Integrated Approach as Sustainable Environmental Technique for Managing Construction Waste: A Review

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 560-566

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal weblink: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

Integrated Approach as Sustainable

Environmental Technique for Managing

Construction Waste: A Review

Elamaran Manoharan , Norazli Othman, Roslina Mohammad, Shreeshivadasan

Chelliapan and Siti Uzairiah Mohd Tobi

Department of Engineering, Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya

Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Received: 24/11/2019

Accepted: 11/02/2020

Published: 20/05/2020

Abstract

The construction industry was reported as a major consumer of natural resources worldwide. Almost 60% of the natural

resources consumed by this industry have caused a lot of environmental impacts on humans and the environment. Among the

impacts were the disruption of human water sources, changes in the biological ecosystem and disruption of the food supply chain

among biological factors. Countries around the world have enforced several laws and regulations. Apart from that, waste

management technologies were formulated by government agencies and the world’s researchers were among initiatives to minimise

the waste generation rate. Several technologies, such as recycling and recovery technologies were highlighted to be very efficient

in minimising the waste accumulation rate. This paper discussed an integrated concept for managing construction waste in a

sustainable manner. The integrated approach has adopted the reuse method, central sorting facilities, recycling facilities, thermal

treatment facilities and disposal facilities. Implementations of these integrated approaches were able to save the world’s raw

materials and natural energy sources as well as reducing the impacts of pollution on the environment.

Keywords: Waste management facilities, Pollution, Sustainable

(

BFRs) in electronic plastic waste, copper in wires and

Introduction¹

cables, asbestos in walls and ceilings, mercury in light bulbs

and fixtures, lead paint, wood preservatives and cement-

based materials that contain heavy metals. Hazardous

contaminants in these waste materials will be released into

various environmental platforms, such as water, soil and air

when they are disposed of by dumping or simple landfill [4,

The construction projects have increased tremendously

in conjunction with Malaysia 2020 Plan. The increases in the

number of construction projects are due to population

demand which has led to harmful and negative impacts on

the ecosystem in terms of waste materials handling. The

management of construction waste materials, particularly in

the Malaysian building industry, has become a major

environmental issue in recent years. Although this issue has

been discussed by the media, efforts towards minimising the

waste generations are still few since landfill is the most

common waste disposal method in the Malaysian

construction industry. This causes serious impacts to the

environmental platforms, such as water, air and residual [1,

]. This is supported by [6] which stated that hazardous

substances present in construction wastes might lead to

serious health and environmental risks if they are not

properly managed. When these materials come in contact

with water from the rain, surface water or groundwater, the

hazardous elements may be leached [6].

On the other hand, attitudes and behaviours regarding

waste management practices among construction parties

might influence the impact towards the environment. Based

on a study conducted by [7] the contractors’ attitudes and

behaviours regarding waste management practices in

Malaysia tended to differ according to the grouped size of

contractors which significantly affected the waste

management practices. Most construction wastes were

disposed of at landfills and the contractors did not practice

2].

As the largest consumer of natural resources, the

construction industry produces large amounts of waste

materials into the waste stream [3]. Most of these waste

materials are either during the construction process or at the

end of a building life (EoL) which contains hazardous

substances. These include brominated flame retardant

Corresponding author: Elamaran Manoharan, Department of Engineering, Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics,

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. E-mail: elamaran.uk1@gmail.com.

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 560-566

source separation, source reduction, reuse or recycling at

their construction sites. Moreover, the research stated that

some contractors disposed of their construction wastes at

illegal dumpsites due to the distance between site locations

and designated landfills, which were too far for them to

travel, consuming some transportation costs and affecting

their profit margin [2]. Therefore, the enforcement of law

and regulations with a proper waste management framework

might urge these contractors to comply with the legislation

and make use of the established framework to understand the

right ways of managing wastes. Proper waste management is

not possible without having the proper awareness and

knowledge in waste management [8]. This paper will discuss

the integrated concept for managing construction wastes in a

sustainable manner.

Directive, Policy and Regulation

.1 International Directive, Policy and Regulation

In most developed countries, construction wastes have

always been a huge contributor to environmental problems.

In conjunction with the higher generation rate of

construction wastes, the European Union is exploring to

reduce waste materials that will be hazardous to the

environment and establish certain laws and regulations

which provide major directions in waste management

practice and the use of a certain chemical was prohibited.

Therefore, the concept of waste management hierarchy was

developed by the European Union Waste Directive and the

European Commission’s Community Strategy in 1975. The

waste management hierarchy concept was made up of

several stages, such as prevention as the priority option,

followed by reuse, recycling, recovery and finally, the least

priority was waste disposal. The most desirable option in this

concept was waste prevention and the main standpoint of this

concept was to fully utilise all parts of a product and generate

the lowest amount of waste possible, especially on the

increasing number of construction wastes around the union

.1 Construction Waste

The Malaysian construction industry recorded a total of

8.6 tonnes of daily construction wastes in 2015 [9]. In

general, construction wastes can be divided into two forms,

which are physical wastes and non-physical wastes.

Examples of physical wastes are concretes, aggregates,

sands, timbers, metals and plastics that are generated from

various construction activities. Meanwhile, for non-physical

wastes time and cost factors are counted [2, 10]. However,

[

18]. In South Africa, problems related to construction

wastes were faced since the past few decades. With an

increase in the population number, demands for building

construction were increased and resulted in a higher waste

generation level [19]. The amount of construction and

demolition waste generation in this country was accounted

for as the second highest, next to the non-recyclable

municipal waste [20]. Therefore, the Government of Africa

has created the National Waste Management Strategy which

was later known as the Waste Act, 2008 under the National

Environmental Management. This legislation was in-charge

of eliminating the usage of virgin materials, ensuring

sustainability at the product design stage, resource efficiency

and prevention of waste materials. Moreover, the

Government of Africa will review the Waste Act at least

once in every five years to maintain with current

transformation and enhancement of laws and regulations

[

11] stated that waste materials from construction activities

were made of inert and non-inert materials. Examples of

inert waste materials were soil, earth and slurry while non-

inert mixtures were metal, timber and packaging wastes, as

agreed by [12]. In addition, [13] mentioned that construction

waste materials were made up of any building materials that

needed to be reused or recycled due to damages, non-use,

excessive or noncompliance with the approved

specifications for construction.

Several factors are causing the generation of construction

wastes, particularly in the Malaysian construction industry.

Among the factors are improper handling, stacking, cutting

and storage of building materials, lack of attention being

paid to measurement of product used, lack of awareness

about construction during design stage activities and lack of

interests among contractors. Normally, about 1% –10% of

purchased materials at sites, depending on the category of

materials, are left at the sites as wastes [14].

[

21]. Every party that was taken into the Waste Act, 2008

and Act 108 of 1996 by the Republic of South Africa, such

as waste generators, transporter of waste materials,

construction parties and landfill managers, need to comply

with the legislation and follow the roles and responsibilities

that were entitled [21].

.2 Hazardous Components in Construction Wastes

With the huge transformation of the construction industry

in 2012, the Environmental Protection Department (EPD) of

Hong Kong reported a total of 13,844 tonnes of daily

construction wastes being dumped at landfills. These were

due to unpopular on-site waste sorting and common

practices of contractors in Hong Kong who directly dispose

of their waste materials at landfills [22]. Several ordinances

were declared by the Government of Hong Kong in realising

the seriousness of environmental impacts caused by the

disposed waste materials at landfills. Among the ordinances

were Waste Disposal Ordinance (1980), Water pollution

Control Ordinance (1980), Environmental Impact

Assessment (EIA) Ordinance (1998), Noise Control

Ordinance (1989) and Air Pollution Control Ordinance

The European Waste Catalogue (EWC) has classified

construction wastes into 38 subcategories. Out of these

subcategories, 16 were classified as absolute or minor

hazardous entries [15]. Several types of hazardous entries

were found in cement-based waste material samples. Among

the hazardous entries or heavy metals presented were

chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), mercury

(Hg) and vanadium (V). Among all presented heavy metals,

the concentration of Zn was observed as the highest in both

construction and demolition waste samples. The hazardous

nature of these waste materials greatly depended on the

source of the formation area [16,17]. Specifically, it could be

seen that concrete wastes, which were made up of cement,

sand and aggregates, were the major waste materials that

contained hazardous substances, followed by electronic and

steel wastes.

(1985) [23].

It can be concluded that these directives, policies and

regulations of developed and developing countries in

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 560-566

managing construction wastes are using an approach that

prevents and minimises the generation of wastes, optimises

recycling and recovery of wastes and the practice of safe

disposal for the construction wastes.

and workers will be rewarded based on the amount of

construction materials that are returned to store after their

usage at site, without leaving them as waste materials and be

considered for future usage, such as the half bag of cement,

remaining reinforcement bars, nails, half-cut woods and

half-cut bars that can be used for short columns instead of

slab [32]. Therefore, it is believed that by using the barcode

system, the amount of construction waste generation at the

site can be reduced, even until more than 50% and site parties

are advised to adopt this method for better site management

[32]. However, studies claimed that the usage of IRP barcode

system is consuming a lot of time since all material

movement details in and out of the store are manually

recorded. Besides, the workers’ attitudes and carelessness

influence the material recording system [32].

In accordance with issues on time and workers’ attitudes,

[33] suggested the integration of geographical information

system (GIS) and global positioning system (GPS) with the

barcode system. In detail, GIS is a computer-based system

while GPS is based on the movement of a satellite around

the orbit [33]. This system works by the visual information

captured by GPS on the movement, usage and balance of

construction materials on-site in the form of triangular or

particular shape programmed and transmitted into GIS to be

stored. The GIS data will be analysed and displayed on the

amount of materials usage and balance that should be

returned to the site store. The gathered data through GIS and

GPS systems will be compared with the IRP barcode system

on materials received and scanned back to the store [33]. The

implementation of GIS and GPS systems are proven to be

more efficient in terms of cost and time as compared to a

single barcode system. However, the initial costs for setting

up the GIS-GPS-Barcode integrated system are higher, but

the costs are gradually decreasing with further system

utilisation [33].

.2 Local Directive, Policy and Regulation

Being among the worst type of environmental pollution

contributors, the construction industry has used up a

significant amount of virgin materials as input for several

building processes to produce outputs and solid waste

materials. Based on the estimated result of the solid waste

production rate in Kuala Lumpur, the trend showed that the

generations of solid wastes were increasing at 2% on a yearly

basis. By considering this issue, the Malaysian Government

has announced the Solid Waste and Public Cleansing

Management Act (Act 672) on 30 August 2007. This act was

enforced on 1 September 2011 as a medium to control,

reduce, recycle, recover and dispose of solid wastes in the

right manner without affecting the surrounding environment

and local communities [24, 25, 26, 27].

Under the Act 672, the 3Rs (reduce, recycle and recover)

practices are mandatory for every construction party. Severe

penalties of non-compliant with regulations were stipulated

under the act, especially in avoiding solid waste segregation.

The solid wastes under this act were categorised into

different types of groups, such as construction solid waste,

household solid waste, industrial solid waste, institutional

solid waste, imported solid waste, commercial solid waste

and public solid waste [28,29]. Even though this act

mentioned construction solid waste as part of controlled

solid waste management, the scope of proper construction

waste management as

a whole is not enough and

comprehensive. There is an urgent need to come out with a

proper framework for each stage of construction waste from

cradle to grave that can minimise the release of pollutants

into the environment.

.2 Recycling

Tonnes of glass wastes generated in the construction

Construction Waste Management

industry are being recycled throughout the world. The

United Kingdom (UK) has recorded a total of 400,000

tonnes of recycled glass wastes which can be used for many

applications in the construction industry. For example,

recycled glass wastes can be used as glass fibres to enhance

material properties in terms of strength. In detail, the

Japanese government practices the usage of recycled glass

as glass fibres to increase the strength of cement, gypsum

and products that contain resins [34]. The usage of glass

fibres will also enhance thermal and acoustic insulation

properties, particularly for the industrial and commercial

building constructions. These insulation properties are very

much needed on the mechanical aspects of a building, such

as pipe covers, ceiling boards and finishes for the

auditorium, which can be obtained through a recycled glass

in the form of glass fibres [34].

The Government of Hong Kong has shown interest in the

development of recycling technology for recycled glass

aggregate as a paving block in the road and building

infrastructure construction [34]. The usage of recycled glass

aggregate has numerous advantages in the construction

processes as this material provides an attractive reflective

surface upon finished with polishing, decreases the water

Technologies

In the world of rapid modernisation, the concern of the

population has moved from the point of efficiency towards

environmental impact. It is undeniable that the construction

industry is among the major waste contributors to the

nations, causing serious environmental impacts [30, 31].

Some of the waste materials that are generated through this

industry hardly to be recycled since these materials are

highly contaminated during the process of formation and

assembly. Therefore, with the advancement of technologies,

these highly contaminated waste materials can be treated in

some other methods, such as reuse and thermal treatment

[

30, 31]. The following subtitles of this paper further

elaborate on each of the management option and technology.

.1 Reduce and Reuse

32] introduced another construction waste management

[

technology in terms of the barcode system by using the

incentive reward programme (IRP). Workers will be

rewarded according to the number of construction materials

they have saved from the site activities. Through this

barcode system, the movement of materials will be recorded

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 560-566

absorption rate for concrete block, particularly at water

prone areas and provides good resistance for breakage under

compression [34]. However, the disadvantages of using

recycled glass aggregate for the paving blocks are lack in

stability and reaction between alkali-silica. Normally, the

problem can be resolved with the presence of pulverised fly

ash to improve the quality before being applied in road and

building constructions [34]. On the other hand, glass wastes

at construction sites can be used as a fine aggregate in the

proportion of concrete for building structures. Apart from

cement, sand and coarse aggregates, the addition of fine

glasses in the form of micro-filler for concrete production

were proven to improve the concrete properties [34]. Sweden

has adopted this method as an effort to reduce the

accumulation of glass wastes in the country. The collected

glass wastes from the construction sites are washed and dried

before being shaped into the required specification,

depending on the concrete grade and size of particles. The

added micro-filler into the concrete batch tends to improve

the quality of mixing either in the fresh or hardened state

3.3 Waste to Energy

Furthermore, waste to energy (WTE) conversion as a

waste management technology in various sectors has gained

some attentions among environmental researchers. These

researchers were stressed by the demand for energy around

the world due to population growth and economic

developments [36]. They claimed that the world’s energy

consumption might increase by 25%–34% in the next 20

years. Therefore, it is advised to promote the WTE

conversion technology, particularly in the construction

industry because this industry is believed to generate a huge

amount of waste materials which could be a source for WTE

processes [36, 39]. WTE conversion is linked with several

adjoining technologies, such as incineration, anaerobic

digestion and pyrolysis. For incineration, it is a well-known

technology as a substitute for landfill disposing activities.

This technology is believed to be suitable for almost 90% of

the waste materials generated worldwide [36]. The amount

of thermal energy produced through incineration processes

can be supplied to high fuel consumption industries, such as

coal mining, power generation plants and automobile

manufacturers [41]. However, studies found that apart from

thermal energy producers, the usage of incineration

technology is generating a certain amount of emissions into

the environment. Based on this statement, [36] stated that the

toxic emissions that are released into the environment can be

reduced to an acceptable level by installing a flue gas

cleaning system in chimneys.

On the other hand, for anaerobic digestion technology,

the presence of temperature of around 65°C with a low

amount of oxygen could induce a biochemical reaction in

waste materials, which reduces the amount of waste

significantly [37]. Throughout this process, some bio-gasses

are expected to be produced as a by-product which can be

used for power generation plants, but provided with some

treatments and modifications [36]. Besides, for pyrolysis

waste management technology, the waste materials have

undergone a thermal decomposition in an environment with

free oxygen supply. The presence of heat energy indirectly

to the surface of waste materials transform it into three

different states, such as solid, liquid and gas based on the

range of temperature from 300°C to 850°C [38]. With higher

temperature used for the decomposition process, the end

product would be in gas state, while at lower temperature the

end product would be in liquid to solid state [39].

[

34].

Furthermore, ferrous metals are among waste materials

that have the highest possibility to be recycled. Ferrous metal

recycling is considered as a highly developed market

worldwide as it is most profitable and could achieve 100%

of the recycling rate [34]. Even the recycled ferrous metals

from construction sites can undergo several recycling

processes and can be reused many times to form a scrap

metal, such as aluminium, copper, brass, iron and steel.

Since the demands for ferrous metals are increasing yearly,

the construction industry has widely accepted the usage of

scrap metals as some of these metals can be used directly to

the construction activities and can be easily transformed into

other forms of products through melting and shaping [34].

The country of the Netherlands has adopted the usage of

recycled scrap metal around 80% to the local construction

projects and the wastages from scrap metals usage are fully

expected to be repeated by recycling at a rate of 100% with

direct usage at the same or different sites and through

melting if it failed to be used directly. Besides, the scrap

metals are well occupied with a higher percentage in the

formation of steel reinforcement and almost 25% of steel

segments are built up from recycled scrap [34].

In terms of concrete wastes, the most common recycling

technology is through crushing the waste into smaller

portions as a natural aggregate substitute for the new

concrete batch in residential and non-residential construction

projects [34]. The crushed concrete is well used as a sub-

base layer, backfilling, foundation materials, protection for

embarkment and as paving stone, depending on the size of

crushed concrete for the construction activities. The by-

product of crushed concrete, usually in the form of powder,

is used as a filler for asphalt concrete and soil stabilisation

3.4 Landfill

Since waste disposal activity at landfill is a very

common method worldwide, several countries have adopted

the waste landfill technology and system in managing

disposed wastes. In Japan, landfills are classified into several

types which include inert landfill, controlled landfill and

isolated landfill. The types of the landfill would be chosen

based on waste material classification [40]. For example,

waste materials that are classified as harmful waste which

contain heavy metals, such as arsenic, lead, mercury and

cadmium that has potential to affect the environment and

surrounding populations, are designated to the isolated

landfill. The structure of an isolated landfill does not permit

movements of leachate and rainwater since it is build-up

with high corrosion-resistant materials [40]. On the other

[

34]. The rapid global developments that took place in the

past few decades have opened proficient replacement of

concrete ingredients with other materials of the similar

nature and properties, with considerable strength and

durability [35].

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 560-566

hand, waste materials that are categorised as harmful wastes

are designated to the controlled landfill since it has some

possibilities to affect water bodies, such as public and

underground wastes which act as human water sources.

Meanwhile, for the inert landfill, the waste materials, which

include construction wastes with little potential impacts to

the environment such as rubber and metal debris, ceramic,

glass and brick, are disposed. These waste materials are

believed to be biochemically stabilised through inert landfill

processes and will not affect the water bodies [40].

Apart from isolated, controlled and inert landfill

technologies, the Japanese researchers have developed a

semi aerobic landfill technology for managing waste

materials from broad categories, such as domestic and

construction wastes. In this technology, the concept of

isolated landfill technology is adopted and added with some

features for better management of waste materials [40].

Among the features are leachate collecting pipe and

movement of natural air into the system for aerobic purpose.

In detail, the leachate collecting pipe is made up of two

compartments for the movement of leachate out from the

system and flow of oxygen into the system where it occurs

at the leachate regulation reservoir or also known as open-

pit [40]. The main aim of natural air movement into the

system is to induce the aerobic decomposition of waste

through microorganisms, which allow for quick waste

stabilisation and minimise the generation of carbon dioxide

and methane, which act as the main source for global

warming. Since the seriousness of methane was accounted

as 21 times to carbon dioxide generation in the global

warming issue, this technology is believed to be more

environmentally friendly as compared to the conventional

methods [40]. Besides, landfill sites that are adopted with

semi aerobic technology tend to stabilise quickly after its

role as landfill and it can be reused for some other purposes,

such as an open field for sports and recreational parks. For

example, a landfill site in Hokkaido, Japan was used for

waste disposal activity between 1979 and 1990 was

transformed into recreational parks for tourists and

communities after the landfill stabilisation period [40]. It can

be concluded that waste management technologies are plenty

around the world. It is advisable to choose the right

technology by considering the aims, cost of implementation,

end products that we would gain and the level of emissions

towards the environment.

Figure 1: Flow chart of an approach towards integrated construction waste management

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 560-566

publication requirements that submitted work is original and

has not been published elsewhere in any language.

Developing an Integrated Construction

Waste Management System

Figure 1 illustrates the flowchart of an approach towards

the integrated management concept for construction waste

management. Concerning Figure 1, the integrated approach

from point of waste generated to the point of waste disposal

will undergo four stages, namely waste reduction system,

sorting system, raw material and energy recovery system and

disposal system.

Competing interests

The authors declare that there is no any conflict of

interest that would prejudice the impartiality of this scientific

work.

Authors’ contribution

All authors of this study have a complete contribution

for data collection, data analyses and manuscript writing.

Generated construction wastes at construction sites

should be minimised as much as possible by using the reuse

method. Once the reuse method is implemented, the

generated construction waste will go through a second phase,

which is the separation of construction waste based on waste

materials such as concrete, plastic, metals, electronic waste

and others. Each landfill site should have facilities to

separate the construction waste in an effective manner. After

central sorting stages, the waste will go through the next

phase, which is waste recycling to produce secondary raw

materials as well as thermal treatment to generate electricity.

Usually, inorganic construction waste such as cement,

ferrous metal and glass will undergo recycling, while organic

waste, such as wood, plastic and rubber, will undergo

thermal treatment to generate electricity. The final phase is

the disposal of residual waste from central sorting, recycling

facilities and thermal facilities. Non-hazardous residual

waste is disposed at the sanitary landfill site, while

hazardous wastes are disposed of at a secured landfill

disposal site. Fundamentally, an integrated approach to

managing solid waste should have an interaction between

facilities. Therefore, there is a need to improve waste

management facilities such as central sorting systems at

construction sites, recycling and recovery facilities, landfill

facilities as well as transportation systems between each of

the waste management facilities.

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