Efficiency of the Solar Energy Usage by Winter Wheat Plantings Made with Different Crop Cultivation Technologies

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 657-663

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

Efficiency of the Solar Energy Usage by Winter

Wheat Plantings Made with Different Crop

Cultivation Technologies

Olga V. Melnikova, Vladimir E. Torikov , Anatoliy S. Kononov, Viktor P. Kosianchuk,

Evgeniy V. Prosyannikov, Alexei A. Osipov

Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education Bryansk State Agrarian University, 2A, Sovetskaya street, village

of Kokkino, Vygonichsky district, Bryansk region, 243365

Received: 20/12/2019

Accepted: 19/03/2020

Published: 20/05/2020

Abstract

The paper presents the results of determining the efficiency of the solar energy usage by winter wheat crops cultivated with

different technologies on the gray forest middle-loamy soil in the southwestern part of the Central region of Russia. The authors

found that the photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) usage coefficient can be increased by agrotechnical methods of cultivation,

primarily by optimizing the mineral nutrition of plants. It was shown that the application of mineral fertilizers in intensive

agricultural technologies (N60-90 P K120+N30+N30+pesticides) contributed to 1.8-2.0 times greater solar energy accumulation in the

biomass of the winter wheat plantings Moskovskaya 56 and Nemchinovskaya 57, compared to biological technology (N

control). When cultivating winter wheat Moskovskaya 56 and Nemchinovskaya 57 against a high background of mineral nutrition, in

comparison with the control variant (N ), solar energy costs per unit of grain yield were reduced due to the formation of a higher

0 0 0

P K -

0 0 0

P K

yield (5,75 -6,36 t/ha of grain). Such an “economical” expenditure of solar energy on an economically valuable part of the plantings’

biomass can be explained by an increase in the PAR usage coefficient in crops by 2.8–2.9% at a high agricultural background,

compared to the 1.4–1.6% increase of the control variant. A multiple correlation and regression analysis revealed a close positive

relationship between the winter wheat grain yield and indicators of the dry plantings’ biomass (r = 0.998), total accumulated energy

by plantings (r = 0.998), and the PAR usage by plantings (r = 0.998).

Keywords: Winter wheat, Grain yield, Dry biomass, Solar energy, Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), PAR usage coefficient

Introduction¹

nitrogen (3-8). Nitrogen is the main element that has a greater

effect on the processes associated with photosynthesis. It is

part of protein, chlorophyll and nucleic acids. In this case,

photosynthesis is a necessary condition for the conversion of

nitrogen. Nitrogen deficiency causes a decrease in the amount

of chlorophyll and enzymes involved in assimilation, and, as

a result, reduces productivity. Fertilized plants better absorb

the light energy necessary for the synthesis of organic

substances (9). This tendency can be also detected in

territories exposed to radioactive contamination with Cesium-

Photosynthesis is an important process of plant life,

which provides an expanded reproduction of organic matter

in the plant world. The leaf-area duration of plants and crops,

the intensity of photosynthesis, photosynthetic potential, the

net productivity of photosynthesis and, therefore, the level of

plant productivity to a large extent depend on the internal

(genetic, physiological) characteristics of plants, as well as

their response to the changing environmental conditions (1).

The photosynthetic activity of plants in crops is the biological

basis of crop yield (2).

The photosynthetic activity of plants largely depends on

the availability of mineral nutrition elements, and primarily

37 as a result of the Chernobyl accident (10, 11).

For the first time, the general terms for the principle of

programming yield was substantiated by E.A. Mitscherlich.

He created mathematical expression for the effect law of

growth factors, according to which the plant yield (Y)

increases with the introduction of increasing quantities of any

growth factor (X), proportional to (C) – the value of the crop

lacking to the maximum yield (A), that is to say:

Corresponding author: Vladimir E. Torikov, Federal State

Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education Bryansk

State Agrarian University, 2A, Sovetskaya street, village of

Kokkino, Vygonichsky district, Bryansk region, 243365.

Email: torikov@bgsha.com.

657

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 657-663

4) Determination of the plantings’ photosynthetic

potential in total;



(А У) С

) Strict accounting and proper use of the basic

This formula served as the starting point for the

agriculture laws (equal significance and independence of the

plants’ life factors, optimal and combined action of factors,

returning and crop rotation, etc.);

development of methods for calculating fertilizer doses for

the planned crop. This was studied by A.T. Kirsanov in 1929.

In the 30s, theoretical developments in crop programming

and their practical application were carried out by A.G. Lorh

and M.S. Savitsky in the experiments with potatoes and

winter wheat. The whole complex of factors necessary for

plant life was taken into account: regulation of the nutritional

regime, water supply, carbon dioxide exchange of plants.

M.S. Savitsky previously compiled the structural formula for

the grain yield of winter wheat, and A.G. Lorh made a graph

of the potato biomass growth. The implementation of these

measures helped to obtain 528 centners of potatoes per 1 ha

with a planned yield of 500 centners per 1 ha and a close to

the planned winter wheat grain yield of 99.8 centners per 1 ha

in the Moscow region.

6) The fertilizer system development for the

programmable high quality crop, with mandatory

consideration of effective soil fertility and plant nutrient

requirements in accordance with the planned level of yield;

7) The development of a set of agrotechnical measures to

ensure the achievement of the planned yield on the basis of

soil and climatic conditions, biological characteristics of the

cultivated crops and their varieties;

8) Timely supply of the plants’ water needs;

9) Development of the pest and disease control system;

10) The technical support for the programming process

(the availability of all required data and mathematical

programs).

Further the development of science required the creation

of a general theory for obtaining planned high yields of

agricultural crops. The most important scientific

developments in this direction were carried out at the

Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev

by I.S. Shatilov (1975), later by his student M.K. Kayumov

For the effective cultivation of crops according to the

developed program and obtaining the planned harvests, it is

necessary to have sufficient information and strictly adhere to

the adopted technology. We should note that some crop

factors are difficult to control or even unmanageable (for

example, climatic and weather conditions), which explains

the inevitable deviations from the intended level of yield.

Correction of agrotechnical practices, reclamation and other

measures, depending on the sowing condition, weather

conditions, the presence of pests, and diseases reduce the

amplitude of these deviations, but cannot completely remove

them.

Programming doesn’t involve the obtaining of the

maximum possible crop from a given area, but an optimal

amount of crop in the specific soil-climatic and economic

conditions of each field, this allows us to stably increase crop

yields while increasing soil fertility. To do this, it is

necessary to comprehensively assess the bioclimatic potential

of the territory, according to the parameters of the solar

radiation income, the sum of the effective temperatures

during the growing season and the moisture supply of crops.

The productivity of crops in agrophytocenosis primarily

depends on the amount of photosynthetic active radiation

(PAR) coming to the surface of the crop and the coefficient

of its usage. PAR is the part of the radiant energy of the sun

(with a wavelength of 0.38 - 0.72 microns), which plants

absorb during photosynthesis (12). We found that the main

mechanism for the formation of grain crop yields is the

transpiration process, which driving force is the radiation

balance and PAR. In the entire interval of accessible soil

moisture, mineral fertilizers increase transpiration of grain

crops and, consequently, their productivity (13).

(1977, 1982) at the Agrophysical Institute and at St.

Petersburg Agricultural State University by N.F. Bondarenko,

E.E. Zhukovsky (1981); at the Belarussian Research Institute

of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry by T.N.

Kulakovskaya (1975); at the Research Institute of Irrigation

Agriculture by A.A. Sobko (1984) and by many others.

The theoretical basis for the development of crop

programming as an independent scientific field contained the

deepening of the crops photosynthetic productivity theory,

the creation of the theory, describing the energy and mass

transfer processes in the ecological system, the accumulation

of agrometeorological information, which made possible to

establish quantitative relationships between the level of crop

productivity and meteorological indicators, as well as

evaluate the effect of agrotechnical methods in various soil

and climatic conditions. This theoretical basis also included

the mathematical expression development for the production

process, creation of complex mathematical models and

methods for its modeling, creation of the theory and practical

solutions, allowing to select the optimal agrotechnical

methods for cultivating crops in specific soil and climatic

conditions, basing on the meteorological forecasts and

agroclimatic data.

The main methodological principles of programming

crop yields were formulated in 1975 by academician I.S.

Shatilov (12):

)

Determination of the phytomass productivity

The whole set of agrotechnical measures must be adapted

to ensure optimal conditions for photosynthesis. One of the

factors that make possible to obtain high and stable crops is

the cultivation conditions optimization. Its initial stage is to

create the best conditions for photosynthesis and respiration

of plants. Crop is formed due to solar energy and carbon

dioxide in the atmosphere. Therefore, all agricultural

techniques are aimed at increasing the efficiency of the solar

energy usage by plants. Knowing the income of PAR during

hydrothermal indicator, taking into account all samples of

crop rotation. This helped to create crop rotations in which

plants have the maximum solar energy usage and give the

greatest yield of biological products per the area unit;

) Determination of the yield level by the PAR usage

coefficient of the cultivated plants;

) Taking into account the potential of each cultivated

crop or variety;

658

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 657-663

the growing season, it is possible to set the task of forming a

crop with the highest PAR assimilation coefficient in order to

increase the potential crop yield (12). Therefore, the study of

the solar energy usage efficiency in crops is a very urgent

task aimed at realizing their productive potential.

region of Russia, where studies were conducted (14, 15). The

potential yield of dry biomass (Уbiol.), provided by the income

of PAR (with the usage coefficient 3% by grain crops), was

calculated by Formula 1:

푄푃퐴푅⋅К푃퐴푅⋅10⁴

У_푏_ꢀ_표_푙_.

(1)

푞

Materials and Methods

The purpose of this work is to study the efficiency of the

where Уbiol. is potential yield of the plant dry biomass,

solar energy usage by winter wheat crops grown with various

cultivation technologies. The soil of the test plot is gray forest

middle-loamy, well cultivated. The humus content (according

to Tyurin method) was 3.38-3.62%, рНКСL - 5.7-5.9; the

content of mobile forms of phosphorus - 220-319 mg/kg of

soil; exchange potassium - 215-247 mg/kg of soil. Field

studies included phenological observations on the phases of

development, taking into account the biomass and grain yield

of winter wheat. Winter wheat (variety Moskovskaya 56 and

Nemchinovskaya 57) was sown in a 4-full crop rotation: 1.

vetch-oat mixture for herbage; 2. winter wheat; 3. potato; 4.

spring barley. In the experiment, we studied 4 technologies

for the cultivation of winter wheat, differing in the level of

intensification:

kg/ha; QPAR is PAR income for the crop growing season

(from seedlings to harvest), kJ/cm ; KPAR is PAR usage

coefficient in crops, %; q is energy value (of a whole plant),

kJ/kg. During the autumn-summer vegetation of winter wheat

(

150 days), the PAR in the territory of the experimental site

QPAR) amounted to 144.54 kJ/cm , with the energy value (q)

of the whole winter wheat plant 18631 kJ/kg, the potential

yield of dry biomass will be: Уbiol. = 144.54 x 3.0 x 10 /

8631 = 232 cwt/ha = 23.2 t/ha. To transfer dry biomass to

the main product (grain), the coefficient of economic

efficiency Кe.e.= 0.4 was used. The calculation of the possible

yield (Уо) of absolutely dry main product (grain) was carried

out according to Formula 2:

. High intensive technology (the calculate NPK norms

60 120

for a programmable grain yield level of 7 t/ha) - N90P K

from autumn) + N30 + N30 + pesticides + aftereffect of

organic fertilizers in crop rotation.

. Intensive technology (the calculate NPK norms for a

programmable grain yield level of 6 t/ha) - N60

У_о= У_푏_ꢀ_표_푙_.⋅ К_푒_._푒_.

(2)

(

Уo = 232 x 0.4 = 92.8 t/ha = 9.3 t/ha

The yield of the winter wheat grain (Уs) at standard

humidity (Bc = 14%) was found by Formula 3:

P K120 (from

autumn) + N30 + N30 + pesticides + aftereffect of organic

fertilizers in crop rotation.

Уо 100%

Ус 

. Traditional technology (the calculate NPK norms for a

00%  Вс

programmable grain yield level of 5 t/ha) - N60

P K120 (from

(3)

autumn) + N30 + pesticides + aftereffect of organic fertilizers

in crop rotation.

Ус = 92.8 x 100 / (100 - 14) = 107.9 cwt/ha = 10.8 t/ha

It can be seen from the calculations that in the

southwestern part of the Central region of Russia with the

PAR usage coefficient of 3.0%, winter wheat plantings can

provide the grain yield up to 10.79 t/ha. Table 1 shows the

theoretically possible levels of winter wheat grain yield at

different coefficients of PAR usage by crops. An increase in

the PAR usage coefficient by every 0.5% can provide an

increase in the yield of winter wheat grain by 1.8 t/ha.

. Biologized technology (extensive) - without the use of

mineral fertilizers (N ), aftereffect of organic fertilizers

0 0 0

P K

in crop rotation (manure 40 t/ha applied to potatoes; shredded

straw 7 t/ha applied after harvesting spring barley), without

pesticides – control variant.

In the autumn, azophoska (N:P:K – 16:16:16) and

potassium chloride KCl (60% rate application) were applied

as mineral fertilizers for the presowing cultivation. Nitrogen

fertilizing of crops was carried out twice with ammonium

nitrate NH

during the resumption of spring vegetation and the second -

30 at the beginning of the shoot stage. The following

(34.5% rate application): the first - N30

Table 1: Theoretically possible winter wheat grain yield at

different PAR usage coefficients of crops, t/ha

pesticides were used in the experiments: seed dressers: Tabu,

VSK + Oplot, VSK (0.5 l/t + 0.6 l/t); herbicides in the

tillering phase in the spring: Bomba Mix, VDG, SE + Lastic

Top, MKE (0.28 l/ha + 0.5 l/ha); retardant at the end of the

tillering phase - Stabilan, VR (1.5 l/ha); fungicide at the shoot

phase - Akanto Plus, KS (0.6/ha). The distribution of plots in

the experiment is systematic, 3-fold repetition, the total plot

area is 220 m , including the registration plot - 75 m .

Results and discussion

Basing on the programming methods for crop

Note*. Grain yield is given at std humidity (14%).

productivity by M.K. Kayumov (12), we calculated the

theoretically possible yield of winter wheat grain, provided

by the income of PAR in the southwestern part of the Central

The efficiency of the solar energy usage by crops (KPAR

can be increased by agrotechnical methods of cultivation,

)

659

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 657-663

primarily by optimizing the mineral nutrition of plants. Long-

term research of Yermokhin Y.I. and Ermolaev O.T. (16)

revealed the high efficiency of the solar energy usage by

cereal plants at the optimal level and ratio of nitrogen and

phosphorus in plants. So, in winter wheat, the accumulation

of solar energy increases with an increase in the in plants,

during the earing-flowering stage, of the following

substances content: nitrogen – up to 3.8-4.2%; phosphorus –

up to 0.23-0.35%. By the method of Ermokhin Y.I. and

Ermolaev O.T. the accumulation of solar energy by plants

can be calculated using the formula for photosynthesis:

The ratio of grain to straw was determined by the analysis

of a sheaf sample. In the variants with high intensive and

intensive technologies, the ratio of grain to straw was 1:1.15;

in the variant with traditional technology – 1:1.22; in control

variant – 1:1.24. When calculating the mass of the root

system, we used the data, obtained by A.F. Neklyudova, V.D.

Kinshakova, V.M. Chernakov (17), who established that in

winter wheat the ratio of aboveground mass to underground

mass is 1:1. Thus, we can conclude that with dry biomass of

winter wheat plantings of 21.0 t/ha in the variant with high

intensive technology (N90P K120+N30+N30+pesticides), the

total accumulated solar energy by plantings was 317.6 kJ/ha,

which is 2 times higher than in the control variant with

biologized technology (without introducing mineral

fertilizer). In 2014, as in 2013, in the variant with high

intensive technology, the total accumulated energy amounted

to 356.9 kJ/ha, which is 2 times more than in the variant with

biologized technology. With the traditional technology of

wheat cultivation, the total accumulated energy by plantings

was 308.5 kJ/ha with the dry biomass of 20.4 t/ha (Table 3).

A similar trend was noted in the period of 2015.

푒푛푒푟ꢁ푦 푠푢푚 2,722 퐽

О →ꢂꢂꢂꢂꢂꢂꢂꢂꢂꢂꢂꢂꢂꢂꢃ С

СО

+ 6Н

192

+ 6О

264

108

180

It expresses the essence of the phenomenon. In the light

in a green plant, from extremely oxidized substances –

carbon dioxide and water, organic substances (glucose) are

formed and molecular oxygen is released. We calculated the

accumulation of solar energy by the winter wheat plantings

Moskovskaya 56 and Nemchinovskaya 57 on the

experimental plots with different cultivation technologies

Table 3: Solar energy accumulation by winter wheat crops of

(

Tables 2-4):

the Moskovskaya 56 variety (2016)

90 60

High

Intensive

N P K120+N30+N30+pesticides):

Technology

Dry mass, t/ha

(

21,0 푡/ℎ푎 ×10 ×2,722

Total accumulated

ꢄꢅ5ꢆꢆ,ꢅ J/ha

. Intensive technology (N60

Total accumulated energy

ꢈꢉ33ꢅꢄ,ꢄ J/ha

energy

180

K120+N30+N30+pesticides):

9,ꢇ 푡/ℎ푎 ×10 ×2,722

180

High Intensive

(N90

120+N30+N30

6.36

5.83

5.40

5.5

5.0

6.3

5.8

11.8

10.8

23.6

21.6

356.9

326.6

pesticides)

. Traditional technology (N60P K120+N30+pesticides):

Intensive

(N60P K120+N30+N

60 3

8,2 푡/ℎ푎 ×10 ×2,722

Total accumulated energy

+ pesticides)

ꢈꢅ5ꢈꢈꢊ,ꢊ J/ha

. Biologized Technology (N

Traditional

0 0 0

P K ):

(N60P

K120+N30

4.6

2.6

5.6

3.2

10.2

5.8

20.4

11.6

308.5

175.4

0,8 푡/ℎ푎 ×10 ×2,722

pesticides)

Biologized

(N P K ) - control

0 0 0

Total accumulated energy

ꢄꢆ33ꢈꢋ,ꢋ J/ha

3.01

Table 4: Solar energy accumulation by winter wheat crops of

Table 2: Solar energy accumulation by winter wheat

plantings of the Moskovskaya 56 variety (2015)

the Moskovskaya 56 variety (2017)

Dry mass, t/ha

Total

Dry mass, t/ha

accumulated

energy by

the

accumulate

d energy by

the

plantings,

kJ/ha

plantings,

kJ/ha

High Intensive

(

K120+N30

5.75

4.9

4.5

5.6

5.2

21.0

19.4

317.6

293.4

(N90

K120+N30+N30

5.58

5.10

4.8

4.4

5.5

5.1

10.3

9.5

20.6

19.0

311.5

287.3

N30+pesticides)

pesticides)

Intensive

(N60P K120+N30+N

60 3

(

K120+N30

5.27

9.7

+N +

+ pesticides)

pesticides)

Traditional

(

K120+N30

4.64

2.61

4.0

2.2

4.9

2.7

8.9

4.9

17.8

9.8

269.2

148.2

(

120

4.71

4.1

2.4

5.0

3.0

9.1

5.4

18.2

10.8

275.2

163.3

pesticides)

Biologized

(N P K ) - control

0 0 0

+N +

pesticides)

Biologized

(

) -

2.84

control

In the variant with high intensive technology, with the

total biomass of 20.6 t/ha, the plantings’ total accumulated

660

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 657-663

energy was 311.5 kJ/ha. In the transition from biologized

technology to traditional, the total accumulated energy

increased by 82% and amounted to 269.2 kJ/ha (Table 4).

Similar calculations were performed for the winter wheat

variety Nemchinovskaya 57. Analyzing the data for the

variety Nemchinovskaya 57, we can conclude that the

introduction of the mineral fertilizers’ calculate norms in

agricultural technologies contributed to an increase in solar

energy accumulation in crops in 1.7-1.9 times, compared to

(Table 7). Using Formula (1) to calculate the theoretically

possible biological crop yield, we derive a formula for

calculating the PAR usage coefficient (KPAR, %) by crops:

У_b_i_o_l_.q



_Q10

^КPAR

(4)

where Yboil is actually obtained biological productivity of

winter wheat (total dry biomass) in the experiment, kg/ha;

PAR is PAR income for the growing season of the crop

0 0 0

the control variant of the biologized technology (N P K ).

(144.54), kJ/cm ; and q is energy value of the whole plant

Studies have shown that on average, over 3 years, winter

wheat plantings of Nemchinovskaya 57 accumulated more

solar energy than Moskovskaya 56 (2.7% with high intensive

technology, 3.2% with intensive technology, 4.4% with

traditional technology and 12.5% with biologized

technology) (Table 5).

(18631), kJ/kg. For example, in 2013, the yield of the winter

wheat dry biomass Moskovskaya 56 in the variant with high

intensive technology amounted to 21 t/ha = 210 kg/ha (Table

). By introducing the value in the formula, we obtain the

PAR usage coefficient of 2.7%:

^Уbiol. q

_Q 10

210cwt / ha18631kJ / kg

 2,7%

Table 5: Accumulation of solar energy (kJ/ha) by winter wheat crops

with different cultivation technologies, on average for 2015-2017

К_P_A_R



144,54kJ / cm 10000

Agrotechnologies

Moskovskaya

Nemchinovskaya 57

The calculated coefficients of the PAR usage in winter

wheat crops, depending on the cultivation technologies, are

presented in Table 7. The calculations showed that, on

average, over 3 years of research, winter wheat crops

Moskovskaya 56 and Nemchinovskaya 57 most effectively

used solar energy (KPAR = 2.6-2.9%) on a high agricultural

High Intensive

28.6

02.4

337.7

312.5

(

K120+N30+N30+pesticides)

Intensive

(N P K120+N30+N30+pesticides)

60 60

Traditional (N60 120+N30+pesticides)

P K

284.3

162.3

297.4

185.5

Biologized (N P K ) - control

0 0 0

background with N60

90 60

- P K120, using two nitrogen fertilizers

The results of the studies in Table 6 show that, when

cultivating winter wheat against a high background of

mineral nutrition, the solar energy costs of the plantings’

biomass decreased per unit of grain yield due to higher

yields. So, in control variants with biologized technology,

N30 and the plant protection products in cultivation

technologies. When cultivating winter wheat with biologized

technology, without the use of readily soluble mineral

fertilizers, the average coefficient of the PAR usage by

Moskovskaya 56 variety was 1.4%, and by Nemchinovskaya

7.5-58.5 J of the solar energy were spent per 1 kg of grain,

while with the introduction of

120+N30+N30+pesticides in the variant with high

intensive cultivation technology, energy costs decreased to

5.7-56.2 J/kg of grain.

7 variety it was 1.6%.

90 60

N P K

Table 7: The coefficients of the PAR usage by winter wheat

crops depending on cultivation technologies, %

Agrotechnologies

2015

2016

2017

Average

Moskovskaya 56

Table 6: The solar energy costs of the winter wheat plantings’

High Intensive

120+N30+N30+pesticides)

Intensive (N60 120+N30+N30+ pesticides)

Traditional (N60 120+N30+pesticides)

Biologized (N ) - control

3.0

2.7

2.8

biomass, per unit of grain yield, (J/kg)

90 60

(N P K

P K

2.5

2.3

2.8

2.6

2.4

2.3

2.6

2.4

Agrotechnologies

2015

2016

2017

Average

Moskovskaya 56

P K

Nemchinovskaya 57

1.5

1.3

1.4

High Intensive

120+N30+N30+pesticides)

Intensive (N60 120+N30+N30+ pesticides)

Traditional (N60 120+N30+pesticides)

5.2

56.1

55.8

55.7

90 60

(N P K

55.7

58.4

56.0

57.1

56.3

58.0

56.0

57.8

High Intensive

(N90P K120+N30+N30+pesticides)

Intensive (N60 120+N30+N30+pesticides)

3.1

2.9

2.7

2.5

2.9

2.7

P K

Biologized (N ) - control

57.5

58.3

56.8

57.5

2.6

Nemchinovskaya 57

High Intensive

Traditional (N60 120+N30+pesticides)

2.8

1.7

2.4

1.4

2.5

1.6

6.5

56.0

55.9

57.9

56.2

55.9

57.2

56.2

56.0

57.6

Biologized (N P K ) - control

0 0 0

1.6

(

K120+N30+N30+pesticides)

Intensive (N60 120+N30+N30+pesticides)

P K

56.2

57.7

Thus, we can conclude that the use of mineral fertilizers

together with pesticides in cultivation of winter wheat with

intensive technologies contributed to an increase in the PAR

usage coefficient by 2.9%, which is 1.3% higher in absolute

Traditional (N60 120+N30+pesticides)

P K

Biologized (N

) - control

59.5

58.7

57.4

58.5

This “economical” expenditure of solar energy by winter

0 0 0

terms, compared to biologized technology (N P K , without

wheat crops when cultivated with high intensive technology

pesticides – control variant).

(

120+N30+N30+pesticides)

and

technology

intensive

can be

Using multiple correlation and regression analysis, 24

correlation pairs of dependent features were processed. The

analysis (Table 8, Figure 1) made it possible to identify a

close positive relationship between winter wheat grain yield

explained by an increase in the PAR usage coefficient up to

.8-2.9% due to a more balanced mineral nutrition of plants

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 657-663

and indicators of the plantings’ dry biomass (r = 0.998), total

accumulated energy by the plantings (r = 0.998) and the

plantings’ PAR usage coefficient (r = 0.998).

decrease in the costs of solar energy for the plantings’

biomass per unit of crop was observed, due to an increase in

the PAR usage coefficient in the plantings. This was

facilitated by the most favorable conditions for the growth

and development of winter wheat plants in these

experimental variants.

Table 8: Correlation matrix of the winter wheat grain yield

(

Y, t/ha) dependence on the plantings’ dry biomass (X , t/ha),

the total accumulated energy (X , kJ/ha), the cost of solar

energy for grain formation (X , J/kg) and the PAR usage

coefficient in plantings (X , %)

Conclusion

The efficiency of the solar energy usage by crops can be

improved by agrotechnical methods of cultivation, primarily

by optimizing the mineral nutrition of plants. The

introduction of mineral fertilizers in intensive agricultural

1.000

0.998

-0.659

0.998

1.000

-0.612

0.999

technologies (N60-90

P K120+N30+N30+pesticides) contributed

1.000

-0.612

0.999

to 1.8-2.0 times greater solar energy accumulation in the

biomass of winter wheat plantings Moskovskaya 56 and

Nemchinovskaya 57, compared to biologized technology

1.000

-0.622

1.000

0 0 0

(N P K - control variant). When cultivating winter wheat

Moskovskaya 56 and Nemchinovskaya 57 against a high

background of mineral nutrition, in comparison with the

An inverse correlation relationship (r = -0.659) between

the winter wheat grain yield and the solar energy costs for the

plantings biomass per 1 kg of grain was revealed, which

confirms the highest efficiency of the PAR usage by high-

yielding crops in variants with intensive cultivation

technologies.

0 0 0

control variant (N P K ), the costs of solar energy per unit of

grain harvest was reduced due to the formation of a higher

yield (5.75-6.36 t/ha of grain). Such an “economical” usage

of the solar energy by an economically valuable part of the

plantings’ biomass can be explained by an increase in the

PAR usage coefficient in crops up to 2.8–2.9% at a high

agricultural background, compared to 1.4–1.6% in control

variant. Multiple correlation and regression analysis revealed

a close positive relationship between winter wheat grain yield

and indicators of the plantings’ dry biomass (r = 0.998), total

accumulated energy by plantings (r = 0.998), and their PAR

usage coefficient (r = 0.998).

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