Modeling of Factors of Development of Cyclic Economy at the Meso Level

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 872-833

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

Modeling of Factors of Development of Cyclic

Economy at the Meso Level

Irina V. Zhukovskaya *, Marina V. Shinkevich , Anzhelika V. Vasilyeva , Maxim V.

Zinchenko , Natalia V. Berezina , Natalia F. Popova

Department of Logistics and Management, Kazan National Research Technological University, Kazan, Russian Federation

Department of Economy and Management of Organization, Amur State University, Blagoveshchensk, Russian Federation

Department of Economic Theory and Public Administration, Amur State University, Blagoveshchensk, Russian Federation

Department of Finance, Credit and Economic Security, Chuvash State University, Cheboksary, Russian Federation

Department of Legal Regulation of Economic Activity, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian

Federation

Received: 18/12/2019

Accepted: 19/03/2020

Published: 20/02/2020

Abstract

The article presents modeling of factors of development of a cyclical economy at the mesoscale. The relevance of the article is due

to the fact that the issues of the development of a cyclical economy and its influence on trends in the industrial sector have not yet been

fully resolved and require additional study and systematization of the factors that determine it. The purpose of the article is to

summarize theoretical approaches to managing the cyclical economy at the mesoscale and to analyze its implementation. As the main

research methods, the article used methods of description, comparison, generalization, analysis and synthesis, descriptive statistics, and

regression analysis. Based on a synthesis of theoretical approaches, the basic principles of managing a cyclical economy are identified.

The article provides a systematization of the trends of cyclical economics and industrial production for the mesoscale of the economic

system. The obtained results of the regression analysis allow calculating the growth of industrial production based on the elasticity

factors of the model using indicators of the cyclic economy, which can be used to develop environmental monitoring programs and

projects for introducing the fundamentals of the cyclic economy in industrial enterprises.

Keywords: Cyclical economy, Industrial production, Mesoeconomic system, Gross value added, Ecology, Rational use of natural

resources, Modeling

Introduction¹

 A generalization of theoretical approaches to the

concept of a cyclical economy and the principles of its

management;

The mega economics entering the active phase of the

formation of a new technological structure posed new urgent

problems and tasks for the scientific community, the solution

of which cannot be found under the conditions of the linear

model currently in force in most economies. Given the

shortage of material resources, volatility in the market for raw

materials prices, significant costs for warehousing and freight

forwarding services in the production and sale of products, the

potential of a linear economy will soon reach its limit [1].

These issues are becoming relevant not only for mega and

macroeconomic systems, but are also of paramount

importance for the development of mesoeconomics, as an

integral part of the national economic system. As an example

of trends in the development of a cyclical economy, the

experience of the mesosystem (regional industrial complex)

can be considered, where the problems of resource



Analysis of trends in the main aspects of the

development of a cyclical economy at the mesoscale;

Building a regression model of the influence of the



parameters of the cyclical economy on the growth of the

formed gross value added of the industrial sector of the

mesoeconomic system.

The problems of forming sustainable economic relations

are addressed in the studies of the following authors: S.K.

Sahu & K. Narayanan [3], C. Carpenter [4], M.E. Narandja, S.

Howes and B. Fattahi [5]. The issues of the management

methodology for achieving the sustainability of the

functioning of the mega and macroeconomic economies are

the subject of works: Y. He and B. Lin [6], K.

Andriuskevicius [7], N. Edmonson [8], Zh. Wang [9] and

others. Thus, the cyclical economy can be characterized as a

system, the achievement of sustainable development of which

is dictated by the balance and unity of the social,

environmental and economic subsystems, which also include

issues of material and technical production and consumption

of products (Figure 1).

conservation, achieving

balance of production,

environmental and economic subsystems are considered as

key to achieving sustainable development of the

mesoeconomics [2]. The purpose of the article is to generalize

theoretical approaches to the issues of managing the cyclical

economy at the mesoscale and to analyze its implementation

for the mesoeconomics. The objectives of the article are:

Corresponding author: Irina V. Zhukovskaya, Department

of Logistics and Management, Kazan National Research

Technological

University,

Kazan,

Russia.

E-mail:

irina.zh072@yandex.ru.

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 872-833

Economic subsystem:

Production

Sphere of

consumption

Cyclic economy

Ecological

subsystem

Social subsystem

Figure 1: The structural components of a cyclical economy

Achieving these goals becomes possible due to the

solidification of business models of key partners in industrial

and economic activities, as well as consumers in the process

of use and disposal of products [12]. Thus, the basic principles

of managing a cyclical economy are: the unity of all

subsystems of society, open business models, cooperation

between manufacturers, suppliers and consumers throughout

the chain of creation, use and disposal of products, the

introduction of innovative technologies in production and

management.

plays a paramount role in the supply chains of final products

in the development of a cyclical economy.

National culture is one of the most documented levels of

culture in the literature of authors of different directions, the

cultural dimension, fueled, in some cases, by an ethno-

historical perspective. In this sense, Kulholn and Strodtbek,

two anthropologists who developed the very first

proportionate approach to culture, drawing inspiration from

the works that philosophers and sociologists have used for

centuries. Their works include studies of human nature, the

relationship between man and nature, good and bad, time and

space.

Edward T. Hall also focuses on communication features

found in cultures based on four dimensions, namely, the

context of communication, space management, the

relationship to time and the structure of community flows. We

can also note the study of Hofstede (1980-1991), which

focuses on the collective characteristics of citizens of the

country. This author considers culture as a kind of collective

programming of the brain, consisting in distinguishing people

from different nations. G. Hofstede’s model uses 5 key

characteristics of national culture: the distance of power, the

level of individualism (collectivism), the predominance of

male or female principles, the desire to evade the uncertainty

of the external environment, and the orientation toward long-

term relationships.

Research Methodology

The methodological basis of the study was the methods of

comparison, description, descriptive statistics, correlation and

regression modeling, visualization method. Based on the

methods of description and comparison, an analytical analysis

of the assessment of the influence of national culture in

economic systems from the point of view of the formation and

development of key components of a cyclical economy is

presented.

Using the correlation and regression analysis, the

influence of the parameters of the cyclical economy at the

mesoscale on the growth of gross value added of the industrial

sector is determined, which allows using the obtained model

for forecasting trends in the industrial complex and

mesoeconomics in general, which can be applied in the

development of programs and projects for improving the

competitiveness of mesoeconomic systems.

The distance of power characterizes the degree to which

less influential members of organizations and institutions (for

example, families) accept and expect that power is distributed

unevenly.

The visualization method allowed us to give a graphical

representation of the regression model, clearly demonstrating

the influence of indicators of the cyclical economy on the

formation of gross value added, which allows us to visualize

this relationship.

Individualism is the degree to which people feel

independence, not interdependence, as members of larger

whole. Individualism does not mean selfishness. This means

that individual choices and decisions are expected.

Collectivism does not mean intimacy. This means that a

person “knows his place” in life, which is determined socially.

With a metaphor from physics, people in an individualistic

society are more like atoms flying in a gas, while in

collectivist societies they are more like atoms fixed in a

crystal.

Results and Discussion

We believe that the type of national culture that prevails in

economic systems and influences the formation of a model of

thinking is important in matters of the development of a

cyclical economy. Moreover, in the context of the

globalization of economic systems, intercultural interaction

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 872-833

Masculinity is the degree to which the use of force is

supported in society. In male society, men must be tough.

Men must be from Mars, women from Venus. Victory is

important for both sexes. The quantity is important, and the

large is beautiful. In female society, gender is emotionally

closer.

abroad face a serious problem of cultural differences, which

play a key role in international economic relations. Changes in

the structure of the 20th century international industrial

organization, which aroused research interest among

economists, also led to a significant amount of work in

business literature. Indeed, many factors that influence the

restructuring of industry are related to business. Examples

include assembly line innovation and implementation,

scientific management, modularity, lean manufacturing, and

on-time production. While terminology such as “task trading”,

“vertical specialization”, and “production sharing” is used in

economic literature, business literature focuses on “supply

chains.” This is combined with conditions from political

economists and development theorists, which include “value

chains”, “global product chains” and “global production

networks”. Of these, the supply chain provides the most

relevant perspective for a practicing business. Networks of

firms are considered from the point of view of the main

company, and the supply chain ontology takes various

dimensions to orient the company with its network

environment (for example, direct extended supply chains,

horizontal levels or degrees of separation, and vertical

structures within each tier). For too long, many companies

have shown tunneling in their approach to doing business in

emerging markets such as China, India, Brazil, and Russia.

The Chinese are very hardworking, but they admire the

objective, effective way of doing business in the West.

Chinese managers improved their managerial skills, and many

traveled to western countries for short-term management

training.

The desire to avoid uncertainty is connected with the

tolerance of society to uncertainty and uncertainty. Prevention

of uncertainty has nothing to do with risk prevention or the

following rules. This is due to anxiety and distrust in the face

of the unknown and, conversely, to the desire to have constant

habits and rituals and to know the truth. Long-term orientation

deals with change. In a culture oriented to a long time, the

basic idea of the world is that it is in motion, and preparation

for the future is always necessary. In a culture focused on a

short time, the world is essentially the way it was created, so

the past provides a moral compass, and sticking to it is

morally good. Let us present an assessment of supply chain

management (SCM) in a cyclical economy in terms of the

characteristics of the national culture that dominates economic

systems (Table 1).

It is worth noting that an increasing number of terms are

used by individuals and organizations that appear to be more

appropriate, comprehensive or advanced than DRM. Such

terms include demand chain management (to distinguish it

from the type of management in which “supply” begins and

controls the chain of actions), as well as value chain or value

chain management.

Supply chains can be managed as a whole through a

dominant member or, alternatively, through a system of

partnerships that require well-developed cooperation and

coordination. Therefore, the formulation of supply chain goals

is not an easy task, since all partners must agree on the choice

of indicators, the definition of indicators and target values.

The existing performance indicators used by most companies

have a number of problems that prevent them from effectively

measuring the overall performance of the supply chain.

Participants in the supply chain should begin by jointly

identifying winners and executors of orders for the supply

chain, as they provide the intended direction for control

actions to improve supply chain performance.

However, in China there is

a young hardworking

generation that is ready to educate and learn on its own. They

are proud to work for foreign firms and adapt to new

challenges. China is developing railway ties with European

countries, it should be noted that trains go to other countries.

Thus, any political instability can greatly affect

transcontinental freight transport. In order to successfully

manage international railways, a logistics service company

has to deal with various railway operators, customs regimes

and laws. Brazil has traditional supply chain management,

which involves some fairly standard trade-offs.

Despite globalization spanning the global economy,

enterprises and individual entrepreneurs doing business

Table 1: Distinctive characteristics of supply chain management in a traditional and cyclical economy

Supply Chain Management in a Cyclical

Economy

Reduction of stocks of resources, semi-finished

products and finished products is carried out

jointly

Parameter Characteristics

Specifics of Inventory Management

Creating a value chain

Traditional Management

Each participant in the supply chain

independently reduces inventory

The desire to reduce the costs of a local Cost optimization not for individual participants

enterprise

in the creation of value, but for the entire chain

Contract Planning Horizon

Information flow management and

monitoring

Short-term Contracts

Concentration of efforts on current

transactions

Strategic Partnership

Long-term planning

Joint planning system

Unity Management Philosophy

The number of suppliers in the

network

Based on one-time transactions

Missing

Large in order to reduce the risk of

supply disruption

Long-term contractual relations

Unified

Minimum in order to strengthen coordination

Mechanism of economic and ethical

coordination required

Joint distribution

Distribution channel management

Reward and risk sharing system

Minimum or none

Individual for each company

Longer with a focus on the formation

of stocks in case of instability in

demand.

A system of flexible response to demand,

minimization of products in the chain

The speed of operations

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 872-833

Achieving savings in the provision of services, and direct

sales. The true winners of the supply chain are those who can

break these standard compromises with unconventional

approaches. This is certainly the case, except that:

the masculinity index, the value of which amounted to 66

points out of 100. For comparison: in India - 56, in Brazil -

49, in Russia - 36.

Thus, summarizing, the following features of the Russian

national culture should be pointed out: a high imperious

distance in the governance structure and a desire to avoid

uncertainty, which indicates a closed and traditional economic

system, a weak susceptibility to dynamism, innovation, which,

as a result, complicates the perception of the new managerial

paradigms - a cyclical economy.

) Brazil's geographic space and population as a whole

mean that the distribution of goods is fragmented across many

channels.

) Taxes are high compared to logistics costs, and tax

policies are complex and unstable. Companies often make

taxes decisive when making key decisions in the supply chain.

) Demand for many products is concentrated in the last

Some researchers believe that we are entering a new era in

socio-economic history. For management, this means that

traditional, proven ways of doing business must change and

new principles must be adopted. Openness, partnership,

resource sharing and global operations are key principles in

this new era. Similar principles also play an important role in

supply chain management.

1) National culture has a significant impact on the success

of cooperation between companies in the supply chain.

2) Companies integrated into international supply chains

should: understand what foreign employers expect from them,

feel free to discuss emerging cross-cultural problems with

their superiors, and strive not only for inter-functional or inter-

organizational, but also for inter-cultural coordination, that is,

coordination between corporate and national culture.

week of the month. This leads to chaos in warehouses and

increases transportation costs.

These difficulties in the aggregate create problems that are

not similar to those encountered in any other market,

developed or developing. A review and comparative analysis

of possible approaches to assessing the development of

informal institutions (Figure 2) used in the works of Russian

scientists is carried out. The analysis indicates that in the

process of supply chains in Russia they use a high score of

power distance and the desire to avoid uncertainty, strict rules,

regulations and / or laws for managing flows in comparison

with other countries. Thus, the Russian economy has the

highest value of the uncertainty avoidance index - 95 points

out of 100. For comparison: the value of this indicator in

Brazil was 76, India - 40, China - 30. One of the highest is the

power distance indicator - 93 points out of 100. It should be

noted that in all developing countries under consideration, this

indicator was high: in China - 80, in India - 77, in Brazil - 69,

which allows us to talk about the unification of common

features in the interaction between higher and lower levels of

government in a hierarchy ical structures. The individualism

index for the considered national cultures was insignificant,

the lowest value was noted in China - 20 points out of 100,

then - in Brazil - 38, in Russia - 39, India - 48. A characteristic

feature of Chinese national culture, in contrast to other

economic systems under consideration, was the dominance of

3) Countries where strong individualism and

confrontational approach prevail may be in a less favorable

position. In this case, the chances of success of a partnership

in the supply chain can be increased by creating a national

culture focused on cooperation and using tools that will help

determine the goals of the partnership and its optimal “depth”.

4) The company measures and controls labor costs and

production results, stimulates the growth and improvement of

production, and also improves the structure of reproduction

and distribution of resources.

Power distance

The desire to avoid uncertainty

Individualism index

Masculinity

China

India

Brazil

Russia

Figure 2: Supply chain assessments

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 872-833

Issues of the development of a cyclical economy are

receiving more and more attention in the management of

mesoeconomic systems. One example of this management

initiative is regional industrial complexes, presented as

mesosystems. About 50% (48.2% in 2018) of the generated

gross regional product accounted for industrial production,

while this indicator increases annually [11].

Let us analyze the main indicators of a cyclical economy

using the example of a mesosystem. A positive trend is

characterized by fixed capital investments aimed at protecting

the environment and rational use of natural resources, which

increased from 4058.5 million rubles in 2014 to 5820.9

million rubles in 2018 (an increase of 43.4%) . Over a five-

year period, water losses during transportation decreased from

characterized by annual growth trends. The total number of

pollutant emissions into the atmosphere increased from 617.5

thousand tons in 2014 to 768.4 thousand tons in 2018 (an

increase of 24.4%), while the increase was noted as due to

emissions from mobile sources and stationary [13].

In 2018, hydrocarbons (including volatile organic

compounds) accounted for the largest share in the structure of

pollutant emissions in gross atmospheric emissions in 2018 -

56.1% (45.4% in 2014), Carbon monoxide - 17.2% (26 , 4%),

nitrogen oxides - 12.1% (12.2%), sulfur dioxide - 8.7%

(10.3%), solids - 4.6% (4.6%) (Figure 3) [13]. The

analysis of the dynamics of the main indicators of industrial

development in the cyclical economy showed that the growth

rates of the main macroeconomic indicators - the gross value

added of the industry, the balanced financial result,

investments in fixed assets exceeded the growth of indicators

of the cyclical economy - investments in fixed assets aimed at

protecting the environment and rational use natural resources

and current costs for environmental protection (average

growth rate was 114.6%, respectively, 1 22% and 100.1%

versus 109.4% and 99.4%). In addition, the ratio of

environmental protection costs to the balanced financial result

of industrial enterprises was characterized by a decrease, so if

in 2014 the value of the indicator was 7.8%, then in 2018 it

was 3.4%. The share of investments in fixed assets aimed at

protecting the environment and rational use of natural

resources in the total investment of industrial enterprises

increased from 1.9% to 2.7% for the analyzed period [10, 11].

To identify the dependence of industrial production

development trends and indicators of a cyclical economy, we

use the method of regression analysis. As a dependent

variable, we propose to take the gross value added of the

industrial sector, independent ones - investments in fixed

assets aimed at protecting the environment and rational use of

natural resources and current costs for protecting the

environment.

1.65 million m3 to 51.88 million m3 (decrease by 15.8%);

water use - from 724.46 million m3 to 663.39 million m3

decrease by 8.4%); discharge of polluted wastewater - from

(

39.42 million m3 to 296.19 million m3 (a decrease of

2.6%). Positive dynamics is also noted in the volume of

reverse and sequential water supply, where the value of the

indicator increased by 202% - from 4635.05 to 5569.33

million m3. However, against the background of positive

improvements in the introduction of a cyclical economy,

negative trends were also observed associated with an increase

in emissions of atmospheric pollutants from stationary sources

by 34.1% in 2014-2018; freshwater withdrawal from natural

water sources and reforestation for the indicated period

practically did not change. At the same time, the capture and

neutralization of air polluting substances emanating from

stationary sources decreased by 8.2%. The share of energy

resources produced using renewable energy sources in the

total volume of energy resources decreased from 8.7% in 2014

to 6.8% in 2018 (Table 2) [13]. Thus, despite the introduction

of the fundamentals of a cyclical economy, there are negative

trends and inconsistent trends in its formation and

development on the meso-control of the management of the

economic system, which complicates the transition to a

sustainable economy. One of the negative factors holding

back the development of a cyclical economy is the excessive

environmental impact of the industrial complex, which is

Table 2: The main indicators of the cyclical economy of the mesosystem (for example, a regional industrial complex)

Environmental protection in the Republic of Tatarstan, 2019 [13])

(

Indicator

2014

058,5

2015

2016

2017

2018

Investments in fixed assets aimed at protecting the environment and

rational use of natural resources, million rubles

Current expenses for environmental protection, million rubles

Emissions of air polluting substances from stationary sources,

thousand tons

6574,6

4566,6

5225,6

5820,9

12973,5 9961,8

10861,3 11755,3 12676,4

93,6

293,6

338,3

285,9

393,6

Capture and neutralization of air polluting substances emanating

from stationary sources, thousand tons

26,6

437,3

495,1

463,2

391,6

Freshwater withdrawal from natural water sources, mln. m

Water losses during transportation, mln m

786,66

61,65

775,12

53,65

792,32

48,92

784,30

47,96

768,38

51,88

Water use, mln. m3

724,46

720,40

744,19

692,28

663,39

Volume of reverse and sequential water supply, mln. m3

Contaminated wastewater discharge, mln. m

Reforestation, ha

4635,05 4794,36 5251,51 5347,77 5569,33

439,42

2580

382,48

2128

325,21

1923

319,71

2839

296,19

2406

The share of energy resources produced using renewable energy

sources in the total volume of energy resources,%

10,3

7,8

9,5

6,8

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 872-833

4.6

2.1

6.1

7.2

solid

sulfur dioxide

hydrocarbons

nitrogen oxides

other

carbon monoxide

Figure 3: The share of pollutants in gross atmospheric emissions for 2018 (in percent)

Figure 4a: Observed and predicted values of the GVA of the

industry

Figure 4b: The surface diagram of the parameters of the regression

model

Based on the simulation, the following linear regression

equation was obtained:

a greater impact is noted in the investment component - for

example, an increase in investments in fixed assets aimed at

protecting the environment and the rational use of natural

resources by 1 thousand rubles will ensure an increase in the

gross value added of industry by 157.5 thousand rubles. The

presented regression model is statistically significant: the

coefficient of determination of the model was 60%, there is no

correlation in the residuals of the model, the average value of

the residuals is zero (Figure 4.a-b). The obtained results of the

regression analysis allow calculating the growth of industrial

production on the basis of the elasticity factors of the model

using indicators of the cyclic economy, which can be used to

develop environmental monitoring programs and projects for

1 2

Y = -1133 + 157,5 × X + 102,5 × X ,

Where Y is gross value added of the industrial sector

million rubles); X is fixed capital investments aimed at

environmental protection and rational use of natural resources

(

million rubles); and Х is current environmental costs

million rubles). Thus, the results of the regression analysis

confirmed the hypothesis about the positive impact of

indicators of the cyclical economy on the development of

industrial production of the mesoeconomic system. Moreover,

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 2, Pages: 872-833

introducing the fundamentals of the cyclic economy in

industrial enterprises.

[12]Environmental protection in the Republic of Tatarstan. Statistical

compilation. Kazan: Tatarstanstat. 2019.

Conclusion

Thus, an analysis of the trends of the cyclical economy

and the industrial sector at the mesoscale showed their

divergence, which impedes the achievement of sustainable

development of the mesoeconomics and the national

economic system as a whole. Based on the regression

analysis, the hypothesis about the positive influence of the

cyclical economy on the growth of the formed added value in

industry is confirmed, which can be used in developing

programs and projects for introducing the fundamentals of the

cyclical economy at the mesoscale.

Ethical issue

Authors are aware of, and comply with, best practice in

publication ethics specifically with regard to authorship

(avoidance of guest authorship), dual submission,

manipulation of figures, competing interests and compliance

with policies on research ethics. Authors adhere to publication

requirements that submitted work is original and has not been

published elsewhere in any language.

Competing interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that

would prejudice the impartiality of this scientific work.

Authors’ contribution

All authors of this study have a complete contribution for

data collection, data analyses and manuscript writing.

References

[

1] Krasnova OM, Kudryavtseva SS. The transport complex in the

economy of the Republic of Tatarstan. Economic Bulletin of the

Republic of Tatarstan.2014;1:27-37.

[

2] Kudryavtseva SS, Neganov KK. Scientific and technical potential

of Russia as a factor of economic growth in the knowledge

economy. Economic Bulletin of the Republic of

Tatarstan.2016;2:61-65.

[

3] Sahu SK, Narayanan K. Environmental Certification and

Technical Efficiency: A Study of Manufacturing Firms in India.

Journal of Industry Competition and Trade.2016;16(2):191-207.

4] Carpenter C. Innovative developments in Caspian Republics' oil

and gas production. Journal of Petroleum Technology.2016;

8(1):42-45.

5] Narandja ME, Howes S, Fattahi B. The role of soft skills in a

challenging environment. Journal of Petroleum

Technology.2015;67(9):102-108.

6] He Y, Lin B. Time-varying effects of cyclical fluctuations in

China's energy industry on the macro economy and carbon

emissions. Energy.2018;155:1102-1112.

7] Andriuskevicius K. Opportunities and challenges of value

creation through merger and acquisitions in cyclical economies.

0th International Scientific Conference "Economics and

Management (ICEM)". Kaunas, Lithuania: Procedia Social and

Behavioral Sciences.2015;213:764-769.

[

8] Edmonson N. Technological Foundations of Cyclical Economic

Growth: The Case of the United States Economy. Piscataway:

Transaction Publishers. 2009.

9] Wang Zh. Green Manufacturing Based on Cyclical Economy in

China's Rural Poverty-Stricken Areas. 15th International

Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering

Management, Zhengzhou, Peoples R China.2008; pp. 921-925.

10]Shinkevich AI, Barseghyan NV. Ways to improve the efficiency

of the organization of production processes in petrochemical

enterprises through the use of automation systems. Russian

engineer.2019;4:48-51.

[

11]The Republic of Tatarstan in numbers. Statistical compilation.

Kazan: Tatarstanstat. 2019.