Risk Assessment of Abrasive Blasting Environment in Pressure Vessel Fabrication Plants

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 455-470

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

Risk Assessment of Abrasive Blasting Environment

in Pressure Vessel Fabrication Plants

Md Nazrin Bin Muhamad, Roslina Mohammad*, Norazli Othman and Zuritah A.Kadir

Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur

Received: 20/09/2020

Accepted: 22/01/2020

Published: 20/02/2020

Abstract

Workers who are involved with abrasive blasting operations potentially have significant threats to their occupational safety and health

OSH) and environment from exposure to various types of occupational hazards and risks. For example, due to the abundant amount of dust

(

generated from abrasive blasting, workers are exposed to possibility of respiratory illness and the inhalation of airborne contaminants may

cause silicosis which often leads to fatality after a certain period of exposure. Concurrently, the control measures that currently exist in the

standard operating procedures (SOP) for abrasive blasting operations at pressure vessel fabrication plant companies located in the southern

region of Peninsular Malaysia are insufficient to remove or reduce the hazards and risks of OSH. In contrast, any possible harm during

abrasive blasting may result in workers potentially experiencing occupational injury or illness. The purpose of this study is to describe and

analyse the potential risk of abrasive blasting in pressure vessel fabrication plants. This comprehensive study was done using risk assessment

tools such as Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control (HIRARC). The study is designed to identify and analyse the potential

risks that result from recommendations that are properly followed with control measures ranging from elimination, substitution, engineering

controls, administrative control, to personal protective equipment (PPE). This would be beneficial in proposing improvements to SOP of

abrasive blasting operations that comply with Malaysian requirements, standards and regulations.

Keywords: Abrasive blasting, Control measures, HIRARC, Pressure vessel fabrication plant, Risk assessment, Health, Safety and

Environment

Introduction¹

contamination from dust and contribute to serious HSE hazards

1

as it may contain high levels of different toxic substances such as

crystalline silica, lead, cadmium, chromium, and other

compounds depending on the surfaces being blasted and type of

abrasive media used, as highlighted by Conroy et al. [6]. Earlier

studies show that crystalline silica causes respiratory illnesses and

the inhalation of airborne contaminants is a serious health

problem where approximately 2.2 million of United States

workers have the potential of developing silicosis when exposed

to silica dust contaminant. 100,000 of these workers are hired as

abrasive blasters as can be seen in review papers by several

authors [7,8,9]. The Malaysian regulations for permissible

exposure limit (PEL) of mineral dust [10], provide guidelines

where workers should not be exposed to mineral dust which

contains free silica less than 1 percent (weight), breathable dust at

concentrations of more than 5 milligrams per meter cube or total

dust for eight hours of working not exceeding 10 milligrams per

cubic meter.

These days, many organizations from various industries are

eager to improve their workplace occupational safety, health and

environment (HSE) policy to comply and meet with regulations

[

1,2,3]. Most organizations have realized and understood that the

implementation of a good HSE produce benefits in return such as

fewer cases of loss of personnel, productivity and material,

reduced instances of receiving fines or penalties from local

authorities, and enhanced company image and reputation. In

contrast, if the employer fails to address the risk assessment

properly, any existing and potential hazards cannot be identified

and evaluated at the workplace as well as harmful sources or

situations, illness or injury related to occupation, destruction to

property or impact to the environment when exposed to workers.

The process of fabricating the pressure vessel involves many

stages. It starts from receiving materials, forming and rolling, fit-

up and welding, blasting and painting, and packing and shipping

(Fig.1). It is the full responsibility of the employer to ensure that

Somehow, research regarding the exposure of crystalline

silica done by Radnoff et al. [11] at Alberta, Canada across 40

work sites in 13 different types of industries has shown that the

highest potential for exposure above PEL occurred in sand and

mineral processing, followed by construction, aggregate mining

and crushing, abrasive blasting, and demolition. A death case

the HSE policy of their employee protects against hazards and to

enable acts based on regulations and industrial codes of practice

to be implemented [4,5].

Abrasive blasting operations are a common method for

surface preparations that can generate high levels of airborne

Corresponding author: Roslina Mohammad, Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100, Jalan

Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur. Email: mroslina.kl@utm.my.

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 455-470

related to crystalline silica involved a 55 year old worker who

worked in abrasive blasting for 10 years at a fabrication plant as

an abrasive blaster. Another case involved a 49 year old non-

smoker who also worked for 6 years as an abrasive blaster, who

then came to a Louisiana hospital because of difficulty breathing,

a bad cough, food aversion, high fever and immediate loss of

weight but he died after 20 days of being admitted in hospital.

These are some health hazard cases reported that are associated to

abrasive blasting [12, 13].

The classification of hazardous levels depend on the types of

potential air contaminants resulting from abrasive blasting

airborne dust such as arsenic, beryllium, crystalline silica, lead,

manganese, nickel, silver, titanium, and etc. mostly originating

from the media types of steel, sand, and glass. For example, a

study by Porter et al. [14] has shown that laboratory rats that are

exposed to steel grit dust have significantly higher levels of

arsenic, nickel, manganese and chromium, above the NIOSH

recommended exposure limit concentrations and these elements

are normally associated with cancer.

The most vital thing is that occupational silicosis disease does

not develop overnight but depends on the severity of exposure and

may clinically present as three types of silicosis known as chronic

silicosis, accelerated silicosis and acute silicosis. The most

common form of silicosis is classical or chronic silicosis which

results from long-term and repeated exposure for more than 10 to

2

0 years to low levels of silica dust as addressed by Glazer et al.

[

15] and also as agreed by Khoza [16]. The silica dust causes

inflammation in the lungs and chest lymph nodes and this may

cause people to have trouble breathing. In addition, a study by

Greenberg et al. [17] highlighted that symptoms of chronic

silicosis may not develop even with exposure as long as 45 years

but requires confirmation by radiographic examination to

diagnosis the asymptomatic patients. The effects of continuous

exposure are also incurable and irreversible.

In addition, the author also stated that accelerated silicosis

develops in a relatively shorter period compared to chronic

silicosis, as early 5 to 15 years after exposure to intense amounts

of silica. It also shares certain clinical features with chronic

silicosis such as swelling in the lungs, but it tends to progress

rapidly and many cases of accelerated silicosis developed

progressively even when exposure to silica was completely

ceased promptly. Acute silicosis shows symptoms such as

shortness of breath due to the respiratory failure due to a loss of

pulmonary function and damaged gas exchange, low blood

oxygen levels and other symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and

weight loss. It can occur after short-term exposure to very high

concentrations of silica dust as the damage to the lungs occurs

quickly and as early as a few weeks to 5 years due to heavy silica

exposure as addressed by several authors [18,19]. Concurrently,

Liu et al. [20], reported that even low levels of silica exposure can

contribute to the chances of silicosis and the author also stated

having a smoking habit can deliberately elevate the likelihood of

lung cancer together with silica exposure even if no silicosis

develops.

In all forms of silicosis, the smallest silica particles end up in

the air sacs of the lung after being inhaled. This causes

inflammation and scarring that damages the sacs resulting in

impaired gas exchange which then prevents a person from

breathing normally. The primary hazard associated with abrasive

blasting operations is the inhalation of airborne contaminants that

may contain various kinds of highly toxic dust. Nevertheless,

there are other HSE hazards that are present at the workplace such

as extreme noise, working at heights, working in confined spaces,

manual handling etc. These hazards that exist or arise from

abrasive blasting operations also should be addressed properly

and sufficiently as per standard operating procedures (SOP) by

putting in place prevention measures to control the hazards and

risks to employees. The development of a safe SOP for work

activity procedures that describes the work tasks, identifies

hazards and documents how the work task should be carried out

Figure 1: Fabrication of pressure vessel flowchart

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 455-470

in order to minimize the risks would be favoured by workers in

any workplace.

implementation of it can help eliminate, decrease and control the

possibility of any coincidence or accidents happening at the

workplace. The process flow of HIRARC [27] is as illustrated in

Fig. 2. The benefits of using HIRARC include identifying any

factors that may cause any harm to HSE, determining the

probability of harm happening in certain circumstances and

evaluating the possible severity of its impact. This would enable

employers to plan and monitor control measures to ensure that the

risk is controlled adequately.

HIRARC can help to prioritize risk levels to enable planning

to control HSE risks by ensuring that the existing and potential

risks are properly and adequately controlled. Using HIRARC

involves certain steps, starting by classifying the work activities,

identifying the hazards, conducting the risk assessments for each

hazard by estimating the probability of occurrences and hazard

severity, and applying preventive measures to the risk that is not

acceptable. The most vital consideration in HIRARC is whether

the control measure that is implemented is adequate in

minimizing the hazard that is posing a risk to as a significant OSH

threat. Hence, actions taken to improvise the HSE management

system should be done by the employer and their employees by

continuously and consistently reviewing their preventive action

plans.

An employer should clearly allocate and provide supervision

in implementing a good SOP by ensuring that the procedures are

followed accordingly and maintain precautionary action

effectively. In contrast, any possible harm that occurs to the

employees during abrasive blasting in the form of accident or

health disease is not properly addressed in current SOP. By

striving to comply further with the requirements and HSE

legislations, this paper’s objective is to assess the current situation

for potential hazards and perform a risk assessment of abrasive

blasting operations in a pressure vessel fabrication plant. The

possible safety and health diseases that are involved in these

practices will be included as well as recommendations for

intervention strategies that use proper control measures which are

available, practical and implementable in order to improvise the

current SOP of abrasive blasting operations.

2

Methodology

An employer has the responsibility to assess the health risks

at their workplace to ensure a safer workplace by eliminating or

minimizing occupational hazards [21]. The important thing is to

decide if an occupational hazard is significant and is adequately

covered by control measures so that the risks are reduced, making

it safer.

In order to perform an effective risk assessment process as

highlighted by OHSAS 18001 [22], it is essential to have a clear

understanding of the regulatory context and concepts, and

periodically carry out a risk assessment of the related activities or

every time a change is made in the workplace. The employer is

probably carrying out countermeasures to protect their employees

from any harmful HSE risks, but doing risk assessments

systematically can help provide better coverage, as mentioned by

Eccleston [23] who defines risk assessment as the process of

identification, estimation, acceptance, aversion and management

of risk. The risk assessment process starts by identifying hazards

in the workplace by understanding the nature of hazards including

safety hazards, health hazards and environmental hazards that can

be found at the place of work. Once the hazards have been

identified, the assessment of risks can be carried out before the

appropriate risk controls are implemented. Related potential risks

can be determined and assessed after associated risks have been

identified using risk assessment tools which are Hazard

Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC).

The HIRARC method is a popular structured tool in OSH for

risk management and studies done by Hadi et al., Agwu and

Ahmad et al. [24,25,26] have been effectively done using the

HIRARC method for assessing risk. In addition, Ahmad et al. [26]

stated that this tool is fundamental to planning practices,

management and the operation of risk management where it helps

to identify and evaluate a workplace’s potential hazards and the

methods used to control or eliminate the hazards identified.

HIRARC is a tool used to recognize, evaluate, measure and

control hazards and risks at the workplace. This risk assessment

tool can determine the likelihood of the hazard or threat occurring,

the level of risk and control measures to be implemented. In

addition, Agwu [25] also highlighted that the implementation of

HIRARC can determine the degree of compliance and

performance efficiency of the organization by decreasing the

accident or incident rates, enhancing safety practices at the

workplace, increasing productivity and profitability and etc. Firm

Figure 2: Flowchart for HIRARC process (DOSH, 2008)

2

.1 Hazard Identification

Hazard identification can be defined as the process of

determining if something, such as a condition, state, practice, or

behavior, has the possibility of causing harm or destruction as

well as impairment, illness, death, environmental damage, and

damage to property and equipment. In addition, this process also

requires each work area and work task to be investigated and

analyzed persistently and periodically to recognize all related

hazards and risks. A study was done by Saedi et al. [28] that

suggest investigating any accident or incident at the workplace in

order to find out the related factors that contribute to the unsafe

condition. The author also highlighted that apart from

investigation, there are other steps that need to be taken for hazard

identification such as making a hazard identification checklist,

carrying out workplace inspections and observation, doing job

safety analysis or task hazard analysis, etc. Hazards can be

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 455-470

classified into 3 main categories which are health hazards, safety

hazards, and environmental hazards.

used in various ways in response to the results of the qualitative

analysis to decide on the control of risks by selecting the

necessary control measures.

2

.2 Risk Assessment

Assessing risk involves evaluating the level of risks to be

The combination of likelihood (L) and severity (S) can

determine the risk assessment as the calculation of risks can be

formulated as L X S is equal to the risk matrix as shown in Table

3 where the results are presented in an effective way to enable

communication between all levels of workers. The results for

relative risk as shown in Table 4 are very important because it will

have different consequences by influencing the management’s

response and the reporting required in order when addressing the

control measure properly. A study done by Ahmad et al. [26], also

suggested highlighting the critical operations of work that pose

significant risks to a worker’s OSH. This author also highlighted

that depending on the level of risk that represents and is assigned

to the existing or potential hazard, it is necessary for corrective

and precautionary actions to be taken to eliminate or at least

minimize the risk. A cumulative of potential risk can be

considered as the chance of it actually happening to someone, and

this can be evaluated by calculating the likelihood of occurrence

and severity of the hazard.

considered for controlling risks that currently exists as well as

potential risks. Risk evaluation is to be calculated with the

likelihood that of hazardous incidents occurring within a period

and under the circumstances of injury severity or damage (Table

1

and Table 2) based on the guidelines [26] for the OSH

management system.

Table 1: Indication of Occurrence Likelihood, L (DOSH, 2008)

Likelihood

Most Probably

Possible

Example

Rating

Most probably the hazard

happened

Not uncommon but potential to

happen

5

4

3

2

1

Capable of happening in the

near future

Not known to occur after many

years

Conceivable

Unlikely

Table 4: Relative risk (DOSH, 2008)

Never happened and almost

impossible

Risk

Description

Action

Improbable

Demand prompt action to be taken

sufficiently based on control

hierarchy as level of risk is high

Table 2: Severity Implication, S (DOSH, 2008)

1

5-25

High

Severity

Example

Rating

Planning is needed for medium

risk level in controlling hazard and

applying temporary prevention if

needed

Many casualties, property

destruction cannot be restored

Major property damage with

single fatality

Permanent impairment but no

deadly injury

Disastrous

Lethal

5

4

3

2

1

5

-12

Medium

Low

Considered as acceptable and no

further action to be taken because

of low risk level

1

-4

Serious

Insignificant

Trivial

Disables but not lasting defects

2

.3 Control Measures

Hazards should be controlled in such a manner as to eliminate

Minimal blisters, cuts, swelling,

wounds, first aid injuries

or minimize risks that pose a threat to OSH by controlling them

at their source. When selecting a suitable control measure, there

should be an evaluation of the selection for short-term or long-

term control when reasonably practicable. The selection of

control measures such as elimination, substitution, engineering

control, administrative control and personal protective equipment

Table 3: Risk Matrix (DOSH, 2008)

Severity (S)

Likelihood

1

2

3

4

5

(

L)

5

4

3

2

5

4

3

2

1

10

8

6

4

2

15

12

9

6

3

20

16

12

8

25

20

15

10

5

(

PPE) should be able to control the hazard at its source.

2

.4 Monitoring and Review

By identifying, analyzing and coming up with a mitigation

1

4

plan for risk control, the potential of a risk causing a severe impact

on workers can be eliminated. In order to achieve effective

implementation of a control measure, regular checks should be

done during inspection and maintenance must be continuously

evaluated. Monitoring and review can help to evaluate if the

control measure is sufficient and adequate to solve the problem

with significant risks, identify if there any hazards arising or if

other measures are needed.

High

Medium

Low

The exposure levels such as the number of people who may

be exposed to the risk can be considered when necessary and

higher scores indicate a higher risk level. The degree of possible

severity and the probability of the event happening are measured

in order to prioritize the identified hazards and this is known as

qualitative analysis. HIRARC will be used with the additional

support of the risk matrix as shown in Table 3 [26]. This can be

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2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 455-470

are obviously inadequate to remove or reduce all sixteen major

hazards identified during abrasive blasting operations.

3

Results and discussion

The risk assessments that were conducted for abrasive

blasting operations at the pressure vessel fabrication plant using

HIRARC are summarized in Table 5. The related specific hazards

are arranged from ones with the highest risk scores to the lowest

risk scores. They are classified into different types of hazards

based on three main categories, which are safety hazards, health

hazards, and environmental hazards.

Table 5: Risk Scores for Abrasive Blasting Operational

Hazard

Types

No

1

Hazards

Risk Scores

Respiratory

illness and

inhalation of

airborne

16 (High)

Health

contaminants

Working at

heights

2

12 (Medium)

Safety

3

4

Confined spaces

Extreme noise

Manual handling

12 (Medium)

Safety

Health

5

12 (Medium)

Health

(Ergonomics)

6

7

8

Particulate matter

Explosion

Vibration

9 (Medium)

8 (Medium)

6 (Medium)

Health

Safety

Health

Figure 3: Comparison between potential hazards and existing

control measures

Vision

Further action to provide additional prevention is essential to

ensure a safe workplace for abrasive blasting activities. In

addition, the existing SOP only provide control measures that can

cover three types of occupational hazards namely as respiratory

illness and inhalation of airborne contaminants, confined space,

and manual handling. But somehow these hazards still evidently

fail to be identified adequately enough to fully cover all possible

control measures for related hazards and risks to achieve

standards of safer practice that is required to manage OSH issues

sufficiently.

9

4 (Low)

Health

impairment

Electrical shock

Skin irritation

Pollution (Air

emission and

waste)

Extreme heat

Slips, trips and

falls

1

0

1

4 (Low)

Safety

Health

1

2

4 (Low)

Environment

1

3

4

4 (Low)

Health

Safety

Meanwhile, the percentages of related main hazards are

presented in Fig. 4, where occupational health is the highest

percentage with 56.25% which is 9 times higher compared to

environment hazards and almost 2 times higher compared to

safety hazards. This is followed by safety hazards at 37.5% and

the lowest percentage at 6.25% is contributed by environment

hazards. Thus, it indicates that almost more than half of the

occupational hazards from abrasive blasting operations in

fabrication plants can contribute to various types of occupational

health issues. Examples of the related occupational health hazards

for abrasive blasting operations are respiratory illness and

inhalation of airborne contaminants, extreme noise, manual

handling, particulate matter, vibration, vision impairment, skin

irritation, extreme heat, and psychological risks.

In addition, the only hazard that requires immediate action for

control measures to eliminate or minimize the risk is respiratory

illness and inhalation of airborne contaminants that scores 16 for

high risks and contribute to 6.25% as shown in Fig. 5. As the risk

of respiratory illness and inhalation of airborne contaminants is

categorized as high-risk based on HIRARC, an employer has the

responsibility of taking immediate action and implementing

adequate corrective or preventive measures to eliminate or

minimize any related hazard that poses a significant threat to

employees who are working in abrasive blasting.

Equipment

failures

Psychological

1

5

6

4 (Low)

2 (Low)

Safety

Health

Based on Table 5, the occupational hazards were categorized

into three main groups which are safety hazards, health hazards,

and environmental hazards where at least sixteen types of major

hazards associated with abrasive blasting operations were

identified thoroughly. Foreseeable hazards that have potential

risks to occupational health are respiratory illnesses and

inhalation of airborne contaminants, working at heights, confined

spaces, extreme noise, manual handling (ergonomics), particulate

matter, explosion, vibration, vision impairment, electrical shock,

skin irritation, pollution (air emission and waste), extreme heat,

slips, trips and falls, equipment failures and psychological risks.

A comparison was made between potential occupational hazards

obtained from the HIRARC study and control measures that

currently exist in the SOP as illustrated in Fig. 3.

Based on Fig. 3, the control measures existing in the current

SOP such as providing lifelines, air ventilation, and harness,

timing blasting activity to be done when PTW has been issued by

HSE, installing fully functional dead-man valve to hose and so on

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2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 455-470

medium risk still require approaches to minimize the hazard in

order to prevent any unsafe conditions at the workplace as hazards

should be contained from its origin or source. Once the hazard

was ranked, preventive measures such as elimination,

substitution, engineering control, administrative control and PPE

should be implemented accordingly based on reasonable,

practical actions to eliminate or minimize the occupational risk.

6

.25%

3

7.5%

5

6.25%

1

20%

00%

1

00%

5

Health Hazard

8

0%

Safety Hazard

7.14%

Environment Hazard

60%

50%

4

2.86%

37.50%

4

2

0%

Figure 4: Percentages of the main hazards of abrasive blasting in the

fabrication plant

1

2.50%

0

%

0% 0%

0

%

Health Hazards

High Risk

Safety Hazards

Environment Hazard

6.25%

Medium Risk

Low Risk

50%

Figure 6: Correlation between main types of hazards and risk scores

43.75%

3

.1 Control Measures

The hazards and risks involving occupational safety, health

and environment for abrasive blasting operations in fabrication

plants have been identified and assessed accordingly using the

HIRARC method. Any control measures for existing and arising

hazards associated with abrasive blasting operations that had not

been addressed properly and sufficiently in the existing SOP were

approached for sufficient improvements. The prevention action

measures for controlling the hazards and risks accordingly are as

per the following: -

High Risk

Medium Risk

Low Risk

Figure 5: Percentages for risk scores of abrasive blasting in the

fabrication plant

3

.1.1 Respiratory illness and Inhalation of Airborne

Moreover, a medium risk requires controlling the hazards by

a planned approach and temporary measures are to be applied at

Contaminants (High Risk)

Even though abrasive blasting cannot be eliminated as

surfaces need to be cleaned prior to painting, the risks can still be

controlled by substitute methods such as using less hazardous

abrasive media or using abrasive media that generates less dust

by checking the concentration of impurities on the Material Safety

Data Sheet (MSDS) such as chilled iron steel grit, sodium

bicarbonate blasting and reusable sponge abrasives. It can also be

substituted by different surface preparation techniques such as

wet abrasive blasting, high pressure water jetting, centrifugal

wheel blasting and dry ice blast cleaning. For smaller jobs that do

not require a high-level of surface preparation, alternative

techniques can be considered such as chemical strippers, heat gun,

power tools, and manual scraping. When it is practical to do so,

abrasive blasting should be carried out using a blasting cabinet or

blasting chamber as an isolation method to eliminate or reduce the

hazards of airborne contamination. Nevertheless, both blasting

cabinets and blasting chambers are not practical if the product that

fabricates it is larger. In this case, using temporary enclosures by

means of curtains or sheeting is the best option when the object to

be blasted not possible or too large to be transported to where it

can help dust and airborne contamination from spreading. On the

other hand, when using temporary enclosures for abrasive

4

3.75% with scores of 12, 9, 8, and 6. The highest scores for

medium risk are the hazards of working at heights, confined

space, extreme noise, and manual handling. The rests have a score

of 9, 8, and 6 rated for particulate matter, explosion, and vibration

respectively. The rest of percentage indicates 50% for risk score

of 4 for vision impairment, electrical shock, skin irritation,

pollution of air emission and waste, extreme heat; slips, trips and

falls, and equipment failures; while psychological risk was scored

as 2. According to Fig. 6, the correlation of main hazards and risk

scores at fabrication plants for operations of abrasive blasting

shows that health hazards are the main threat to occupational

hazards compared to safety hazards and environment hazards,

where the only hazard that scored as high risk is the health hazard.

Health hazards also contribute 57.14% of the medium-risk

category and 50% of the low-risk category. This result proves that

health hazards are the main threat to occupational safety if not

addressed properly using control measures especially for those

workers who are engaged with abrasive blasting operations in the

fabrication plant. Meanwhile, for safety hazards had a result of

4

2.86% for medium risk and 37.5% for low risk but no risk rated

as high was observed. Somehow, hazards related to the

environmental indicate 12.5% for low risk only. Hazards rated as

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2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 455-470

blasting operations, they must be equipped with dust collection

systems and exhaust ventilation.

Working at heights of more than 10 feet can result in serious

impact injuries or fatalities especially when using steel

framework. For instance, avoiding heights whenever possible and

doing work as much as possible from the ground using extended

tools or equipment because the risks of working at heights is that

it can result in injuries to the neck or spine, leading to permanent

disability or paralysis and multiple fractures, apart from fatalities.

In case the abrasive blasting operational need to be performed at

height, some control measures should to be implemented. For

example, the structure of scaffolding must be rigid and strong.

Use substitute methods by using only material from steel tubes

with the coupler to replace main frame types. Replace steel tubes

with aluminium tubes which are 3 times lighter to reduce the

burden during erection and installation but maintain almost the

same strength as normal steel.

Implementing engineering control can reduce risk factors by

having competent personnel to assemble and qualified personnel

with knowledge and skills to do an inspection after assembling is

done. These competent and qualified personnel can ensure that

scaffolding is installed in a proper way which is fit to be used.

Regular inspection, testing, and maintenance for the material

condition for wear and corrosion is necessary and once its

condition is not fit for service, it must be replaced immediately.

A good design is also vital when working at heights so that the

strength and stability of the material can serve and withstand its

purposes.

Administrative control can also help reduce the threat of

inhaling airborne contaminants by establishing an exclusion zone

to protect workers and other people in the vicinity with proper

warning signs. The size of exclusion zone should be determined

to be sufficient enough to protect workers in the vicinity

especially those who are not wearing respiratory protective

equipment appropriate for abrasive blasting operations.

Moreover, they can also establish a rotation system for work

related to abrasive blasting; schedule or shift blasting activity to

outside normal hours or alternatively by stopping and clearing

away other workers while abrasive blasting is taking place.

Another administrative control would be to limit access to the

abrasive blaster for only authorized and appropriately trained

personnel who can cease or control abrasive blasting in windy

conditions, as this increases chances of minimizing airborne

contamination. Depending on the levels of airborne contaminants,

the employer can establish medical surveillance and conduct

periodical health monitoring of their workers using chest X-rays,

pulmonary function testing and yearly tuberculosis assessments

to ensure their health status is within safe levels. It is also vital to

establish and conduct periodical biological monitoring to measure

their blood levels to ensure it is within safe limits compared to the

employee’s medical history.

In addition, it is important to establish and conduct safety

campaigns to increase the level of awareness of workers

associated with hazards and risks of abrasive blasting operations.

Safety campaigns do not necessarily focus on the threat of

inhalation and respiratory inhalation of airborne contaminant, but

it can be the main issue of OSH. This is because the purpose of a

safety campaign is to promote positive fundamentals as a guide

for better OSH culture and the values of a positive safety culture

can be improved by behaviour through leadership and

involvement of workers. It can help to deliver motivation to

improve their safety culture and as well as introduce elements that

are required to improvise a positive culture. Lastly, a control

measure that would help prevent the harms of airborne

contaminants from abrasive blasting operations is PPE. Workers

who are engaged in abrasive blasting as blasters should be

supplied with and wear respiratory protection with airline positive

pressure hoods and protective suits that have shoulder capes with

high visibility. When using the respirator helmet, the helmet

should be fitted with an inner bib and supplied with breathing air

of an adequate quality. Concurrently, an air purifying respirator

should be used by the pot attendants or workers within the vicinity

of abrasive blasting operations. In order to keep out the dust, the

PPE worn should be of the leather type with elastic straps at the

wrist and ankles as well as overlapping flaps at all closures of the

suit. If the disposable clothing type is used, clothing should be

appropriately disposed after use. There should be daily or

periodical cleaning, inspection, testing and maintenance of PPE

especially on the breathing air quality in order to identify any

worn or defective component so that it can be repaired and

replaced immediately.

Establishing tags after an inspection is essential for evidence

and as information for the other workers to understand whether it

is safe or not for them to start work. The green tag would signal

that it safe to use and red tag would mean that it is unsafe to work

or not ready to be used. Placing signs wherever visible for workers

can also be another administrative effort because when working

at height, there is also the risk of falling objects or materials. The

level of awareness of employees associated with hazard and risk

of working at height during abrasive blasting operations is also

important, thus the employer should establish and conduct

training and briefing for working at heights for workers to

increase their level of awareness, establish emergency and rescue

plans and establish a permit to work (PTW) for any activity

related to working at height. The last defence in preventing falls

while working at heights is PPE where only compliant falling

protection is used and regularly inspected to be calibrated and be

fit for services. Any findings such as damage or wear and tear

should be reported and replaced immediately.

3.1.3 Confined Space (Medium Risk)

Working in a confined space is not necessarily done for all

abrasive blasting operations of internal pressure vessels

considering that sometimes the project requirements do not

involve surface preparation and painting works. But if entering a

confined space in the pressure vessel cannot be avoided, a safe

system to work in the confined space should be implemented.

There should be an isolation area to establish a barrier and

barricade. Only the related workers will be entering the confined

space with isolated area from a power source and all movable

parts should be locked (Lockout and Tagout - LOTO). The levels

of oxygen and airborne contaminants can significantly impact the

risks of working in a confined space. Thus, the air quality inside

the confined space should be tested by qualified personnel before

any first entry worker can start working in the confined space. In

addition, these qualified personnel should continuously monitor

3

.1.2 Working at Heights (Medium Risk)

Abrasive blasting operations in the pressure vessel can be up

to 8 meters of height from the ground and it is not an easy task to

complete as scaffolding needs to be erected around the workplace

area and the temporary enclosure that needs to be covered.

4

61

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 455-470

the air quality periodically. Using a mechanical ventilation system

would dilute any potential toxic gases and providing sufficient

lighting to improve vision would be ideal because working in a

confined space will result in vision impairment.

compressor and noise from the exhaust of the ventilation system.

Thus, unprotected workers who are working in the vicinity of

abrasive blasting operations should be limited to noise exposure.

Whenever abrasive blasting operations are taking place, signage

should be placed at noisy areas where the exceeded permissible

exposure limit (PEL) may cause temporary loss of hearing,

deafness from prolonged noise exposure and tinnitus. The hearing

of each employee should be subjected to an audiometric test for

exposure monitoring during hiring and audiometric monitoring

and testing should be provided at intervals at least annually.

Personal hearing protectors can be used such as hearing protective

helmets, ear plugs, ear canal caps, earmuffs, etc by related

workers and only use compliant types of ear protection based on

the level of noise exposure as well as regular maintenance of

hearing protection for damage and wear and tear.

An implementation by administrative control would be to

develop a permit to work (PTW) before abrasive blasting can be

started with a designated authorized entrant (AE) and a standby

person (SP) during confined space activity. Maintain effective

communication between SP and AE at all times. Additionally, in

case of emergencies while working in confined spaces, employers

should develop and establish documents for confined space

emergency and response plans that provides training and briefing

about working in confined space. A safety campaign should be

conducted in order to increase the levels of workers awareness

about response during an emergency. Moreover, signage with

clear information should be placed at confined space areas to alert

workers in the vicinity and provide the confined space attendant

3.1.5 Manual Handling - Ergonomics (Medium Risk)

(

CSA) with details about those entering confined space work

The nature of the working position during abrasive blasting

operations require workers to perform difficult and awkward

positions for long durations of time such as bending their legs,

raising their upper arm more than 90°, rotating their wrists, etc.

where these postural will introduce stress in the certain parts of

body and may result in Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSDs)

problems.

areas such as names, time entered, time out, etc.; where the badge

of the person entering is to be left at the entrance before entering

and recollected after coming out as a way of tracking the people

who are working in the confined space. Lastly for administrative

effort, conduct pulmonary function tests in all workers who will

be working in a confined space to ensure they are fit to work.

Wearing PPE for working in confined space is essential as

well as ensuring safe levels of oxygen and safe levels of airborne

contaminants. Proper PPE should be provided and worn in all

Some control measures can be implemented to reduce the risk

of MSDs include purchasing the abrasive media in a smaller bag

that requires less energy to lift and using a bulk storage hopper to

refill the blasting pot. Other control measures include using

engineering control such as redesigning a workplace to minimize

the amount of energy required to perform a task and reducing

intrusions and distances for material and equipment to be moved.

Another effort that can be implemented is placing abrasive

blasting media, blasting equipment and tools close to trolleys,

overhead cranes, hoists, forklifts or any mechanical means that

can help to perform a task. Risks can be reduced by providing a

flag point for the maximum weight that can be performed by a

person in a range is safe without the risk of back injury, providing

training and educating the workers about the safe limit and lifting

techniques for working in manual handling especially in

awkward, twisting and bending positions. Lastly, another

administrative control is job rotation or frequent rest to minimize

the amount of repetitive movements.

situations including

a compliant respirator and breathing

apparatus, full body harness, protective clothing, head protection,

eye and face protection and lifeline. Employers also need to

provide equipment and tools for emergencies and response

situations such as self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA),

while maintaining all equipment and tools for confined space in

good shape and condition.

3

.1.4 Extreme Noise (Medium Risk)

Abrasive blasting operations can generate various high noise

levels that exceed the standard of noise and may cause permanent

hearing loss when exposed to workers that engage with abrasive

blasting especially the blaster. People who are working in the

vicinity also may cause gradually experience hearing loss over a

period of time. The impact of risk from extreme noise can be

minimized by isolating other unprotected workers who are not

wearing any hearing protectors from the source of noise by using

barriers or enclosures. Using engineering control can be done in

the blasting chamber if possible. If it cannot be done, they have to

reduce the amount of pressure used during blasting, fit silencers

to compress the air exhaust and air blowing nozzle, and also

improve their mufflers and silencer systems. The noise that is

generated from blasting equipment also can be reduced by regular

maintenance and inspection of equipment periodically.

Scheduling time for performing abrasive blasting out of normal

working hours will minimize the noise exposure to other workers

and using a rotation system for work or working in shifts to

minimize exposure of noise to the abrasive blaster can help to

minimize the risk of noise exposure from an administrative effort.

It also can be done by limiting the time workers spend in noisy

areas. Noise sources are not only generated from the air supply

inside the operator helmet but can originate from the impact of

abrasive media on the surface blasted, the noise of abrasive media

being discharged from the blasting nozzle, noise from an air

3.1.6 Particulate Matter (Medium Risk)

Employees are at risk during abrasive blasting operations

where a small piece or particle from abrasive mediums or material

being blasted can cause death or common injuries such as severe

lacerations, skin penetration, eye damage and burns. The risk of

particulate matter is increased when the activity is carried out in

a confined space and performed in an elevated place and position.

In order to minimize the risk of particulate matters, isolate other

workers while abrasive blasting activity is taking place or

schedule the activity out of normal working hours. Stop the

activity when the direction of an abrasive stream cannot be

controlled in a windy state and only allow appropriate highly

trained and skilled abrasive blasters to do the job. Abrasive

blasting activities also can be done using blasting chambers if

practical or temporary enclosures integrated with a guard to

reduce the potential of hitting the abrasive blaster and other

workers. In order to able stop the flow immediately or cut-off

abrasive media, abrasive blasting equipment must be fitted with

4

62

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 455-470

an instant self-actuator. Implementation of administrative control

such as placing signage at abrasive blasting areas to remind of the

dangers of particulate matter, and always remind workers that the

nozzle should only be pointed at work all the time and provide

abrasive blasters with sufficient training. An employer also

should provide compliant and suitable PPE to protect against high

velocity flying abrasive particles such as eye protection,

protective footwear, gloves and clothing, and maintain all PPE

and tools in good shape and condition.

A. Appendix A shows the comparison between the improved SOP

and existing SOP for abrasive blasting operations. The evaluation

has shown that the existing SOP was clearly insufficient to ensure

safety at the workplace because the preventive measures were

inadequate and ineffective in controlling associated hazards. For

example, in order to eliminate or minimize the hazards of

respiratory illness and inhalation of airborne contaminants, the

action of having a rotation system for workers by scheduling or

shifting abrasive blasting activity outside of normal hours can

help to reduce the risk posed by toxic dust towards workers.

Another example would be to conduct periodical health

monitoring in workers and periodical biological monitoring to

measure workers blood levels, but somehow the existing SOP

provides instruction and direction that are too minimal to be

control measures. In addition, the existing SOP also failed to

identify related hazards other than respiratory illness and

inhalation of airborne contaminants, confined space and manual

handling. Thus, the improved SOP that is obtained from the

HIRARC study is more consistently relevant and applicable. The

appropriate documentation needs to be amended to propose an

improved SOP for with abrasive blasting operations.

3

.1.7 Vibration (Medium Risk)

Abrasive media in high-pressure force when discharged from

the blast hose will spread vibrations to the blaster’s hands and

arms. Continuous and extended long exposure may lead to the

condition of white finger or dead finger. In order to minimize the

risk of vibration exposure to the blaster, engineering control can

be implemented by using vibration isolating handles on blasting

nozzles. Limit or use job rotations by minimizing the amount of

time that a blaster is needed to operate a blast nozzle, regular

inspection and maintenance of related equipment can help to

minimize the level of vibration, and employers should provide

anti-vibration and shock dampening types of work gloves to

reduce vibration exposure.

4

Conclusion

One of the factors that contribute to workplace incidents,

3

.1.8 Explosion (Medium Risk)

either occupational injuries or illnesses, is the failure to recognize

or identify the existing hazards during an activity or operation.

Generally, the identification of hazards imply that a risk

assessment has been performed. The main purpose of performing

a risk assessment in this study is to implement the necessary

control measures effectively and adequately for OSH protection

in abrasive blasting operations at pressure vessel fabrication

plants. The hazards associated with abrasive blasting in a pressure

vessel fabrication plant were identified based on HIRARC

techniques and were separated into three main groups which are

safety hazards, health hazards, and environmental hazards. At

least sixteen types of major hazards associated with abrasive

blasting operations had potential risks to occupational health,

including respiratory illness and inhalation of airborne

contaminants, working at heights, confined space, extreme noise,

manual handling (ergonomics), particulate matter, explosion,

vibration, vision impairment, electrical shock, skin irritation,

pollution (air emission and waste), extreme heat, slips, trips and

falls, equipment failures and psychological risks.

As prevention measures in the existing SOP are unable to

eliminate and diminish the hazards and risks that may potentially

cause occupational illnesses or injuries, HIRARC aids to

distinguish and rank the hazards to prioritize them based on the

level of risk that it poses and the significance of its influence on

OSH. Correction actions are then prioritized based on information

about of risk levels, the likelihood of occurrences and the severity

of hazards. High levels of risk require immediate action to

implement control measures that are reasonably practical to

prevent workers from being exposed to the risk. While for

medium risks such as working at heights, confined space, extreme

noise, manual handling, etc., controlling the hazards require

planning and if required, a temporary measure can be applied.

When a hazard is ranked as low risk, it can be assumed as

acceptable and no further action is necessary.

Explosions during abrasive blasting operations are very rare

and exceptional but can occur when in contact with any sources

of ignition such as open fires, static electricity or sparks. In some

cases, it can occur from a cloud of dust from abrasive medium

being used in a closed area. Prevention measures can be applied

by minimizing the quantity of dangerous substances and ignition

sources at the abrasive blasting areas, always using a dust

collector to minimize dust clouds, and keeping ventilation system

to produce sufficient air flow in the direction of extraction.

Administrative control can help to provide training and safety

campaigns to increase the level of workers awareness and

employers should develop and establish documents and

procedures for explosions or fire emergencies and response plans

by providing proper fire or explosion suppression relief

equipment at any time.

3

.2 Comparison between the Improved SOP and Existing SOP

Based on the earlier discussion about the existing SOP for

abrasive blasting operations, it is clear that a new SOP is needed

to establish and improve the effectiveness of control measure

program. The HIRARC study shows that there are at least sixteen

major occupational hazards associated with abrasive blasting

operations that need to be addressed properly through counter

measures to ensure safer practices at the workplace for

employees, while the existing SOP only identified three

hazardous conditions of abrasive blasting namely respiratory

inhalation of airborne contaminants, confined space and manual

handling. Nevertheless, the prevention measures instructions for

those identified hazards in the existing SOP are still insufficient

to eliminate and minimize the hazards and risks that may

potentially cause occupational illness or injury. In contrast, the

HIRARC study helped to recognize and rank the hazards to

prioritize based on the level of risks that may pose a significant

impact to OSH and the effectiveness of any program of

controlling the hazards or control measures is subject to the risk

level and adequately recognizing the hazard as shown Appendix

For comparison, the existing SOP only identified three

potential occupational hazards which are respiratory illness and

inhalation of airborne contaminants, confined space and manual

4

63

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 455-470

handling. It is clearly inadequate in providing safer work practices

to workers. Furthermore, the existing SOP failed to provide

guidelines and directions for hazard control for at least five types

of hazards which were ranked as medium risk such as working at

heights, extreme noise, particulate matter, explosion, and

vibration. Nevertheless, the application of PPE as the only

preventive measure to prevent OSH risks is not enough. As a

matter of fact, the risk of respiratory illness and inhalation of

airborne contaminants should be controlled from its source which

is toxic dust. For example, the sources of airborne contamination

can be controlled by using less hazardous abrasive mediums,

using abrasive mediums that generate less dust, conducting

blasting activity using different techniques than abrasive

mediums such as wet abrasive blasting, dry ice blasting and high

pressure water jetting, as well as having a dust collection system

together with exhaust ventilation during blasting activities.

In conclusion, a proposal to improve current SOP associated

with abrasive blasting operations is suggested and it can be a

guideline for establishing a safer working environment by

preventing or minimizing the risks to OSH at the workplace. A

proposal to improve current SOP associated with abrasive

blasting operations is compulsory as current control measures in

the existing SOP are clearly insufficient to eliminate and

minimize occupational hazards in a comprehensive manner. The

improved SOP that was accomplished from the HIRARC study is

more reliable and can be a guideline for a safer working

environment by preventing or minimizing the risks to OSH at the

workplace. Somehow, the implementation of these control efforts

and actions demand full support and commitment from the

management. In demonstrating a commitment, the employer

should actively get involved in health and safety issues, invest

time and money in managing obligations for safer practices at the

workplace and clearly understand the responsibility of the

management in safety and health issues. Nevertheless, the new

and improved SOP must be regularly reviewed to ensure

effectiveness by the management such as accountability for safety

and health being clearly and sufficiently allocated. To ensure that

the related procedures are followed, maintained, reviewed, and

analysed when any OSH injury or illness occurs, before any

changes of work procedure, it needs to be proven and justified to

show that the available control measures indicate that it may no

longer be effective and relevant.

Competing interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that

would prejudice the impartiality of this scientific work.

Authors’ contribution

All authors of this study have a complete contribution for data

collection, data analyses and manuscript writing

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2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 455-470

Appendix A: Comparison of Improved SOP and Existing SOP

Control Measures

Potential and

Level of

Hazards

Improved Existing

SOP

No

SOP

Improved SOP

Existing SOP

.Engineering Control

1

-

. Substitute

Using less hazardous abrasive media that generates less dust. Using

- Dead-man valve should

be installed to hose and

functioning

2.Administrative

Control

-Adequate signboards

and windbreaker to be

placed at a vicinity of

blasting location.

- No blasting activity

without PTW issued by

HSE

different surface preparation techniques such as wet abrasive blasting,

high pressure water jetting, centrifugal blasting and dry ice blast

cleaning.

2. Isolation

-

3

-

Respiratory

illness and

Inhalation of

Airborne

1



Using blasting cabinets/chambers, temporary enclosures

. Engineering Control

Equipped with dust collection systems, using exhaust ventilation, and

Contaminants

-

High Risk

using sheeting when there is a risk of dust spreading.

4

. Administrative Control

3. PPE

-

Exclusion zones (buffer zones) to protect workers and other persons in

- Workers shall wear

recommended PPE when

working in the affected

areas

- Used only approved

type of breathing air

supply for blaster

close proximity with proper warning signage.

Establish a rotation system for workers related to abrasive blasting by

-

scheduling/shifting blasting activity outside normal hours. Stopping

abrasive blasting when conditions are windy, clearing adjacent workers

while abrasive blasting is taking place, and only authorized and

appropriately trained abrasive blasters can work

Respiratory

illness and

Inhalation of

Airborne

Contaminants -

High Risk

- Establish and conduct periodical health monitoring in workers and

periodical biological monitoring to measure blood levels to ensure safety

-Establish and conduct safety campaigns to increase level of awareness

of workers

1



5. PPE

- Using respiratory protection with airline supplied and positive pressure

respirator and respiratory helmet supplied with breathing air of adequate

quality and with inner bib

(continue)

-

A pot attendant and vicinity worker shall use protection from air

purifying respirator type.

Wear protective suits/ clothing to keep out dust and the clothing should

be appropriately disposed after use (disposable type).

Daily/ periodical cleaning, inspection, testing and maintenance of PPE

-

especially on the breathing air quality (respiratory equipment) in order to

identify wear or damage and any worn or defective component to be

repaired or replaced

1

. Elimination

-

Avoid whenever possible by working from the ground or using

extended tools or equipments

2

. Substitute

-

Only use material from steel tube with coupler to replace mainframe

Working at

Height –

Medium Risk

types and replace steel tubes with aluminum tubes (3 times lighter)

3

-

2



None

. Engineering Control

Have competent personnel assemble and qualified personnel with

knowledge and skills to do inspection after assembling is done

Regular inspection, testing, and maintenance for material condition for

wear and corrosion.

-

Redesign scaffolding that withstands its purpose

4

-

. Administrative Control

Establish tags after inspection is done where green tag is safe to use and

red tag is unsafe to work or not ready to be used.

Working at

Height –

Medium Risk

- Place signage whenever visible to worker s

- Establish and conduct safety campaigns to increase level of awareness of

workers and give training and briefing for working at height to workers

2



None

-

Establish emergency and rescue plans and permit to work (PTW)

(continue)

5. PPE

-

Use only compliant falling protection and regularly inspect for

calibration to ensure it is fit for service

4

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 455-470

Potential and

Level of

Hazards

Control Measures

Improved SOP

Improved Existing

No

SOP

Existing SOP

1

-

. Isolation

Isolate area with established barrier/ barricade, only related workers

1. Engineering control

- Ensure all process lines

will enter confined space and isolate from power source, lock all

movable parts (Lockout and Tagout -LOTO)

are blanked off

2. Administrative

control

2

. Engineering control

-

Dilute any potential toxic gases by using a mechanical ventilation

Check for explosion

hazards, toxic materials,

adequate oxygen

system with air quality inside confined space to be tested by qualified

personnel before first entry

-

Continuous monitoring of air quality periodically and improve visually

content, and provide

proper lighting.

by providing sufficient lighting

3

-

. Administrative control

Establish a permit to work (PTW) and establish an authorized person

- Before entry, provide

lifelines, air ventilation,

harness, and standby

someone outside.

and standby person during confined space activity.

Establish related procedures for confined space emergency and

-

Confined Space

response plan by providing training and briefing to workers in confined

spaces and safety campaigns to increase levels of workers awareness

3



-

Medium Risk

-

Signage to be placed at confined space areas and establish confined

space attendant (CSA) for those entering confined space work areas and

maintain an effective communication between the standby person and

entry person all the time

-

Conduct pulmonary function tests on all workers who will be working

in confined spaces to ensure they are fit

4

. PPE

-

Use a compliant respirator and breathing apparatus, full body harness,

protective clothing, head protection, eye and face protection and lifeline.

Provide equipment for emergency and response situations such as

SCBA.

Keep and maintain all equipment and tools for confined spaces in good

shape and condition

-

1

. Isolation

-

Isolate other workers from the source of noise using barriers or

enclosures

2

. Engineering control

-

Reduce the amount of pressure used during blasting by fitting silencers

to compress air exhaust and air blowing nozzles and improving silencer

system.

-

Regularly maintaining equipment

Extreme Noise -

Medium Risk

4



None

3. Administrative control

-

None

Abrasive blasting operations can be done after normal working hours

Use rotation system for working in shifts to minimize exposure to noise

for abrasive blasters and limit the time workers spend in noisy areas

-

4

-

Place signage at noisy areas which exceed PEL

Provide audiometric monitoring and testing periodically

. PPE

Using only compliant types of ear protection based on noise level

exposure and maintaining hearing protection regularly.

1

-

. Substitution

1. Engineering control

All material to be put on

proper fixtures which

should be 2 feet higher

from the ground

Order the abrasive media in smaller bags that use less force/energy to

lift and use a bulk storage hopper to refill blasting pot

2

-

. Engineering control

Redesigning workplaces such that a minimum amount of force/energy

Manual

Handling

Ergonomics) -

Medium Risk

5





is required to perform tasks and reduce intrusions/disturbances and

distance for materials/equipments to be moved such as being close to

trolleys, overhead cranes, hoists, forklifts, etc.

(

3

. Administrative control

-

Provide a flag point for a maximum weight range that is safe with job

rotations or frequent rest breaks

4

67

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 455-470

Potential and

Level of

Hazards

Control Measures

Improved Existing

No

SOP

Improved SOP

Provide training and educate the workers about safe limits and lifting

Existing SOP

-

techniques for working in manual handling especially in awkward,

twisting and bending positions.

1

. Isolation

-

Isolate other workplace activities using blasting chambers, temporary

enclosures, exclusion zones, etc.

Stop/ isolate other workers while abrasive blasting is taking place and

scheduling/ shifting blasting activity outside of normal hours. When in

uncontrolled windy conditions, stop abrasive blasting

Particulate

Matter –

Medium Risk

-

6



None

-

Only appropriate highly trained and skilled abrasive blasters can work

2

. Engineering control

-

Use incorporate guards to reduce possibility of the particulate hitting

the abrasive blaster/other workers.

Abrasive blasting must be fitted with fast acting self- actuating that

-

permits immediate stop of abrasive flow.

Particulate

Matter –

Medium Risk

3. Administrative control

- Place signage at abrasive blasting area

- Nozzle only pointed at work all the time, and when in use, blast hoses

must not be uncoiled.

6



None

(continue)

- Abrasive blaster must be provided with sufficient training

4

. PPE

-

Use compliant and suitable PPE to protect against high velocity flying

abrasive particles such as eye protection, protective footwear, gloves and

clothing.

-

Keep and maintain all PPE and tools in good shape and condition

1

.Isolation

-

Isolate and reduce the quantity of dangerous substances and ignition

sources.

2

.Engineering control

-

Using dust collectors to minimize dust clouds and keep ventilation

Explosion –

Medium Risk

7



None

systems to produce sufficient air flow in the direction of extraction

-

None

Fully enclosed area to prevent source of ignition

3

-

.Administrative control

Provide explosion/fire suppression relief equipment

Develop and establish document/procedure for explosion/fire

emergency and response plan and provide training and safety campaign

1

. Engineering control

-

Using vibration isolating handles on blasting nozzles or with support in

order to reduce vibration exposure.

2

. Administrative control

-

Job rotation by minimizing the amount of time an abrasive blaster is

Vibration –

Medium Risk

8



None required to operate a blast nozzle.

None

-

Levels of vibration can be minimized by regularly inspecting and

maintaining related equipment

3

. PPE

-

Using anti vibration and shock dampening work gloves to reduce

vibration exposure

1

. Engineering control

-

Keep ventilation systems in order to produce sufficient air flow so that

it can minimize clouds of dust using dust collection and keep lighting

system sufficient

Vision

Impairment –

Low Risk

9



None

2

. PPE

-

Replace vision glass when it becomes scratched from abrasive impact,

using the mylar film type instead of normal vision glass

4

68

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 455-470

Potential and

Level of

Hazards

Control Measures

Improved SOP

Improved Existing

No

SOP

Existing SOP

1

-

. Isolation

Isolate from power source, lock all movable parts (Lockout and Tagout

LOTO)

2

. Engineering control

-

Static electricity charge from the blast nozzle can be removed by

Electrical Shock

grounding object that being blasted

- Electrical supply and installation must be comply with relevant

standards

1

0



None

–

Low Risk

3

. Administrative control

-

Place signage or posters to alert to dangers of electrical shocks to

humans and hiring competent and qualified electricians

1

. Substitute

-

Change to different surface preparation techniques such as wet abrasive

blasting, high pressure water jetting, and dry ice blast cleaning that can

eliminate or minimize level of dust

2

. Engineering control

-

Enclose the area to be blasted to minimize dust spreading such as in a

blast chamber or by using sheets to avoid any dust from spreading and

contaminating the surface of the ground and water

-

For wet abrasive blasting, setup a bund and containment system or use

an appropriate drainage system

Pollution – Low

- Avoid sweeping and hosing the floor surface with water after abrasive

blasting operations are completed but use a vacuum cleaner for cleaning

purpose. Equip with dust collection systems and exhaust systems for

ventilation and incorporate warning devices in the filter arrangement to

help alert if filters fail

1



None

Risk

-

Any element used for abrasive blasting operations such as abrasive

media, filter cartridges, wastewater, and PPE should be treated as a waste

and securely stored and disposed.

3

. Administrative control

-

Usage of proper signage to collect all used abrasive and other debris with

securely storage for disposal purposes.

3

. Administrative control

-

Keeping the doors closed for sufficient time after abrasive blasting

operations stop in order to give time for residual dust to be completely

collected by dust collector.

Pollution – Low

-

Label waste container clearly based on types of waste and keep at safe

Risk

1

2



None

and convenient areas and keep records of abrasive media purchased and

the total amount that is disposed

None

(continue)

-

Establish and conduct safety campaigns to increase levels of awareness

of workers associated with pollution

-

Establish and develop environmental management systems

1

. Administrative control

-

Provide decontamination facilities that allow abrasive blasters to

shower after completing their work.

Skin Irritation –

Low Risk

- Increase level of workers knowledge about the importance of personal

hygiene prior to eating and drinking.

1

2



None

2

. PPE

-

Using provided appropriate full PPE all the time while working as

abrasive blaster to avoid contact directly with dust

4

69

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages: 455-470

Potential and

Level of

Hazards

Control Measures

Improved SOP

Improved Existing

No

SOP

Existing SOP

1

-

. Engineering control

Blast helmets to be fitted with air cooling device systems and keep

ventilation systems producing fresh air flow to minimize radiant heat

2

. Administrative control

Extreme Heat –

Low Risk

- Provide periodical rest breaks in order to cool down the body

temperature and prevent from dehydration

1

3



None

-

3

-

Provide training related to risks and symptoms of heat stress

. PPE

Using suitable PPE clothing that can minimize the build-up of the heat

and wearing cotton undergarments

1

. Isolation

-

Keep minimum number of workers, only person who actually performs

a task is barricades area.

Using a dust collector and having sufficient lighting system

-

Slips, Trips, and

Falls – Low

Risk

2. Administrative control

- Keep workplace area clean and tidy from water or liquids on the ground

with regular housekeeping and minimize number of sharp edges

1

4



None

-

Keeping access way at workplace clear from any obstruction, keep

hoses straight, and return any tools and equipment to initial places

3

. PPE

-

Always wearing a compliant PPE

1

. Engineering control

-

Use valves with same ratings as safety relief valves to be installed at air

compressor and air supply system and work below working pressure only

Dead man control shall be fitted near blast nozzle as an automatic cut-

-

off device and never modify, remove or substitute part by mean for free

movement of control handle

-

Only use hose with anti-static rubber types and always kept as straight

as possible and use and fit hose with hose coupling safety locks

Equipment

Failures – Low

Risk

2

. Administrative control

1

5



None

-

Adequate maintenance of equipment with regular inspections, nozzle

linings and thread must be checked for damage and wear and tear signs

periodically

-

Provide adequate training for blasters and establish safety campaign to

increase levels of workers awareness

Never point blasting nozzle towards a person but only to work object,

should uncoil blast hoses during blasting

-

3

-

. PPE

Always wearing a compliance PPE

1

-

. Engineering control

Control access and work area design with video surveillance and alarm

system

. Administrative control

2

Psychological –

Low Risk

- Improve management policies to prevent any discrimination

- Limit working overtime and fatigue management and offer workers

psychological counseling and help

1

6



None

-

Enable training to improve work related skills by providing

communication and additional support

Adequate security and secure environment

-

4

70