a process of convergence of conditions similar to the

predictions of the neoclassical growth model. This paradigm thus

incorporates the long-term growth of the endogenous

development models (from the discovery of innovations in

modern economies) with the equilibrium quality of the

neoclassical growth model. Endogenous growth theories, which

include the emergence of innovations and production methods,

are essential to provide possible reasons for long-term growth.

The new cross-country empirical work on development has

provided further support from the traditional, neoclassical

paradigm as it has been extended to accommodate human capital,

the flow of innovation and government policies, hypotheses of

fundamental technical change tend to be the most important to

explain why the world as a whole can continue to develop

indeterminately per capita.

except long-term growth,

a condition that seems to be

unsatisfactory. Latest work regarding the endogenous growth

model needed to provide the needed long-run growth explanation.

This method, in the main, offers a philosophy of technological

progress, one of the neoclassical model's basic misplaced

rudiments.

Nevertheless, the presence of a theory of changes in

technology in the neoclassical system is troubling, as it is

challenging to maintain the traditional competitive principles. (In

the sense of Ramsey, Cass, & Koopmans, these conclusions fit

well). Technological advancement involves creating new ideas

that are partially non-rival and thus have facets of public goods.

It is fair to pursue the steady returns to scale through the standard,

efficient means of production, like capital, labor, and property, for

a particular technology that is, for a specific body of knowledge.

However, after a while, if the quasi-rival ideas are made up of

input variables, the returns to scale tend to increase. Such rising

returns are in contrast with pure capitalism. Besides, the

reimbursement of non-rival outdated ideas by their present cost

zero marginal will not provide the appropriate incentive for the

project underlying the emergence of new ideas (9) and (97)

constructed models in which concepts are accidental development

or project by-products, a process called learning through doing.

In such models, the developments of each person directly spread

into the whole economy, a system of immediate diffusion that

could be feasible for technicality because the information is non-

rival. (77) suggested in just the future that in this case, the

competitive structure could be used to change the equilibrium

level of technological advancement, but the initial rate of growth

might, of course, not be ideal for Pareto. More generally, the

competitive system breaks down when innovations are partially

based on purposeful R&D activities, and when the inventions of

a person are gradually only applied to other companies. A

decentralized theory of technological advancement in this

realistic setting involves necessary changes in the system to

incorporate essential elements of imperfect competition.

2.2 Renewable Energy

Energy refers to the material that acts with energy or drive. In

other words, energy is usually given as the capacity to work or

generate heat that is obtained from many forms such as burning

fuel, absorbing the rays of the sun, or from the minerals below the

ground of the Earth (93). From used cars to lighting plants, by

driving computers to processing equipment, it is a primary tool

that is inseparably linked to everyday human life, and also

industrial and economic growth. Apart from all considerable

amounts of energy resources, physical energy, or services. These

may contain chemical energy (e.g., petroleum, natural gas,

carbon, and biomass), thermal energy (geothermal deposits),

mechanical energy (e.g., wind, falling water), radiation (sunlight,

infrared radiation), nuclear reaction potential (uranium,

plutonium) or electrical energy (electricity). We have physical

bodies that differ. Crude oil, most petroleum products of gasoline,

and water are liquids. Water requires energy available only by its

motion: coal, most of the coal, and the solids of uranium. Natural

gas and wind are in gasses, with wind-based solely on its motion,

including available energy. Geothermal energy is accessible by

hot water or solids (subterranean rock formations). Sunlight is a

pure form of energy. Electricity comprises of electrons moving in

such an electrical power (93).

Such principle embellishments did not come until the study of

(

10) in the late 1980s. Based on the work of (9), (7), (8), the early

wave of new research-Romer (70), (103), (5) did not present a

theory of technological innovation. Nonetheless, growth may

continue forever in these models before returns on investment in

an upper class of capital goods, including human capital, do not

automatically decrease as economies evolve. (44) The spillovers

of information through consumers and the potential advantages of

human capital are part of this process, but only because they help

to avoid the temptation to reduce asset returns. (90) continued to

integrate R&D concepts and imperfect competitiveness into the

development model, with significant contributions from (19); and

(

92). (15) include these models with exhibits and extensions. In

these conditions, advanced technological findings from

purposeful R&D operation are given, and this work is replaced by

some e*post monopoly other than the lines of Schumpeter (1934).

Over the long run, growth rates will stay high if there is no

tendency to term out of ideas. The rate of economic growth and

In contrast, renewable energy use sources, such as light,

water, wind, waves, are primarily derived from existence and are

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 323-335

not polluted by their being. Directive 2001/77/EC of the European

Union describes renewable energy sources as non-fossil

renewable energy sources that include "wind, sun, geothermal,

ocean, tidal, hydropower, biomass, landfill water, sewage

treatment plant fuel and biogas" (Commission, 2001). Renewable

energy use has been increasingly gaining public and political

interest in recent years, primarily because of its ability to lead to

pollutant emission reductions. Solar energy, for example, is

commonly used in many countries to generate electricity. In

contrast, plant fuel is also used for geothermal, wind, water, and

biomass. There are abundant sources of renewable energy use,

with very low or zero carbon emissions, making them

environmentally friendly. In 2010 the supply of renewable energy

provided an additional 16.7% of the total final energy

consumption. Of this number, an estimated 8.2% came from

conventional renewable like hydro-power, wind, solar,

geothermal, biofuels and natural biomass. Approximately 8.5%

of overall final fuel accounted for organic biomass, which is

mainly used for cooking and heating in rural areas of developing

nations and could be deemed renewable. Hydropower provided

around 3.3% of world final energy usage, and hydropower from a

considerable base is steadily increasing. All other conventional

renewables accounted for about 4.9 percent of final energy

consumption in 2010, with rapid growth in several advanced and

developing economies, respectively (REN21 2012). Renewable

energy accounted for 2.2% of energy usage in OECD economies

by 2010, compared to 0.6% to non-OECD nations (93).

The study of (92) analyze the long-term and causal

relationship in a carbon system between the consumption of

renewable energy, non-renewable energy consumption, and

economic growth. The analysis integrates the rent of natural

resources as an additional variable into the Empirical model

evidence is based on a balanced form of panel data for selected

EU-16 countries between the 1996-2014 annual periods. The Kao

test shows a co-integration of emissions of carbon dioxide,

economic growth, rent of natural resources, use of renewable and

non-renewable energy. The Panel Pooled Mean Group-

Autoregressive Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (PMG-ARDL)

indicates a significant positive relationship.

Bulgaria is supported by the fact that there is a causal relationship

between economic growth and renewable energy consumption

and the growth hypothesis, referring to the causality from energy

consumption to economic growth.

(102) look at energy usage–the nexus of economic growth by

separating energy use into two types of energy use, renewable and

non-renewable. The study is made up of 11 MENA Net Oil

Importing Countries (NOICs) from 1980 to 2012. To estimate the

long-term relationship, a multivariate panel model was used, and

the panel Granger causality tests were used to determine the

direction of causality between variables. The empirical results

provide evidence of a long-term balance relationship between real

gross domestic product (GDP), use of renewable energy, use of

non-renewable energy, real gross fixed capital formation, and

labor force. Besides, the empirical findings of the Error

Correction Model panel confirm the existence of bidirectional

causality between the use of renewable energy and economic

growth, and between the use of non-renewable energy and

economic growth, the results support the hypothesis of feedback.

Additionally, the empirical results provide evidence of a two-way

(bidirectional) causal relationship in both short and long-term use

of renewable and non-renewable energy that shows the

replaceability and interdependence of these two types of energy

sources.

(99) analyzes Turkey's short and long-term estimates and the

causal relationships between economic growth, electricity

consumption from renewable sources, and electricity

consumption from non-renewable sources in a multivariate model

in which capital and labor are included as additional variables.

Using the cointegration method of the autoregressive distributed

lag (ARDL), the cointegration test of Johansen, and the structural

split cointegration test of Gregory–Hansen, we show that

economic growth, renewable electricity consumption, non-

renewable electricity consumption, capital, and labor are

cointegrated. While non-renewable electricity consumption has a

long-term positive effect on economic growth, renewable

electricity consumption's long-term estimate at 5 percent of

significance is negative but negligible.

The vector error correction model-based Granger causality

test shows proof of the neutrality hypothesis between renewable

electricity consumption and economic growth, and in the short

run between non-renewable electricity consumption and

economic growth in Turkey. In addition, the causality of Granger

runs from renewable electricity, non-renewable electricity, capital

and labor to economic growth as well as from economic growth,

renewable electricity, capital and labor to non-renewable

electricity in the long run, which supports the existence of the

hypothesis of growth between renewable electricity and economic

growth, and the long-term hypothesis of feedback between non-

renewable electricity and economic growth.

(98) examine the relative performance on economic growth in

17 emerging economies of renewable and non-renewable energy

consumption. To this end, the annual data from 1980 to 2012 were

analyzed using the causality of the bootstrap panel, which enables

cross-sectional dependence and country-specific heterogeneity

throughout countries. In the view of renewable energy use, the

results show that the growth hypothesis is only verified for Peru;

the sustainability hypothesis is accepted for Colombia and

Thailand; the feedback hypothesis for Greece and South Korea is

found, and the neutrality hypothesis is valid for the other

emerging economies. The growth hypothesis for China,

(

101) analyze the relationships in the United States, France,

Spain, China, Italy, Turkey, and Germany between the

development of tourism, renewable energy consumption, and

economic growth utilizing annual data spanning the period 1995

to 2012. The study used an innovative model of causality in the

Granger bootstrap panel. The results show that the development

of tourism and economic growth in Germany are interdependent;

while the development of tourism causes economic growth in

China and Turkey, the opposite is exact in Spain. Causal ties

between renewable energy and economic growth give credence to

renewable energy growth theories in Spain and renewable energy

growth in China, Turkish.

(90) examine the causality of economic growth, renewable

energy use, capital, and labor in new EU member countries for

the 1990–2009 period, using an approach of asymmetric test

of causality and approach of lag ARDL. Empirical results indicate

that for all countries studied, renewable energy use has positive

effects on economic growth. However, there is only a statistically

significant impact on economic growth for Bulgaria, Estonia,

Poland, and Slovenia. It even supports the hypothesis of neutrality

for Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovenia while the

hypothesis of conservation for the Czech Republic is present.

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 323-335

Colombia, Mexico, and the Philippines is found in the case of

non-renewable energy consumption; the conservation hypothesis

is verified for Egypt, Peru, and Portugal; the feedback hypothesis

is only accepted for Turkey, and the neutrality hypothesis is valid

for the other emerging economies.

on sustainability, ranging from habitat loss and depletion of

resources to contamination of soil, air, and water (81).

(1) uses panel vector autoregression (PVAR) in combination

with a system-generalized method of moment (System-GMM) to

investigate the dynamic form of causal relationship between

economic growth, carbon dioxide emissions as well as energy

usage in 116 countries over the period 1990–2014. The empirical

results of this study have established key relationships with

significant policy implications using the multivariate model. The

first economic growth is not to increase energy consumption at

the global and regional levels. Second, economic growth has no

causal effect on carbon emissions except for international and

Caribbean-Latin America, but economic growth has a detrimental

impact on global and Caribbean-Latin American carbon

emissions. Third, the positive effect of carbon emissions is

economic growth. Fourth, energy consumption has a positive

effect on Sub-Saharan Africa's economic growth, while it harms

economic growth, Middle East, and North Africa (MENA), Asia-

Pacific an well as Caribbean-Latin America. Fifth, energy

consumption in MENA positively causes carbon emissions, but

in sub-Saharan Africa and Caribbean-Latin America, it negatively

causes carbon emissions. Lastly, except for MENA and the global

sample, carbon emissions are not caused by energy consumption.

The impulse response feature shows evidence of global and sub-

Saharan Africa's Environmental Kuznets curve (106). Also used

Johansen cointegration, ARDL, and VECM techniques to

examine the dynamic causality of Pakistan's economic growth,

(

93) provide a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the role

of renewable energy use and institutions in economic growth and

the battle against CO emissions across regions and income

groups. The study uses annual data from 85 developed and

developing economies worldwide over the period 1991 to 2012

for the statistical model. The study uses various econometric

methods to achieve accurate results from panel estimates. The

study findings indicate that the sub-samples are substantially

heterogeneous. Overall, system-GMM and completely updated

OLS results indicate that growth in renewable energy usage,

respectively, has a substantial positive and negative effect on

economic output and CO

impact on economic growth and a reduction in CO

emissions. Institutions have a positive

emissions.

The study findings suggest that both the deployment of renewable

energy and institutions are essential in fostering economic growth

and reducing CO emissions. (75) investigate the relationship

between the consumption of renewable energy and economic

growth by integrating capital and labor as possible determinants

of the function of production in Pakistan. This research used the

model and rolling window approach (RWA) of auto-regressive

distributed lag (ARDL) for cointegration in Pakistan. During the

period 1972Q1–2011Q4, the analysis used quarterly data. The

study of causality applied by VECM Granger causality and novel

approaches to accounting. The findings indicate that all of the

study's variables were cointegrated, demonstrating the long-term

relationship between the variables. Besides, the use of renewable

energy, capital, and labor are driving economic growth. The

analysis of causality shows the effect of feedback between

economic growth and consumption of renewable energy.

energy consumption, and CO emissions over the period 1971–

2009, and identified a bi-directional causality between energy

consumption, economic growth, and CO emissions.

Thus, (111) examining the effect of foreign direct investment

(FDI), economic growth and energy consumption on carbon

emissions in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

(ASEAN-5) of five selected Member countries, including

Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.

The study uses a model of panel quantile regression that takes into

consideration individual non-observed heterogeneity and

distributional heterogeneity. Also, some associated control

variables are included in the model to prevent an omitted variable

bias. The empirical findings show that the impact on carbon

emissions of the independent variables is heterogeneous across

quantiles. In particular, except in the 5th quantile, the effect of

FDI on carbon emissions is negative and becomes essential at

higher quantiles. Energy consumption reduces carbon emissions,

with higher quantiles having the most significant impacts. Higher

economic growth and population size tend to be reducing

emissions among the high-emission countries. The study results

also affirm the validity of the theory of the halo effect in countries

with higher emissions.

.3 Pollutant Emissions

Pollutants include any pollution that contaminates the

atmosphere. Green House Gases are the most dangerous pollutant

to the earth's surface and are thus the main focus in research on

the environmental impact of pollution. Global warming and

sustainability are today's core threats. They are inseparably

connected and must be dealt with together. Measures to limit and

respond to climate impacts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

is necessary to ensure sustainability. Simultaneously, only

sustainability may provide stable financial, political,

environmental environments, and social that all nations need to

effectively deal with climate change and construct carbon-neutral

countries (93).

Coal, gas, and oil have driven the industrialization of the

globe and also have contributed significantly to economic growth

and standard well-fare. As a consequence, however, several two-

thirds of international GHG emissions are currently accounted for

by energy-related carbon pollutants, especially carbon dioxide

emissions. As the world economy grows, the overall amount of

However, in the ASEAN-5 countries, the study finds little

evidence to support an inverted U-shaped curve. However, a

higher level of trade openness may mitigate the increase in carbon

emissions, especially in low-and high-emission nations. (107) are

attempting to shed light on the ecological effects (CO emissions)

emitted by the energy industry remains high, resulting in

of economic growth, foreign direct investment as well as financial

development among the selected ASEAN-5 economies. Based on

the data from 1982 to 2014, the study used a range of empirical

panel data analysis techniques that included approaches to

Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) as well as Fully

Modified OLS (FMOLS). The findings indicate that in the

economies under study, both financial and economic growth and

climate change (81).

Climate change warms the world, changes weather patterns,

raises the frequency of flooding and droughts, raises sea levels,

acidifies the ocean, melts sea and land ice, impacts species of

plants, animals and affects disease spread. Such emerging

environmental changes are already exacerbating other pressures

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 323-335

FDI have a statistically significant long-term co-integrating

relationship with environmental degradation (CO emissions). It

short-run imbalance can be changed to the long-run equilibrium

direction.

showed that economic growth, financial development and FDI in

ASEAN-5 countries lead to an increase in the deterioration of the

climate. The quadratic term for economic growth has harmed the

deterioration of the environment EKC.

Empirical Review

.1 Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth

The first area of research focuses exclusively on the interaction

(89) investigate the nature of the Kuznets Curve for the

between the consumption of energy and economic growth. The

primary objective of these experiments is to analyze whether

energy consumption is a driver of economic growth or whether

the output level dictates the energy consumption level. (40)

published the first empirical researches to examine the causal link

992Q1-2011Q1 period in Croatia. Autoregressive Distributed

Lag (ARDL) and VECM approach have been applied to fulfill the

study's objectives. Results show that there is an inverted U-shape

relationship between CO emissions and long-term economic

growth that is EKC's validity. Granger causality based on the

VECM method shows bi-directional causality between short-term

between energy consumption and production. Using

multivariate regression model and evidence from the United

States for the period 1947-1974, they identified a unidirectional

causality varying from consumption (measured by GNP) to

energy usage, but not from energy consumption to output. This

innovative research deepened interest in investigating the

relationship between energy consumption and economic growth.

Subsequent studies by (4) and (85) in the United States, however,

showed no evidence of a particular causal link between both the

two determinants. (4) cast doubt on Kraft and Kraft's results

emissions and economic growth and uni-directional causality

emissions. The tests of

from economic growth to long-term CO

DOLS and FMOLS demonstrate the robustness of the long-term

results. Also, similar results are shown by Variance

decomposition and Impulse response.

(100) analyze empirically how to reduce carbon (CO )

emissions in Malaysia caused mainly by energy production, fossil

fuel use, population density, and economic growth. The research

adopted the autoregressive distributed lag-bound testing method

for analyzing data for the 1971–2011 period. The study found that

Malaysia's economic growth has a direct relationship with both

(1978) by questioning their findings ' reliance on the specimen

used. In the case of Japan for the period 1950 (85) found a definite

causal link between energy consumption and income, reinforcing

the opinion that the causality of Granger extends from energy to

income. It is noteworthy, however, that (72) reconfirmed the

unidirectional causality of GNP to the energy consumption

initially observed by (40).

short-term and long-term CO

consumption and CO emissions over the same timeframe have a

positive relationship. It has been found that population density has

positive effects on CO emissions. Contrary to that, the long-term

emissions. Likewise, fossil fuel

relationship between energy production and pollution activities is

negative.

(

6) studied the complex causal correlations in Saudi Arabia

among energy consumption, energy prices, and economic activity

based on a demand-side analysis. They use a multivariate

Johansen method to co-integration and integrate carbon emission

pollution as a controlling factor. The results show that there is at

least a long-term relationship between energy consumption,

energy prices economic growth and emissions of carbon dioxide

contrast, long-term unidirectional causality varies from energy

consumption to carbon emissions and economic growth,

bidirectional causality between emissions of carbon dioxide and

economic growth, and long-term unidirectional causality ranges

from energy prices to economic growth and carbon emissions. In

the short-run, causality varies from CO emissions to energy

usage and economic productivity and from energy prices to CO

emissions. Although the concept of energy-led growth is genuine,

the proportion of energy consumption is limited in describing

economic growth. In understanding economic growth, energy

prices are the most influential factor. Therefore, steps intended to

(97) looked at the effect of technology, and economic growth

on CO emissions from 1990 to 2016 for 18 developed and

developing countries. The study used panel methodology capable

of handling cross-sectional dependency effects: panel cross-

sectional augmented Dickey-Fuller (CADF) unit root to assess the

order of integration, Westerlund co-integration testing verified

the co-integration of variables. In order to estimate the long-run

relationship, we used panel fully modified ordinary least square

(

FMOLS) and panel dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS). The

results show that, at all panel levels, energy consumption

increases CO emissions. Innovation, however, lowers G6 CO

emissions while rising emission levels in the MENA and the

BRICS countries. The theory of the environmental Kuznets curve

(

EKC) is valid for the BRICS. The hypothesis of pollution haven

PHH) and the impact of pollution halo was confirmed at various

panel scales.

The relationship between economic growth and CO

reduce energy usage and minimizing CO emissions may not

emissions in Azerbaijan is being examined by (105). The analysis

of cointegration is carried out during the period 1992-2013.

Johansen, ARDL, DOLS, FMOLS, and CCR approaches are used

to investigate cointegration and estimate long-run coefficients in

order to obtain more reliable results the study use cubic, quadratic

and linear specifications and conclude that the last one is an

dramatically reduce economic growth in Saudi Arabia. Investing

in the use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind

energy is an immediate need to monitor the use of fossil fuel and

emissions.

(60) studied the role of energy in economic growth from a

regional point of view by estimating the total trans-log

mechanism of output with human and physical resources and the

use of competitive energy as factors of production within the

context of growth. For the entire sample and the following related

nation classes, the strength of the correlation between energy and

development is analyzed: OECD, BRIC, NAFTA, East Asian,

Eastern European, and EU15 nations. Results obtained show that

the measured energy consumption elasticity is positive for all

nation classes. BRIC countries have higher elasticity, about 0.37,

appropriate reflection of the effect on CO

emissions in

Azerbaijan from economic growth. The results of the different

methods of cointegration are consistent and show that economic

growth has a positive and statistically significant impact on

emissions in the long run, which means that the hypothesis of the

EKC does not hold for Azerbaijan. The income elasticity of CO

emissions was found to be between 0.7% and 0.8% using different

methods. Also, the study finds that in less than one year, any

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 323-335

and EU15 have lower elasticity, about 0.12. Poor conservation

relationships between power and capital are found for all nations,

except BRIC and Eastern European countries.

only has a positive effect on long-run carbon dioxide emissions

per capita. International trade Granger causes per capita emissions

of CO and per capita production of non-renewable electricity.

(

80) Investigated the causality relationships between

However, the results show the presence of the long-term

unidirectional causality of Granger, ranging from per capita

output to per capita renewable electricity production, and from

per capita non-renewable electricity production to per capita

renewable electricity production. The findings show that the

production of renewable electricity is a crucial solution over time

to reduce pollutant emissions.

(94) Analyze the relationship between emissions, economic

growth, and hydropower consumption over the period 1961–2013

in the various business cycle regimes of G7 countries. The

research used methods of Markov Switching-Vector

Autoregressive (MS-VAR) and MS-Granger Causality as

traditional methods investigate causality by assuming the same

degree for all periods. Such methods allow evaluating the

relationship and casual dynamics between variables in various

regimes, unlike traditional methods. The results of causality

obtained for different regimes helped to propose policy

recommendations for each regime individually. Based on the

results of the study, it was found that there is a bidirectional

causality between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth

in the crisis regime and the high growth regime, whereas

emissions of carbon dioxide are Granger causes of economic

growth in all regimes in general. The study found evidence that

economic growth, use of biomass energy, jobs, and resources in

the United States between 1961 and 2011. Use of the ARDL

boundary evaluation approach to cointegration to approximate

long-term and short-term relationships between variables. Long-

term and short-term estimates suggest the U.S. use of renewable

energy has positive effects on economic growth. However, the

Granger causality results show that unidirectional causality from

the use of renewable resources to actual GDP follows the growth

hypothesis.

By using the full decomposition methodology pioneered

by (69) established the driving forces for CO

energy consumption. The review of decomposition focuses on the

four CO emission factors: The influence of carbon intensity,

pollution related to

energy output, societal impact, and economic activity. The

research includes all of the Greek economy's primary competitive

industries. The research spans the 2003–2013 period and is split

into two sub-periods (2003–2008 and 2008–2013) to assess

improvements in the impact of the variables analyzed during the

economic crisis (2008–2013). The research was expanded to

analyze the associated decoupling between Greece's economic

growth and carbon emissions using the decoupling index.

Moreau and (57) examined the degree to which decoupling

can be linked to each of these three causes and in particular, to

systemic consequences, namely deindustrialization and

tertiarisation, which transfers energy consumption abroad and re-

imports it into goods as embodied energy. We calculate the

consequences of structural changes, economic growth, and

initiatives for energy consumption as well as energy expressed in

trade at the degree of economic activities. The analytical approach

incorporates the study of decomposition and input-output to

tackle boundary situations where nominal trade surpluses exceed

deficits in energy trading. With the additional challenge of low

data quality per economic activity over time, Switzerland offers

an acceptable example.

the

consumption

hydropower

resources

granger causes economic growth in general, while in some G7

countries, there is a bidirectional causality. Moreover, the results

of these models indicate that carbon dioxide emissions are

Granger causes of hydropower consumption in the first, second,

and third regimes, and hydropower consumption is Granger

causes carbon dioxide emissions in some G7 countries.

(96) Analyses the long-term and causal relationship for the

period 1960–2013 between CO

emissions, militarization,

economic growth, and energy consumption in the USA. A short-

run and long-run relationship between variables with a positive

and statistically significant correlation between CO emissions

Our results showed that in economic activities, the share

of embodied energy in imports exceeded 81% of final energy

consumption. A study of energy intensities in exchange without

and with embodied energy reveals that decoupling is much more

artificial than actual. Moving energy-intensive operations abroad

boosts domestic output but, by focusing on more implicit energy

consumption, increases overall energy consumption safety.

Therefore, energy metrics should be modified in order to avoid

possible overlapping policy goals between energy production and

safety and trade.

and militarization was found using the bound test approach to

cointegration. MWALD and Rao's F tests have been applied to

establish the causal link. The proof of a unidirectional causality

ranging from militarization to CO emissions, from energy

consumption to CO emissions, and from militarization to energy

consumption has been identified without feedback according to

Rao's F Tests. However, the results determined that the forecast

error accounted for 26 percent of the forecast-error difference in

CO2 emissions.

(111) examine the effect of hydropower use on China's

(

96) Use the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) testing

approach to cointegration to investigate the dynamic causal

relationships between per capita CO emissions, real GDP per

economic growth and CO emissions from 1965 to 2016

empirically. Using the ARDL bounds cointegration testing

method, this study confirms the presence of a long-run

relationship between variables. Also, the consumption of

hydropower energy has a positive impact on economic growth,

capita, non-renewable electricity production per capita and

renewable electricity production per capita, and international

trade in Italy from 1960 to 2011. In the presence of potential

structural breaks, the study finds cointegration among these

variables and overcomes the issue of multicollinearity in research

design. The concept of the Kuznets Environmental Curve (EKC)

is tested analytically as the projected emissions model shows that

over time, economic growth results in less pollution. Renewable

electricity output per capita lowers both short-run and long-run

while CO

emissions have a negative long-term impact on

emissions,

economic growth. Economic growth and CO

however, have a positive impact on the use of hydropower. The

research also failed to support the hypothesis of the environmental

Kuznets curve (EKC) for China. The Granger causality analysis

shows a unidirectional causality from the use of hydropower to

economic growth. In contrast, hydropower consumption,

rates of CO

emissions per capita, whereas international trade

economic growth, and long-term CO

emissions have

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 323-335

bidirectional causality.

as energy consumption in China increases. The empirical results

of the United States, however, are precisely the opposite. The

findings of the CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests showed that all

coefficients are stable in both short-and long-run models.

Begum, (91) use econometric methods for Malaysia to

examine the dynamic impacts of GDP growth, energy

(109) uses the nonlinear ARDL model to examine the nexus

asymmetries between energy use, pollution emissions, and real

output in South Africa. The results of the estimated nonlinear

ARDL model show that there are asymmetries in the relationships

between energy consumption, CO emissions, and real output in

South Africa, both in the short and long run; the impact of positive

shocks is different from that of adverse shocks. Real production

is only influenced by negative energy shocks when analyzing the

effect of energy use on the real output level, and this also relates

to the effects of pollution emissions on real output. About the

impact of energy use on pollution emissions, the findings show

consumption and population growth on CO emissions. Empirical

results from the ARDL bounds testing method indicate that CO

emissions per capita decreased with increasing GDP per capita

(economic growth) over the period 1970–1980; however, CO

emissions per capita increased sharply from 1980 to 2009 with a

further rise in GDP per capita. The Sasabuchi also confirms this–

Lind–Mehlum U (SLM U test) and the dynamic ordinary least

squared (DOLS) tests. Consequently, during the study period, the

EKC hypothesis is not valid in Malaysia. The findings also show

that both per capita energy consumption and per capita GDP have

long-term positive effects with carbon emissions per capita, but

that CO emissions are only influenced by adverse energy shocks

in the long run, while both negative and positive energy shocks

affect pollution emissions in the short run. As for the effect of real

output on emissions from pollution, the results suggest that real

output does not impact CO

run, and this applies to both positive and negative performance

shocks. However, the results show that CO emissions do not

emissions in both the short and long

the rate of population growth has no significant impact on CO

emissions per capita. The study suggests, however, that long-term

economic growth may hurt Malaysia's CO emissions. Significant

impact energy use in the long run; this applies to both positive and

negative shocks. Nevertheless, both positive and negative shocks

of pollution emissions in the short run have an impact on energy

transition of low-carbon technologies such as renewable energy

and energy efficiency could, therefore, lead to reducing emissions

and maintaining long-term economic growth.

use, but positive CO emission shocks have a more significant

impact on energy use than adverse shocks. Similarly, the results

indicate that on the impact of output on energy use, output does

not affect energy use in the long run, and in the short run, only

adverse real output shocks affect energy use.

3.2 Pollutant Emissions and Economic Growth

The second work section focuses on exploring the complex

impacts of economic growth, including emissions from waste.

Most of the experiments from this study branch seek to check the

Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) reliability. The EKC theory

originated in the early 1990s with a route-breaking report by (29)

on possible NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

effects. The EKC argues that even an inverse U-shape curve

reassembles the relationship between economic growth and

environmental degradation. This means that the rate of emissions

decreases when the nation progresses but starts to decrease once

the income rises to an inversion point. If the EKC theory were

valid, then economic growth will be a cause of environmental

change rather than a challenge to the environment. The literature

of the EKC is rich in studies examining linear and quadratic and

cubic associations between pollutant emissions and per capita

income.

Likewise, the findings in this field of research are also in-

consistence in the researches between power and production.

Many simple EKC research views environmental damage as

factor-dependent and revenue as an independent. The

fundamental difference between these simple EKC models was

the selection of various pollutants, periods and nations. For

reference, Grossman and Krueger (1992) used the GEMS dataset

(103) investigate the causal relationship between energy

consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, trade

openness, and urbanization for the 1992-2010 panel of new EU

members and candidate countries. This relationship is tested using

panel unit root tests, panel cointegration techniques, and panel

causality checks. The key findings provide evidence to support

the theory of the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Therefore, for

the sampled countries, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship

between environment and income The findings also show that a

short-term unidirectional panel exists, ranging from energy

consumption, trade openness and urbanization to carbon

emissions, from GDP to energy consumption, from GDP, energy

consumption and urbanization to trade openness, from

urbanization to GDP. As for the long-run causal relationship, the

results indicate that approximate coefficients of lagged error

correction time in carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption,

GDP, and trade openness equations are statistically significant,

suggesting that these four variables may play an essential role in

the adjustment process as the model departs from the long-run

equilibrium.

(

104)analyze and compare the connection between Chinese

and US energy consumption, air pollution, and economic growth.

These countries are the world's dominant economies, and the

study analyses how energy consumption and air pollution change

as the economy grows. The study used research data from 1970

to 2014, due to the availability of data from both countries, the

period was determined. To investigate the relationship of long-

run equilibrium, the ARDL bound test was performed. Unit root

results indicated that all variables of order one are combined. The

F-statistics values surpassed the upper bound value in the case of

the ARDL bound test which means they were statistically

significant. The results of the estimate substantiated the positive

energy consumption coefficient at the rate of 1 percent

significance in China, indicating that air pollution may increase

to estimate EKC for SO

CO2 turning points were around $4,000–5,000. Selden and Song

(1994) calculated EKCs for four pollution series: SO (Sulfur

Dioxide), NO (Nitric Oxide), SPM (Suspended Particulate

Matter), and CO (Carbon Monoxide) using longitudinal data from

developing nations. The approximate touchstones in this analysis

were fairly high compared with the Grossman and Krueger

(Sulfur Dioxide). It was noticed that

(1992). The watershed moment was $10,391 for SO ; $13,383 for

NO ; $12,275 for SPM; and $7,114 for CO

Generally speaking, this study showed that pollution switching

points are likely to be higher than for atmospheric concentrations

(2) check-in sections of nations for the Granger causality among

income and carbon emission using panel data. Their findings

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 323-335

suggest that causality varies from income to pollution, or no

strong association occurs in developing nations, whereas

causality ranges from emissions to wealth in advanced nations.

Many EKC experiments also include external explanatory

variables for modeling underlying or similar influences such as ' '

political freedom '' (8) exchange (52).

United States. Nevertheless, (13) employed equilibrium bootstrap

to explore the causal nexus here between carbon dioxide factor

and Malaysia's economic growth between 1975 and 2013. Their

results showed a one-way causality from energy consumption to

carbon dioxide both in the bi-variate model and the multivariate

system.

Although many experiments are examining the presence

of EKC, the evidence suggests that there is no mutual agreement

to accept the existence of a U-shaped curve. Nonetheless, it is

Likewise, (16) analysed the causal structure and

equilibrium relationship between Jordan's financial creation,

energy consumption, and economic growth. During the time

1976-2010, he used ARDL methods. His result suggested that

there was a lengthy-term linkage between economic growth and

its predictor. He has observed a two-way causal relationship

worth noting that local pollutants (e.g., SO ) are much more likely

to show an inverted U-shaped wealth association than common

pollutants such as carbon dioxide. Such research is also consistent

with the principle of environmental economics because local

effects are internalized within a particular society or country and

are likely to result in environmental policies to address emissions

externalities before such policies are extended to internationally

externalized problems (4).

between CO pollution and economic growth and one-way

causality spanning from energy consumption to economic growth

and foreign direct investment to economic growth. In Malaysia,

(109) are also investigating the effect of urbanization on energy

consumption during the period 1970Q1-2011Q4. Their study

documented the presence of a long-run relationship between the

parameters. Capitalization, Urbanization, economic growth, and

trade openness have positive significance control on energy used.

The analysis of the causality showed a one-way causal linkage

running to energy used from urbanization.

.3 Renewable Energy Consumption, Pollutants, and Economic

Growth

The fifth most recent research division integrates the

relationship between energy consumption and environmental

pollution economic growth into one system and analyses it using

modern econometric methods concurrently. The research

continues with the work of (3), who provided proof of an

asymmetric impact on the American economy with oil price

fluctuations. The finding indicates that price increases may be

associated with decreases in economic activity, but price falls do

not indicate a distinct correlation with the market. In contrast, (45)

addressed that a change in oil prices is likely to have a more

significant impact on economic growth in an atmosphere where

energy prices have been stable than in an area where motion in oil

prices has been volatile and constant. They employed GARCH (1,

Furthermore, (75) employed ARDL, VECM, and Rolling

Window techniques to analyse the linkages among renewable

energy used and economic growth in Pakistan. They applied the

time series of quarterly data for the period of 1972Q1-2011Q4.

Their empirical results found that all variables are co-integrated

and revealed the long-term correlation between the variables.

Renewable energy, capital, and labor are also driving economic

growth. The causality of Granger showed the influence of

feedback between economic growth and renewable energy. (109)

analysed the relationship between energy consumption, economic

growth, CO2 pollution and financial progress using Portege's

annual data from 1971 to 2011. The outcome of co-integration

showed a significant positive correlation between CO2 pollution

and economic growth as well as adverse effects between financial

stability and economic growth. Granger causality test shows

bidirectional causality between heat consumption and CO2

production, and there is unidirectional causality from economic

growth to energy usage.

(21) examined the relationship between China's economic

development, urbanization, and energy usage. They find that both

urbanization and economic growth have a positive effect on

energy consumption growth, rapid economic growth, and

urbanization. Moreover, for the period 1991-2012, (93) analysed

the effects of renewable energy use and economic growth in 38

countries. The board introduces co-integration and causality. We

confirmed the existence of long-term co-integration between the

variables. The consequence of the causality of Granger

demonstrated unidirectional causality from the use of renewable

energy to economic growth. While in 1980-2008, (12) studied the

impact of carbon dioxide, energy consumption and pollution on

ASEAN-5 economic growth. We also introduced a new smooth

transition regression method board technique. We observed that

either the first or the second regime's energy consumption

) and 1949:3 to 1992:3 test duration and observed that positive

uniform shocks have a significant impact on economic growth,

but harmful standardized shocks are not.

Interestingly, however, in 24 Countries in Africa, (12)

explored the nexus between economic growth and energy used.

They implemented the methods of Panel ARDL between 1982

and 2011. They reported that the parameters are co-integrated and

also have long-term relationships. Energy consumption impacts

economic growth substantially, but CO emissions have a

significant influence on economic growth. The Granger causality

analysis showed that perhaps the causal link between CO

production and economic growth is bidirectional, whereas the

unidirectional correlation extends from economic growth to

energy usage. Co-integration and Granger causality methodology

applied by (7) to investigate the correlation between economic

growth and energy consumption in ASEAN-5 nations viz;

Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, and Singapore. They

employed a time series covering the 1980-2012 era. The empirical

findings showed two associations of co-integration between

factors in Thailand and the other in the countries involved.

(98) used bootstrap sliding window causality approaches to

analyze the connection between economic growth and the use of

nuclear energy (NEC) in G-6 nations. His experimental results

showed no causality among NEC and economic growth in all

nations, but a two-way causal link between NEC and economic

growth was observed in Germany. He also stated that nuclear

energy use is more effective than Japan, Germany, and the United

Kingdom in terms of economic growth in Canada, France, and the

contributed to higher CO emissions. The first regime raises the

loss of the climate in economic growth while the other policy

reversed the trend.

Also, for the period 1990- (3) analysed the nexus relationship

between carbon emissions, energy consumption and economic

growth in 58 countries. They find that GDP per person and energy

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 323-335

consumption in all countries has a positive effect on coal. While

climate change and other effects more severe than other

environmental issues, the effect of economic growth on the

climate has gained increased attention. (41) have studied the

association in Vietnam from 1971-2011 between financial

progress, capital stock, energy consumption, and economic

growth. Our results showed that economic growth has positive

effects on financial development, capital stock, and energy

consumption. We also found a causality unidirectional to

economic growth from energy consumption.

bidirectional causality between the use of renewable energy and

economic growth, and between the use of non-renewable energy

and economic growth. Their results provided evidence of a two-

way (bidirectional) causal relationship in both the short and long-

term use of renewable and non-renewable energy, which

illustrates the replicability and interdependence between these

two energy sources. Also, (77) investigated the relationship

between renewable energy use and economic growth in 9 Black

Sea and Balkan countries as part of the traditional output

mechanism for 1990–2012. To this end, we use co-integration

panel (62) co-integration approximation approaches (63) and

various panel causality inference techniques (14). Their study

found that the long-term equilibrium between the use of

renewable energy and economic growth and the export of

renewable energy has a positive effect on economic growth. The

findings of the different causality panel support development

hypotheses in Bulgaria, Serbia, Macedonia, Russia, and Ukraine;

input hypothesis in Albania, Georgia, and Romania; neutrality

hypothesis in Turkey and results support feedback hypothesis

based on the panel data set including all nine states. The results

suggested that renewable energy use has a significant impact on

economic growth in the Balkan and Black Sea nations.

(59) have explored whether the effect of renewable energy has

stabilized the nation's economic growth prospects. To achieve

this, data from the 1971Q1 to the 2013QIV quarterly time series

were used. The study used the detrended systemic break

experiment Clemente Montanes-Reyes, the co-integration test,

together with the Bayer-Hanck test and the ARDL secondary

analysis approach to co-integration. Therefore, the study of

causality was performed using the causality model of VECM

Granger. The findings verified the co-integration of the variables.

The results revealed that renewable energy use in Germany

consolidates the economic growth opportunities of the country to

the point that a 1% rise in the consumption of renewable energy

improves German economic growth by 0.2194%. Therefore, an

increase of 1% in capital leads to an increase in the economic

growth of 1,1320%, while an increase in the economic growth of

0.5125 percent was due to an increase in labor productivity of 1

percent.

On the other hand, the causality analysis revealed that there

was a feedback effect between the use of renewable energy and

economic growth. While there is a bidirectional correlation

between renewable energy use and resources, the same

connection has been made between capital and economic growth.

Their research suggested clear strategies to help prevent, among

others, the collapse of the renewable energy industry locally and

internationally. (23) also used panel data from 210 countries

between 1960 and 2014 to examine the relationship between

economic growth, electricity consumption, oil prices, total fixed

capital investment, and population. Together, they used oil and

electricity prices to test the highly predictive economic growth

observer. Besides, the data are divided into employment, OECD,

regional level, level of renewable energy use, and oil

exports/import nations. Pedroni system co-integration,

completely updated OLS, and panel vector error correction test

was used to evaluate the co-integration, short-term and long-term

relationship among variables. The full panel results demonstrate

a two-way relationship between electricity consumption and

GDP, oil and GDP costs, fixed capital development, population,

and GDP. Furthermore, the findings indicated that countries using

non-renewable sources to generate electricity, such as coal and

(88) analysed the complex interconnectedness in the energy

output nexus by extending panel vector auto-regression (PVAR)

and impulse response mechanism analyses to data on energy

consumption (and its sub-components), greenhouse gas emissions

and real GDP in 106 countries categorized by different income

classes over the period 1971-2011. Our results show that the

impacts of different types of energy usage on economic growth

and pollution are heterogeneous for different groups of nations.

In contrast, the causality between total economic growth and

energy consumption is bidirectional, giving rise to the theory of

feedback. Finally, they find, however, in examining the argument

for an inverted U-shaped EKC, that the current development cycle

aggravates the trend of greenhouse gas emissions. We cannot

provide proof in this respect that developed nations can probably

grow out of pollution.

The study of (9) explored the ties between the use of renewable

energy, international trade, oil prices, and economic growth. This

seeks to analyse these complex relationships using the boundary

check approach to co-integration and the Tunisian ARDL

technique for the period 1980-2011. Our results showed a

bidirectional interaction in the short run between the use of

renewable energy and international trade. Indeed, a rise in oil

prices would lead to an increase in the use of renewable energy.

In contrast, a unidirectional correlation between the use of

renewable energy and the oil price is shown in the short run.

In contrast, (61) implemented the embodied (direct plus

indirect) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from 2000 to 2013 to

gain Macao's decoupling markers. The results showed that

Macau's economy had undergone four decoupling stages, with a

distinct trend towards substantial decoupling. Some discrepancies

can be seen when comparing TEGE's decoupling metrics in terms

of formal accounting with that of direct accounting. To respect to

total energy consumption (TEC), the TEC of Macau has

decoupled from its economic growth. Nevertheless, the energy-

related emissions of GHG are strongly linked to TEC. Based on

the decoupling performance, energy-saving and pollution

management initiatives can be established for Macao. This

dissertation is the first analysis of Macau's degree of decoupling.

Likewise, by disaggregating energy use into two types of

energy usage, renewable and non-renewable power, Kahia, (102)

explored the energy use of economic growth nexus. Our analysis

is made up of 11 MENA Net Oil Importing Countries (NICs) from

980 to 2012. They used a multivariate panel model to

approximate the long-term relationship, and the Granger panel

was used to determine the course of causality between variables.

Their results showed the long-term equilibrium of real gross

domestic product (GDP), the use of renewable energy, the use of

non-renewable energy, real gross fixed assets, and the labor force.

The findings also provide evidence that elasticities are optimistic

and statistically significant. In contrast, the results of the Error

Correction Analysis committee confirmed the existence of

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 323-335

oil, had a negative relationship with economic growth in the

electricity usage of these nations. Also, the results differ by level

of income, OECD and national use of renewable energy.

emissions, and economic growth: The case of Saudi Arabia. Renewable and

sustainableenergy reviews, 41, 237-247.

Ang, BW (2006). Monitoring changes in economy-wide energy efficiency:

From energy-GDP ratio to composite efficiency index. Energy Policy, 34 (5),

pp. 574-82.

Ang,J.B.(2008).Whatarethemechanismslinkingfinancialdevelopmentand

economicgrowthin Malaysia?EconomicModelling, 25(1), 38-53.

Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2010). Renewable energy consumption and

economic growth: evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy Policy,

Conclusion

Although the course or frequency is not explicit, it can be

inferred based on published research that substantial evidence

supports the theory of bidirectional or unidirectional causality

between economic growth and energy consumption, particularly

renewable energy use. As many experiments exploring the

causality between the two factors provided contradictory

findings, data on the pollution and economic growth nexus are

usually inconclusive. Causality orientation has significant policy

consequences as understanding the course of causality has direct

implications in influencing the energy conservation and subsidy

system of government policies. Given that there is unidirectional

causality extending from economic growth to energy

consumption, energy efficiency policies should have almost no or

adverse effects on a nation's economic growth. Those results can

then be used by politicians to reduce the tax burden and stimulate

savings or enhance government spending. On the other hand, if

unidirectional causality occurs from energy consumption to

economic growth, the government should use extra resources to

subsidize energy prices and ensure long-term, sustainable sources

of energy for its economy. In a given scenario, reducing energy

usage may lead to a fall in employment and income, for example,

by taking domestic energy costs into line with market prices.

8(1), 656-660.

0 Appiah, M. O. (2018). Investigating the multivariate Granger causality

betweenenergyconsumption, economicgrowthandCO emissionsin Ghana.

Energy Policy, 112, 198-208.

Aslan, A. (2016). The causal relationship between biomass energy use and

economic growth in the United States. Renewable and Sustainable Energy

Reviews, 57, 362-366.

12 Asongu, S., El Montasser, G., & Toumi, H. (2016). Testing the relationships

between energy consumption, CO emissions, and economic growth in 24

African countries: a panel ARDL approach. Environmental Science and

PollutionResearch, 23(7), 6563-6573.

Bekun, F. V., Emir, F., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Another look at the

relationship between energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, and

economicgrowthinSouthAfrica.ScienceoftheTotalEnvironment,655,759-

765.

14 Bekun, F. V., Emir, F., &Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Another look at the

relationship between energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, and

economicgrowthinSouthAfrica.ScienceoftheTotalEnvironment,655,759-

765.

BoqiangLinMohamed Moubarakc (2014). Renewableenergy consumption–

EconomicgrowthnexusforChina; Elsevier;40, 11-117

6 Borhan, H., Ahmed, E. M., &Hitam, M. (2018). CO , quality of life, and

economicgrowth inASEAN8. JournalofAsianBehavioral Studies, 3(6), 55-

63.

17 Breitung J (2005) A parametric approach to the estimation of cointegration

vectorsinpaneldata. Econ Rev24(2):151–173

Ethical issue

Authors are aware of, and comply with, best practice in

publication ethics specifically with regard to authorship

Breusch, T. S., and Pagan, A. R. (1980) The Lagrange multiplier test and its

applications to model specification in econometrics, Review of Economic

Studies, 47, 239–53.

Chang Y (2002) Nonlinear IV unit root tests in panels with cross-sectional

dependence. JEcon110(2):261–292

Chen, S. W., Xie, Z., & Liao, Y. (2018). Energy consumption promotes

economic growth, or economic growth causes energy use in China? A panel

dataanalysis. EmpiricalEconomics, 55(3), 1019-1043.

(avoidance of guest authorship), dual submission, manipulation

of figures, competing interests and compliance with policies on

research ethics. Authors adhere to publication requirements that

submitted work is original and has not been published elsewhere

in any language.

Competing interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that

would prejudice the impartiality of this scientific work.

1 Chen, Y., Wang, Z., & Zhong, Z. (2019). CO emissions, economic growth,

renewable and non-renewable energy production and foreign trade in China.

Renewable energy, 131, 208-216.

Chen, Y., Zhao, J., Lai, Z., Wang, Z., & Xia, H. (2019). Exploring the effects

of economic growth, and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption

on China’s CO emissions: Evidence from a regional panel analysis.

Authors’ contribution

All authors of this study have a complete contribution for data

collection, data analyses and manuscript writing.

Renewable energy, 140, 341-353.

Chontanawat, J, Hunt, LC & Pierse, R 2008. Doesenergy consumption cause

economic growth? Evidence from a systematic study of over 100 countries.

JournalofPolicyModeling, vol. 30, (2), 209-20.

References

W.-K. [1]Acheampong, A. O. (2018). Economicgrowth, CO

emissions, and

24 Dong, K., Hochman, G., Zhang, Y., Sun, R., Li, H., & Liao, H. (2018). CO₂

emissions, economicandpopulationgrowth, andrenewableenergy:Empirical

evidence acrossregions. EnergyEconomics, 75, 180-192.

25 Emir,F.,&Bekun,F.V.(2019).Energyintensity,carbonemissions,renewable

energy, and economic growth nexus: new insights from Romania. Energy &

Environment, 30(3), 427-443.

26 K.H., Ghali, El-Sakka, M.I.T. (2004) “Energy use and output growth in

Canada: A multivariate cointegration analysis”, Energy Economics, 26, 225–

238.

energy consumption: What causes what and where? Energy Economics, 74,

77-692.

Adams, S., Klobodu, E. K. M., &Apio, A. (2018). Renewable and non-

renewable energy, regime type, and economic growth. Renewable Energy,

125, 755-767.

Adams, S., Klobodu, E. K. M., & Opoku, E. E. O. (2016). Energy

consumption, political regime, and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa.

Energy Policy, 96, 36-44.

Akarca,A.T.,andLong,T. V. (1980).Ontherelationshipbetweenenergyand

GNP: Areexamination. JournalofEnergyand Development, 5:326–331

Ali, H. S., Law, S. H., Yusop, Z., & Chin, L. (2017). Dynamic implication of

biomass energy consumption on economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa:

evidence frompaneldata analysis. GeoJournal, 82(3), 493-502.

27 Granger, C. W (1969) Investigating causal relations by econometric models

and cross-spectral methods. Econometrics. Journal of Economics, 37(3):424–

438

28 Groen JJJ, Kleibergen F (2003) Likelihood-based co-integration analysis in

panelsofvectorerrorcorrection models. JBusEcon Stat 21(2):295–318

29 Grossman, G. & Krueger, A. B. (1992). Environmental impacts of a North

Alshehry, A. S., &Belloumi, M. (2015). Energy consumption, carbon dioxide

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 323-335

American FreeTrade Agreement. C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, (644).

Hadri, K., (2000). Testing for stationarity in heterogeneous panel data.

Econometric Journal 3, 148–161.

Hall, C. A. (2017). 11 Energy, economic growth & sustainability: an energy

primer for the twenty-first century. Handbook on Growth and Sustainability,

56 Moon, H. R. &Perron,B. (2004)Testingforaunitrootinpanelswithdynamic

factors, JournalofEconometrics, 122, 81–126.

57 Moreau,V.,&Vuille,F.(2018).Decouplingenergyuseandeconomicgrowth:

Counter evidence from structural effects and embodied energy in trade.

Applied Energy, 215, 54-62.

32.

58 Narayan, P 2005. The saving and investment nexus for China: evidence from

cointegration tests. AppliedEconomics, 37, (17), 1979-90.

59 Ozcan, B., & Ozturk, I. (2019). Renewable energy consumption-economic

growth nexus in emerging countries: A bootstrap panel causality test.

Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews, 104, 30-37.

60 Pablo-Romero, M. D. P., & Sánchez-Braza, A. (2015). Productive energy use

and economic growth: Energy, physical and human capital relationships.

EnergyEconomics, 49, 420-429.

Harris, R.D.F. and E. Tzavalis, (1999) Inference for unit roots in dynamic

panels where the time dimension is fixed, Journal of Econometrics 91, 201-

226.

IEA (20017). World Energy Outlook.International Energy Agency. Paris,

France

IEA (2012). Energy Policies of IEA Countries Denmark 2011 Review. IEA

Publications, Paris, Franc

Im, K.S., Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y., (2003) Testing for unit roots in

heterogeneouspanels. JournalofEconometrics115 (3), 53–74.

6 Islam, N., (1995) Growth empirics: a panel data approach. The Quarterly

JournalofEconomics, 120 (1), 1127-1170.

61 Pao, H. T., & Chen, C. C. (2019). Decoupling strategies: CO emissions,

energy resources, and economic growth in the Group of Twenty. Journal of

cleanerproduction, 206, 907-919.

62 Pedroni, P., (1999) Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous

panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics

61, 653–670.

Johansen, S., (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of

Economic Dynamicsand Control12, 231–254.

Kander, A., Malanima, P., and Warde, P. (2013). Power to People: Energy in

Europe OvertheLast FiveCenturies. Unpublished

Kedrosky, P. (2011). Cars vs cell phone embodied energy. Online, Available

63 Pedroni,P.,(2004)Panelcointegration:asymptoticandfinitesampleproperties

of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis: new

results. Econometric Theory 20, 597–627.

64 Pesaran MH (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-

sectiondependence. J Appl Econ22(2):265–312

at:

http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-15/cars-vs-cell-phone-

embodiedenergy.html, [Accessed December-2018].

Kraft, J. and Kraft, A. (1978). On the relationship between energy and GNP.

JournalofEnergy and Development, (3):401– 403

65 Pesaran MH, Shin Y, Smith RJ. (1999) Bound testing approaches to the

analysisoflevel relationship. JAppl Econom 16(3):289-326.

66 Pesaran, M. H. (2004) General diagnostic test for cross section dependence in

panels, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 0435, Faculty of

Economics, UniversityofCambridge.

Larsson,R.,Lyhagen,J.,Löthgren,M.,(2001).Likelihood-basedcointegration

testsin heterogeneouspanels. Econometrics Journal4, 109–142

2 Lean, H. H., Mishra, V., & Smyth, R. (2015). The relevance of heteroskedas-

ticityandstructuralbreakswhentestingforarandomwalkwithhigh-frequency

financial data: Evidence fromASEANstock markets. The Handbookof High

Frequency Trading, 59-73.

67 Rasoulinezhad, E., &Saboori, B. (2018). Panel estimation for renewable and

non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, CO emissions, the

composite trade intensity, and financial openness of the commonwealth of

independent states. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(18),

17354-17370.

Lee, CC &Chien, MS 2010.Dynamic modelling of energy consumption,

capital stock, and real income in G-7 countries. Energy Economics, 32, (3),

6481.

68 Rodrik, D., Subramanian, A. and Trebbi, F. (2004) “Institutions Rule: The

Primacy of Institutions Over Geography and Integration in Economic

Development, JournalofEconomic Growth, 9, 131-65.

69 Roinioti, A., &Koroneos, C. (2017). The decomposition of CO2 emissions

from energy use in Greece before and during the economic crisis and their

decoupling from economic growth. Renewable and Sustainable Energy

Reviews, 76, 448-459.

70 Romer, P.M. (1986) “Increasing returns and long-run growth”, Journal of

Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037.

71 Romer,P.M.(1990)“EndogenousTechnologicalChange”,JournalofPolitical

Economy, 98 (5), 71-102.

72 Saidi, K., &Hammami, S. (2015). Energy consumption and economic growth

nexus: Empirical evidence from Tunisia. American Journal of Energy

Research, 2(4), 81–89

73 Salahuddin, M., Alam, K., Ozturk, I., &Sohag, K. (2018). The effects of

electricity consumption, economic growth, financial development and foreign

Lee,J.W.(2013).Thecontributionofforeigndirectinvestmenttocleanenergy

use, carbon emissionsandeconomicgrowth. Energy Policy, 55, 483-489.

Levin, A., Lin, C.F., Chu, C., (2002) Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic

and finite-sampleproperties. Journal ofEconometrics108, 1–24.

6 MaamarSebri and Ousama Ben-Salha (2014). On the causal dynamics

between economic growth, renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions

and trade openness: Fresh evidence fromBRICScountries. Elsevier; 39

MacKay, D. J. C. (2009). Sustainable energy–without the hot air.UIT,

Cambridge, England.

Maddala, G.S., Wu, S.A., (1999) Comparative study of unit root tests with

panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics

108, 1–24.

Mahadevan, R & Asafu-Adjaye, J 2007. Energy consumption, economic

growth and prices: A reassessment using panel VECM for developed and

developing countries. Energy Policy,35, (4), 2481-90.

N. G., Romer, D., Mankiw and Weil, D. N., (1992) National Bureau of

EconomicResearch, acontributionto the empiricsofeconomicgrowth.

Mardani, A., Streimikiene, D., Cavallaro, F., Loganathan, N., &Khoshnoudi,

M. (2019). Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and economic growth: A

systematic review of two decades of research from 1995 to 2017. Science of

the totalenvironment, 649, 31-49.

McCoskey S, Kao C (1998) A residual-based test of the null of cointegration

in panel data. EconRev 17(1):57–84

McNulty, S., Weiner, S.,Myers, J. M., Farahani, H., Fouladbash, L., Marshall,

D., & Steele, R. F. (2015). Southeast regional climate hub assessment of

climate change vulnerability and adaptation and mitigation strategies.

AgricultureResearch Service, 2015, 1-61.

direct investment on CO emissions in Kuwait. Renewable and Sustainable

EnergyReviews, 81, 2002-2010.

74 Sbia, R., & Al Rousan, S. (2015). Does Financial Development Induce

Economic Growth in UAE? The Role of Foreign Direct Investment and

Capitalization. Workingpaper. University LibraryofMunich, Germany.

75 Shahbaz, M., Khan, S., & Tahir, M. I. (2013). The dynamic links between

energy consumption, economic growth, financial development and trade in

China: fresh evidence from multivariate framework analysis. Energy

economics, 40, 8-21.

76 Sharma, R., &Bardhan, S. (2016). Finance growthnexusacrossIndian states:

evidences frompanel cointegration and causality tests. Economic Change and

Restructuring, 1-20.

K &Wolde-Rufael, Y, Menyah (2010) ‘Energy consumption, pollutant

emissions and economic growth in South Africa’, Energy Economics 32 (2),

77 Smil,V.(2010). Energy transitions: history, requirements, prospects. Praeger

Publishers, SantaBarbara, California.

010.

Menyah, K., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). CO emissions, nuclear energy,

renewableenergyandeconomicgrowthintheUS.EnergyPolicy,38(6),2911-

915.

78 Song, C., Liu, Q., Gu, S., & Wang, Q. (2018). The impact of China's

urbanizationoneconomicgrowthandpollutantemissions: Anempirical study

basedoninput-outputanalysis. Journalofcleanerproduction, 198, 1289-1301.

79 Soytas, U., Sari, R., and Ewing, B. T. (2007). Energy consumption, income,

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 323-335

and carbon emissions in the United States.Ecological Economics, 62(34):482

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.130

–

489.

100 Hamid, A., Applanaidu, D. S., & Islam, R. (2018). Movement towards a low

Tugcu, C., Ozturk, I., & Aslan, A. (2012). Renewable and Non-Renewable

EnergyConsumptionandEconomicGrowthRelationshipRevisited:Evidence

fromG7 Countries. Energy Economics. 6 (2):202-221

carbon emitted environment: a test ofsome factorsin Malaysia. Environment,

Development

and

Sustainability,

20(3),

1085–1102.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-017-9927-7

1 United NationsPopulation Division (2014). World CountriesPopulation

2 Westerlund, J. and D. L. Edgerton (2008).A simple test for cointegration in

dependent panels with structural breaks. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and

Statistics70(5), 665–704.

101 Isik, C., Dogru, T., & Turk, E. S. (2018). A nexus of linear and non-linear

relationships between tourism demand, renewable energy consumption, and

economic growth: Theory and evidence. International Journal of Tourism

Research, 20(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2151

World Bank (2018) World Development indicators, World Bank,

Washington, DC. (YemaneWolde-Rufael, 2005). Energy demand and

economicgrowth: The Africanexperience. 27, (8), 891-903

Xie, R., Zhao, G., Zhu, B. Z., & Chevallier, J. (2018). Examining the factors

affecting air pollution emission growth in China. Environmental Modeling &

Assessment, 23(4), 389-400.

102 Kahia, M., Aïssa, M. S. Ben, & Lanouar, C. (2017). Renewable and non-

renewable energy use - economic growth nexus: The case of MENA Net Oil

Importing Countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71(June

2015), 127–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.010

103 Kasman, A., &Duman, Y. S. (2015). CO2 emissions, economic growth,

energyconsumption,tradeandurbanizationinnewEUmemberandcandidate

countries: A panel data analysis. Economic Modelling, 44, 97–103.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.10.022

Yu, E. and Hwang, B.-K. (1984). The relationship between energy and GNP.

furtherresults. Energy Economics, 6(3):186–190

Yu, E. S. H. and Jin, J. C. (1992). Co-integration testsofenergy consumption,

income, and employment. ResourcesandEnergy, 14(3), 259–266

7 Zafar, M. W., Shahbaz, M., Hou, F., & Sinha, A. (2019). Fromnonrenewable

torenewableenergyanditsimpactoneconomicgrowth:theroleofresearch&

development expenditures in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation countries.

Journalofcleanerproduction, 212, 1166-1178.

104 Koondhar, M. A., Qiu, L., Li, H., Liu, W., & He, G. (2018). Anexusbetween

air pollution, energy consumption and growth of economy: A comparative

study between the USA and China-based on the ARDL bound testing

approach. Agricultural Economics (Czech Republic), 64(6), 265–276.

https://doi.org/10.17221/101/2017-AGRICECON

105 Mikayilov,J.I.,Galeotti,M.,&Hasanov,F.J.(2018).TheImpactofEconomic

Growth on CO2 Emissions in Azerbaijan. Journal of Cleaner Production.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.269

106 Mirza, F. M., &Kanwal, A. (2017). Energy consumption, carbon emissions

andeconomicgrowthinPakistan:Dynamiccausalityanalysis.Renewableand

Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72(October 2016), 1233–1240.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.081

Acheampong, A. O. (2018). Economic growth, CO2 emissions and energy

consumption:Whatcauseswhatandwhere?EnergyEconomics,74,677–692.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.07.022

Ahmad, N., Du, L., Lu, J., Wang, J., Li, H. Z., & Hashmi, M. Z. (2017).

Modelling the CO2 emissions and economic growth in Croatia: Is there any

environmental

Kuznets

curve?

Energy,

123,

164–172.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.12.106

Alper, A., &Oguz, O. (2016). The role of renewable energy consumption in

economic growth: Evidence from asymmetric causality. Renewable and

107 Nasir, M. A., DucHuynh, T. L., &XuanTram, H. T. (2019). Roleoffinancial

development, economicgrowth &foreigndirectinvestmentindrivingclimate

change:AcaseofemergingASEAN. JournalofEnvironmentalManagement,

242 (January), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.112

108 Ndoricimpa, A. (2017). Analysis of asymmetries in the nexus among energy

use,pollutionemissionsandrealoutputinSouthAfrica.Energy,125,543–551.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.065

109 Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Zeshan, M., & Zaman, K. (2015). Does

renewable energy consumption add in economic growth? An application of

auto-regressive distributed lag model in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable

EnergyReviews, 44, 576–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.017

110 Ummalla, M., &Samal, A. (2018). The impact of hydropower energy

consumption on economic growth and CO 2 emissions in China.

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(35), 35725–35737.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3525-6

Sustainable

Energy

Reviews,

60,

953–959.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.123

Begum, R. A., Sohag, K., Abdullah, S. M. S., & Jaafar, M. (2015). CO2

emissions,energyconsumption,economicandpopulationgrowthinMalaysia.

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41, 594–601.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.205

Bekun, F. V., Alola, A. A., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Toward a sustainable

environment: Nexus between CO2 emissions, resource rent, renewable and

nonrenewable energy in 16-EU countries. Science of the Total Environment,

657, 1023–1029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.104

Bhattacharya, M., Awaworyi Churchill, S., &Paramati, S. R. (2017). The

dynamic impact of renewable energy and institutionson economic output and

CO 2 emissions across regions. Renewable Energy, 111, 157–167.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.03.102

Bildirici,M.E.(2017).Thecausallinkamongmilitarization,economicgrowth,

CO 2 emission, and energy consumption. Environmental Science and

Pollution Research, 24(5), 4625–4636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-

111 Zhu, H., Duan, L., Guo, Y., & Yu, K. (2016). The effects of FDI, economic

growthandenergyconsumptiononcarbonemissionsinASEAN-5ꢀ:Evidence

from panel quantile regression. Economic Modelling, 58, 237–248.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.05.003

8158-z

Bildirici, M. E., & Gökmenoğlu, S. M. (2017). Environmental pollution,

hydropower energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from G7

countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75(October), 68–85.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.052

Cerdeira Bento, J. P., &Moutinho, V. (2016). CO2 emissions, non-renewable

andrenewableelectricityproduction,economicgrowth,andinternationaltrade

in Italy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 142–155.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.151

Dauda, L., Long, X., Mensah, C. N., & Salman, M. (2019). The effects of

economic growth and innovation on CO 2 emissions in different regions.

Environmental Science and PollutionResearch, 26(5), 15028–15038.

8 Destek, M. A., & Aslan, A. (2017). Renewable and non-renewable energy

consumption and economic growth in emerging economies: Evidence from

bootstrap panel causality. Renewable Energy, 111, 757–763.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.05.008

Dogan, E. (2015). The relationship between economic growth and electricity

consumption from renewable and non-renewable sources: Astudy ofTurkey.

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 534–546.