Enhancing the Physical, Mechanical, Oxygen Permeability and Photodegradation Properties of Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), Butadiene Rubber (BR) Composite by Silica Nanoparticles

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 718-726

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

Enhancing the Physical, Mechanical, Oxygen

Permeability and Photodegradation Properties of

Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), Butadiene Rubber

(

BR) Composite by Silica Nanoparticles

1 2 1 3

Nooredin Goudarzian , Soheil Samiei , Fatemeh Safari , Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi *, Seyyed

Alireza Hashemi , Sargol Mazraedoost

Department of Applied Chemistry, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran

Department of Applied Polymer, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Darab, Iran

Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore,

Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 71348-14336

Received: 13/02/2020

Accepted: 07/04/2020

Published: 20/05/2020

Abstract

Polymer-nanosilica composite was prepared using Silica nanoparticles as reinforcing fillers in Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN).

Copolymer Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) is such warm, soft clear resins that because of having suitable Physical and mechanical

properties, have excellent resistance against chemical also low solvent and cost toward another copolymer styrene that caused to be in a

category of much used of them. The effect of increasing nano-silica loadings on the mechanical properties of BR nanocomposites was

also studied. Its defect is its fragility that, with its alloying with Butadiene Rubber, prevents its fragility. Basically, with adding inorganic

Nano bits, changed strength and modulus of elasticity of plastics while increasing Nano bits decrease the strength of the hit. In this study,

copolymer Styrene-acrylonitrile considered as a matrix and for increasing mechanical qualities used Nano bits silica diacid. Results of

automated tests (XRD), (TGA), (HDT), and (SEM) were a sign of improvement of mechanical and thermal qualities. Nowadays, due to

using lots of plastics in various industries, this probability exists that destroyed whit being exposed to direct solar radiation. So light

destroyed plastics is very important. In this project whit using Oxoperoxidant blend prepared with the ability of light destruction, so that

after one and three months, results show to destroy its lights.

Keyword: Permeability, Oxoperoxidant, Styrene-acrylonitrile, Degradation

advantage of the low cost of production and in the high-

Introduction¹

performance features. Studies on nano-silica dispersions in

polymer matrices like poly(methyl methacrylate) (6-8),

polyethylene (9), and poly (ethylene oxide- 600) (10), were

reported. Studies were reported on polymer nanocomposites

based on silica and polymers like poly (vinyl alcohol) (11), poly

In the last decade, polymer nano-composites have drawn

significant interest from both industry & academia because

they often exhibit remarkable improvements in material

properties at an excellent level with very low nanofiller loading

when compared to pristine polymer or conventional

composites. Polymer nanocomposites are a particular class of

polymer composites, a type of reinforced polymer having a

two-phase material with the reinforcing phase having at least

one dimension in the 10-9 m (nm) scale. It constitutes a new

class of material having nano-scale dispersion, typically 1-100

nm, of the filler phase in a given matrix. The outstanding

reinforcement of nano-composites is primarily attributed to the

large interfacial area per unit volume or weight of the dispersed

(vinyl pyrrolidone), and chitosan. The mechanical and thermal

properties of polymer nanocomposites were found to be

enhanced compared to the pristine polymers. Acrylonitrile-

Butadiene Rubber (NBR), is a synthetic Rubber, the most

widely used rubber in automobiles components such as fuel

hoses, gaskets, rollers, and other products in which oil

resistance is required along with heat resistance properties (12-

4). Rubbers are reinforced with fillers to improve their

performance by incorporating materials of conventional fillers

such as carbon blacks, silica, clay, talc and calcium carbonate,

etc. In recent trends, Rubber Nanocomposites made out of

nanofillers were found to exhibit remarkable property

enhancements compared to conventional micro composites

phase (e.g., 750 m /g). Silica is an abundant compound over the

earth employed mainly in industries to produce silica gels,

colloidal silica, fumed silica, and so on (1). The nano-sized

silica particles are unusual because they are applied in

emerging areas like medicine and drug delivery etc. Silica

nanoparticles have been used in the industry to reinforce the

elastomers as a rheological solute (2-5). Silica nanocomposites

have been attracting some scientific interest as well due to the

(15-18). Polymer nanocomposites with layered silicates which

are made using typical fillers, (19-21) and carbon nanotubes

had attracted significant interest in the improvement of

Corresponding author: Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and

Technology, Taiwan. E-mail: kempo.smm@gmail.com.

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 718-726

structural properties and the development of new materials

having different functional properties (22-25). Sadhu and

Bhowmick reported the effect of acrylonitrile content on the

mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and rheological properties of

the nanocomposite. The Role of an Organic modifier used with

montmorrilite on the formation of nanocomposite in the melt

compounding process has been studied by Kim and White.

Rajkumar et al. studied the effect of liquid NBR as dispersion

media for dispersing nano graphite in the NBR matrix, and

consequently, polymer nanocomposites were found to improve

its thermal stability (26-31). In the current studies, Styrene-

acrylonitrile(SAN), Butadiene Rubber (BR), was used as

dispersion media to disperse the nano-silica in a polymer matrix

using conventional mixing techniques. SAN -Nanosilica based

Nanocomposites were prepared using BR as dispersion media

and conventional mixing processes. The effect of Nanosilica on

mechanical and thermal and photodegradation properties of

polymer nanocomposites was studied. The dispersion of the

silica nanoparticle in the polymer matrix was studied using

scanning electron microscopy [SEM] combined with FTIR.

The effect of an increase in nano-silica loadings on the physical

properties like tensile strength, modulus, and Elongation at the

break, retention properties after air aging were studied, and

momentous changes were found in the properties of SAN/ (BR)

polymer nanocomposite (32-37).

composites, Oxoperoxidant mixture, and nano-particles with

different amounts were inserted into the SAN-BR sample, and

the samples were prepared. Weight percentages combinations

of the prepared samples are presented, as shown in Table 1.

The test specimens, i.e., dumbbell specimens, punched out

from the compression molded sheet using Die Cas per ASTM

412 and utilized for determining physicomechanical

properties at the cross-head rate of 500 mm per minute using a

universal testing machine (UTM, Zwick 1445). The aging

studies were carried out. Evaluate the physical and mechanical

properties of all samples with the following conditions for

tensile and impact testing standards for injection (see fig. 2).

Results and Discussion

.1 Mechanical properties test results

.1.1 Investigating the effect of SAN/BR/nano SiO /oxo/on

mechanical properties

The mechanical properties of the films depend on

intermolecular forces of their polymeric manufacturer chains,

the nature of the polymer, fillers, and process conditions. The

mechanical properties of pure SAN/BR and SAN/BR/nano

sio /oxo suspension are shown. Moreover, in Figures3 and 5.

these results were compared with each other. As can be seen in

Figure.5, with the presence of SAN with coupler agent BR, the

tensile strength of sample B has increased in comparison with

sample A. Generally, SAN/BR are non-polar polymer and polar

copolymer respectively. Their mixture in any weight

percentage can cause the formation of two-phase morphology.

This phenomenon indicates that the SAN/BR are immiscible.

However, with an increase in tensile strength, it seems that BR

caused an increase incompatibility between two phases and

strengthened the joint surface interactions. By an increase in the

interface, the stress transfer to the minor stage SAN/BR/nano

Materials and Methods

Butadiene Rubber (BR JSR -230), Styrene-acrylonitrile

(SAN), Nano-silica powder obtained from Nanoshell USA,

Styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), (SAN w1540) was supplied by

Iran Petro Chemical Co., Ltd. (Iran), [MFR =50 g/10 min (200

°C

/21.6

Kg),

Density

1.04

g/cm ].

Styrene/Butadiene/Styrene (SBS) was supplied by Amole

Plastic Co, Ltd. Iran. Casein is a commercial material; it was

brought from local suppliers and used as received, nano-silica

used in this study is commercially available as fine amorphous,

nonporous and typically spherical particles, white color,

specific gravity 1.12, p the size of nano-silica particles was

determined by solving them in an ethylene glycol solvent. The

size of the nanoparticles is determined to be 61.5 nm. Figure 1

depicts the diagram of the nanoparticle size (PSA) of the

nanoparticles.

SiO /oxo occurred more convenient during the process and

caused its uniform distribution in the context of a matrix. On

the other hand, very high BR adhesion can act as a crosslinking

agent. Therefore, by applying external tension, concentrated

stress on the BR can cause stress loss, and avoid the creation of

stress concentration areas on holes and cracks. Also, as can be

seen in Figure 5, elongation in sample B has decreased poorly,

which is due to the high adhesion force of BR and its strong

interaction with SAN. It seems that this strong interaction and

surface adhesion did not let the polymer chains move and

caused a decrease in elongation. Moreover, as can be seen in

Figure 5, the amount of Tensile strength and elongation of

samples has decreased in comparison with sample 3% nano sio

that is due to the nature of BR that has less modulus than SAN.

350

300

250

200

150

Figure 1: It depicts the diagram of nanoparticle size (PSA) of the

nanoparticles

In the first step, the combination of Styrene Acrylonitrile

(

SAN) and Butadiene Rubber /nano sio

and using the

100

Oxoperoxidant blend was manually mixed to prepare samples.

The materials mentioned above percentages combination

mixed in a bag by hand to compare the effect of SAN and BR

over impact and flexibility of the SAN, and because the

materials were new and fully packed was delivered from the

manufacturing factory, there was no need to dewatering and gas

Nano SiO )%(

removing. Adding nano sio

into SAN, BR combination. To evaluate the biodegradation of

and using Oxoperoxidant blend

Figure 3: Diagram of the impact index of samples containing different

weight percentage nano sio

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 718-726

Table 1: Formulation for preparation of SAN/BR – Nano-composites

Sample

SAN (%)

BR (%)

N (%)

OXO (%)

SAN/BR

SAN/BR(A)

SAN/BR(B)

SAN/BR(C)

SAN/BR(D)

SAN/BR 0% N)E)

(F)/N 20% SAN/BR

OXO0.5(G)/ SAN/BR

OXO1(H)/ SAN/BR

79.6

79.2

19.9

19.8

0.5

OXO2(L)/ SAN/BR

78.4

19.6

Figure 2: Steps of the manufacturing method, also in step 1, numbers 1-10 shows 1-engine, 2-feeder, 3-cooling jacket, 4-thermocouple, 5-screw

Table 2: Terms of molding injection, molding blends injection

Rate Injection

Process Temperature

°C)

Mold Temperature

(°C)

Pressure injection

(Mpa)

Samples

풎풎

(

( _풔

)

SAN/BR

180-220

25-35

N/SAN/BR

180-230

180-220

30-40

25-35

OXO/N/SAN/BR

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 718-726

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

BR )%(

(

^%⁾^N^aⁿ^o^Sⁱ^O2

Figure 4: Diagram of the impact index of samples containing

different weight percentage BR%

Figure 7: Diagram of the melt flow index of samples containing

different weight percentage nano sio

By observing the obtained results form (see fig 6 and7)

diagram it can be concluded that by rising SAN/BR/nano

sio /oxo percentage the amount of Hank elastomeric materials

in the sample increases and consequently, the fluency decreases

and the viscosity also increases thus resulting, melt flow index

reduces.

100

120

SAN/BR20/N1

100

SAN/BR20

SAN/BR20/N3

Tensile strength (Mpa)

Elongation (%)

Nano SiO )%(

Figure 5: Diagram of the Tensile strength and elongation index of

samples containing different weight percentage nano SiO

200

400

600

800

Temperature (°C)

Figure 8: Diagram of Thermal Stability of Blend by TGA

.2 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)

Shimadzu TGA-50 performed TGA test under flowing

nitrogen (20 푚푙⁄푚푖푛) atmosphere by 10 ℃⁄푚푖푛 temperature

growth rate. 6mg of each sample was placed in a platinum pan,

and the change in weight vs. temperature was measured .The

above figure shows the results of samples' thermal stability

containing various percentage combinations of elastomer

polyolefin. Thermal resistance with 1,3% nanoparticles of

weight increase of SAN/BR/nano sio /oxo matrix has increased

that was due to the formation of the network in the SAN/BR

matrix. By the further increase in the percentage of nano

%) BR

(

Figure 6: Diagram of the melt flow index of samples containing

different weight percentage Nano BR

sio /oxo in combination, the degradation is shifted to lower

temperatures that are due to reduction of percentage

combination of SAN/BR in other words, the decreasing in

percentage composition of C-N functional group and, by

increasing Acrylonitrile group, alloy’s thermal resistance rises.

Also, according to the diagram can be seen that thermal

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 718-726

degradation of sio

about 220°C and thermal resistance of sio

nano-particles and cheese powder starts at

nano-particles,

cheese powder, and OXO are lower that SAN/BR matrix alloy,

thus bu increasing their percentages, thermal destruction occurs

faster (see Fig 8).

XRD DIAGRAM

.3 Heat temperature results test (HDT)

400

Nanoparticle silica, the thermal stability matrix, is a

polymer that illustrations in Figure (9), increased the matrix

polymer of the crystallinity network, strengthen is because of

HDT Increased, postponed has been lattice crystal crumble

Completely.

100

Figure 10: X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) test

.5 Oxygen permeability tests results

Results of samples' oxygen permeability can be seen in

Table 3. In Fig. 11 the effects of oxygen permeability for

samples were compared. As can be seen, with the presence in

sample D, the amount of oxygen permeability in comparison

with sample E was increased. As mentioned in the steam

permeability section, it seems that aggregation nano Sio in the

polymer context can lead to the creation of gaps in the polymer

context. Thus, gas molecules have the opportunity to pass. The

results of the mechanical properties section justified this

possibility.

(

%) Nano SiO₂

Figure 9: heat temperature results for samples

Oxygen permeability (Cm /m d bar)

.4 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) test results

Figure 10 shows the XRD results of pure sio

As can be seen, the related peak to the closite 30B in 2θ is 81.3,

which shows that the distance between the layers of sio

and sample.

nanoparticle is about 34.18. But this peak in the sample with

polymeric context has vanished that is due to foliating of NC

layers. As mentioned in the mechanical test sections, presence

of OXO as a compatible agent and on the other hand presence

of SAN/BR/nano sio

sio , because OXO polar chains have better compatibility with

nano-size particles [61.5nm]. Due to applied shear force during

the process, it has penetrated the nano sio layers and has turned

/oxo can lead to better dispersion of nano

these layers apart. By an increase in distance of silicate layers

in nanoparticles, the dispersion quality of nanofillers will

increase, and their interaction with the polymeric substrate will

be improved. Also, XRD results justified the mechanical

properties.

Figure 11: Amount of oxygen permeability for the samples

Table 3: Effects of oxygen permeability

Sample code

Relative humidity (%)

Temperature (℃)

Oxygen permeability (Cm /m d bar)

8.63

15.4

14.32

15.86

7.46

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 718-726

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(

Figure 12: Microscopic images of samples containing different weight percentage of (a,b), (c,d), (e,f), (g,h), (i,j)

Also, the presence of nano SiO

can lead to an increase in oxygen permeability of this sample in

comparison with sample E. On the other hand, the presence of

nano sio and oxo in sample G, increasing the oxygen

permeability of this sample in comparison with samples. In

fact, according to what has been observed, each one of nano

in the sample F formulation

directed to a significant increase in the amount of oxygen

permeability. Also, the same situation has been observed for

steam permeability. Also, as mentioned in the steam

permeability section and by citing to the XRD and SEM results,

these results justified the distribution of fillers between the

layers and foliation of nanoparticles. It seems that the

placement of the silicate sheets with high surface to volume

ratio between the polymer chains has increased the oxygen

sio

and oxo can lead to an increase in oxygen permeability.

Also, the simultaneous effect of these two factors can be

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 718-726

passage route distance in the film. Thus these silicate sheets

acted as oxygen blockers in the context of a matrix. Also, the

highest oxygen blocking is related to the nanocomposite film.

Therefore, the order of oxygen permeability for different

samples is as follows.

UV irradiation time and energy of UV light increase,

yellowness at the surface of SAN/BR/nano sio

samples becomes more. SEM Analysis. The surface

identification and distribution of SAN/BR/nano sio /oxo 0.5%

/oxo copolymer

and 2 % nanocomposites, and 30 and 90 days (day) after the

photodegradation was carried out by SEM analysis (see fig 13

to 16).

.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

The electron microscope was used to capture from the

surface of the samples (a,b),(c,d),(e,f),(g,h),(i,j) SAN/BR

composite that extracted from the soil to investigate surface and

microstructure of alloys containing various weight percentages

of the samples weight percent of oxo before degradation, one

and three months afterward. The below figures present the

waste, and polymer phases rupture due to chain separation

increasing in oxo and Sio

general, with the departure of oxo and Sio

nano-particles percentages. In

nano-particles from

the polymer matrix, the polymer chains are disjointed. This

phenomenon is due to the termination of a link between the

materials and the polymer. On one side, the interactions of the

polar functional groups of whey protein and Sio nano-particles

on the other side Non-polar and aliphatic groups is destructed

by separation of molecules. The ruin of these interactions leads

to polymer chains rupture, chain length reduction, and also, the

molecular weight that with increasing the percentage of Sio

nano-particles and oxo, this reduction has more significant

results. The SEM images approved biodegradation of these

alloys after one and three months. The rupturing of polymeric

phases due to ruptured chains with holes formed in the polymer

observed. Finally, composites showed appropriate degradation

about mechanical and thermal properties, and flow-ability can

be used in full applications such as home appliances and

packaging industries (see fig 12).

Figure 13: SEM test of sample 0.5% oxo the 30 days’ time (day) after

the photodegradation

.7 Microscopic images (SEM) photodegradation study

The typical synthetic polymer that can be attacked includes

SAN and BR whit oxo, where tertiary carbon bonds in their

chain structures are the centers of attack. Ultraviolet rays

interact with these bonds to form free radicals, which then react

further with oxygen in the atmosphere, creating carbonyl

groups in the main chain. The showing surfaces of products

may then discolor and crack, and in extreme cases, complete

product disintegration can occur. Oxidation tends to start at

tertiary carbon atoms because the free radicals formed here are

more stable and longer-lasting, making them more susceptible

to attack by oxygen. The carbonyl group can be further

oxidized to break the chain, this weakens the material by

lowering its molecular weight, and cracks start to grow in the

regions affected. Biodegradable SAN/BR can be biologically

degraded by photo UV to give lower molecular weight

molecules. This research aims to understand and find a

relationship between photooxidative degradation and

Figure 14: SEM test of sample 2% oxo the 30 days’ time (day) after

the photodegradation

yellowing of SAN/BR/nano SiO /oxo copolymer. Furthermore,

find a simple method for following the degradation. By

changing the microstructure of SAN/BR/nano, sio2 /oxo

copolymer UV oxidation can induce photooxidative

degradation of the copolymer. The butadiene phase is the main

responsible phase that causes the photo-oxidative degradation

in SAN/BR/nano SiO

oxidative degradation of SAN/BR/nano sio

begins, like all polymers, at the surface, which is directly

subjected to UV light. The surface of the SAN/BR/nano sio

oxo copolymer, however, shows more damage when compared

to the interior part and other polymers. Photo-oxidative

degradation of SAN/BR/nano SiO /oxo copolymer leads to

/oxo copolymer degradation. Photo-

/oxo copolymer

Figure 15: SEM test of sample 0.5% oxo the 90 days’ time (day)

color development (degradation) on the surface of the UV aged

samples. Surface degradation is one of the measures of the

extent of photo-oxidative degradation. This means that as the

after the photodegradation

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 718-726

Chrissafis K, Paraskevopoulos KM, Papageorgiou GZ, Bikiaris

DN. Thermal and dynamic mechanical behavior of

bionanocomposites: fumed silica nanoparticles dispersed in poly

(vinyl pyrrolidone), chitosan, and poly (vinyl alcohol). Journal of

applied polymer science. 2008;110(3):1739-49.

Mousavi SM, Hashemi SA, Ghasemi Y, Amani AM, Babapoor A,

Arjmand O. Applications of graphene oxide in case of

nanomedicines and nanocarriers for biomolecules: review study.

Drug metabolism reviews. 2019;51(1):12-41.

Mousavi S, Zarei M, Hashemi S. Polydopamine for Biomedical

Application and Drug Delivery System. Med Chem(Los Angeles).

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Amani AM, Hashemi SA, Mousavi SM, Abrishamifar SM, Vojood

A. Electric field induced alignment of carbon nanotubes:

methodology and outcomes. Carbon nanotubes-recent progress:

IntechOpen; 2017.

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immobilized polymer in PMMA SiO2 nanocomposites determined

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82.

Figure 16: SEM test of sample 2% oxo the 90 days’ time (day) after

the photodegradation

8. Mousavi SM, Farsi M, Azizi M. Enhancement of rheological and

mechanical properties of bitumen using styrene acrylonitrile

copolymer. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2015;132(17).

Conclusion

Chrissafis K, Paraskevopoulos K, Pavlidou E, Bikiaris D. Thermal

degradation mechanism of HDPE nanocomposites containing

fumed silica nanoparticles. Thermochimica Acta. 2009;485(1-

2):65-71.

In this paper, Preparation of the Oxoperoxidant and

physical,

photodegradation of nanocomposite using the SAN/BR/nano

SiO /oxo was studied. The results cleared that water adsorption

increased in the presence of sio nanoparticles. Besides, to

mechanical,

and

oxygen

permeability,

10. Jia X, Li Y, Cheng Q, Zhang S, Zhang B. Preparation and

properties of poly (vinyl alcohol)/silica nanocomposites derived

from copolymerization of vinyl silica nanoparticles and vinyl

acetate. European Polymer Journal. 2007;43(4):1123-31.

study the photodegradation of nanocomposite samples under

the soil, XRD and SEM were used. Their results revealed that

the existence of the hydroxyl group increased the degradation

of the sample.

1. Lee J, Lee KJ, Jang J. Effect of silica nanofillers on isothermal

crystallization of poly (vinyl alcohol): In-situ ATR-FTIR study.

Polymer testing. 2008;27(3):360-7.

Additionally, adding the Oxoperoxidant to samples had a

positive effect on its degradation. The effect of the addition of

Nano-silica fillers in SAN/BR Nanocomposites using liquid

12. Mousavi SM, Hashemi SA, Amani AM, Esmaeili H, Ghasemi Y,

Babapoor A, et al. Pb (II) removal from synthetic wastewater using

Kombucha Scoby and graphene oxide/Fe3O4. Physical Chemistry

Research. 2018;6(4):759-71.

nano sio and oxo dispersion media using conventional mixing

3. Mousavi S, Aghili A, Hashemi S, Goudarzian N, Bakhoda Z,

Baseri S. Improved morphology and properties of nanocomposites,

linear low density polyethylene, ethylene-co-vinyl acetate and

nano clay particles by electron beam. Polymers from Renewable

Resources. 2016;7(4):135-53.

techniques was investigated. The addition of Nano-silica

increases the thermal resistance of polymer nanocomposites.

Improvement in and physical, mechanical properties were

found at higher loading of Nanofillers. Also, the simultaneous

effect of these two factors can be led to a significant increase in

the amount of oxygen permeability. Besides, the same situation

has been observed for steam permeability.

14. Mousavi M, Hashemi A, Arjmand O, Amani AM, Babapoor A,

Fateh MA, et al. Erythrosine adsorption from aqueous solution via

decorated graphene oxide with magnetic iron oxide nano particles:

kinetic and equilibrium studies. Acta Chimica Slovenica.

018;65(4):882-94.

Ethical issue

5. Vollath D, Szabó DV. Synthesis and properties of nanocomposites.

Authors are aware of and comply with best practices in

publication ethics, specifically with regard to authorship

Advanced Engineering Materials. 2004;6(3):117-27.

16. Mousavi S, Esmaeili H, Arjmand O, Karimi S, Hashemi S.

Biodegradation study of nanocomposites of phenol novolac

epoxy/unsaturated polyester resin/egg shell nanoparticles using

natural polymers. Journal of Materials. 2015;2015.

7. Bahrani S, Hashemi SA, Mousavi SM, Azhdari R. Zinc-based

metal–organic frameworks as nontoxic and biodegradable

platforms for biomedical applications: review study. Drug

metabolism reviews. 2019;51(3):356-77.

(avoidance of guest authorship), dual submission, manipulation

of figures, competing interests, and compliance with policies

on research ethics. Authors adhere to publication requirements

that submitted work is original and has not been published

elsewhere in any language.

Competing interests

18. Hashemi SA, Mousavi SM, Arjmand M, Yan N, Sundararaj U.

Electrified single‐walled carbon nanotube/epoxy nanocomposite

via vacuum shock technique: Effect of alignment on electrical

conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding. Polymer

Composites. 2018;39(S2):E1139-E48.

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that

would prejudice the impartiality of this scientific work.

Authors’ contribution

All authors of this study have a complete contribution to

data collection, data analyses, and manuscript writing.

9. Wu Y-P, Wang Y-Q, Zhang H-F, Wang Y-Z, Yu D-S, Zhang L-Q,

et al. Rubber–pristine clay nanocomposites prepared by co-

coagulating rubber latex and clay aqueous suspension. Composites

Science and Technology. 2005;65(7-8):1195-202.

0. Hashemi SA, Mousavi SM, Faghihi R, Arjmand M, Sina S, Amani

AM. Lead oxide-decorated graphene oxide/epoxy composite

towards X-Ray radiation shielding. Radiation Physics and

Chemistry. 2018;146:77-85.

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polymers using carbon nanotubes. Advanced materials.

006;18(6):689-706.

4. Mousavi SM, Hashemi SA, Arjmand M, Amani AM, Sharif F,

Jahandideh S. Octadecyl amine functionalized Graphene oxide

towards hydrophobic chemical resistant epoxy Nanocomposites.

ChemistrySelect. 2018;3(25):7200-7.

5. Mousavi SM, Goudarzian N, Hashemi S. Unsaturated polyester

resins modified with cresol novolac epoxy and silica nanoparticles:

processing and mechanical properties. International Journal of

Chemical and Petroleum Sciences. 2016;5(1):13-26.

6. Sadhu S, Bhowmick AK. Preparation and properties of

nanocomposites based on acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber, styrene–

butadiene rubber, and polybutadiene rubber. Journal of Polymer

Science Part B: Polymer Physics. 2004;42(9):1573-85.

7. Sadhu S, Bhowmick AK. Unique rheological behavior of rubber

based nanocomposites. Journal of Polymer Science Part B:

Polymer Physics. 2005;43(14):1854-64.

8. Mousavi SM, Hashemi SA, Amani AM, Saed H, Jahandideh S,

Mojoudi F. Polyethylene terephthalate/acryl butadiene styrene

copolymer incorporated with oak shell, potassium sorbate and egg

shell nanoparticles for food packaging applications: control of

bacteria growth, physical and mechanical properties. Polymers

from Renewable Resources. 2017;8(4):177-96.

9. Hashemi SA, Mousavi SM, Ramakrishna S. Effective removal of

mercury, arsenic and lead from aqueous media using Polyaniline-

Fe3O4-silver diethyldithiocarbamate nanostructures. Journal of

Cleaner Production. 2019;239:118023.

0. Mousavi SM, Hashemi SA, Babapoor A, Medi B. Enhancement of

Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Bitumen by

Polythiophene Doped with Nano Fe 3 O 4. JOM. 2019;71(2):531-

1. Mousavi S, Arjmand O, Talaghat M, Azizi M, Shooli H.

Modifying the properties of polypropylene-wood composite by

natural polymers and eggshell Nano-particles. Polymers from

Renewable Resources. 2015;6(4):157-73.

2. Mousavi S, Arjmand O, Hashemi S, Banaei N. Modification of the

epoxy resin mechanical and thermal properties with silicon

acrylate and montmorillonite nanoparticles. Polymers from

Renewable Resources. 2016;7(3):101-13.

3. Mousavi SM, Hashemi SA, Ghasemi Y, Atapour A, Amani AM,

Savar Dashtaki A, et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles

toward bio and medical applications: review study. Artificial cells,

nanomedicine, and biotechnology. 2018;46(sup3):S855-S72.

4. Mousavi S, Hashemi S, Zarei M, Amani A, Babapoor A.

Nanosensors for Chemical and Biological and Medical

Applications. Med Chem (Los Angeles). 2018;8(8):2161-

444.1000515.

5. BARIKBIN B, MAAREFAT A, RAHGOSHAI R, MORAVVEJ

H, MOHTASHAM N, YOUSEFI M. Malva sylvestris in the

treatment of hand eczema. 2010.

6. Mousavi SM, Hashemi SA, Zarei M, Bahrani S, Savardashtaki A,

Esmaeili H, et al. Data on cytotoxic and antibacterial activity of

synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles using Malva sylvestris. Data in

brief. 2020;28:104929.

7. Tech JET. Investigating the Activity of Antioxidants Activities

Content in Apiaceae and to Study Antimicrobial and Insecticidal

Activity of Antioxidant by using SPME Fiber Assembly

Carboxen/Polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS). Journal of

Environmental Treatment Techniques. 2020;8(1):214-24.