An Overview Study of Jatropha Curcas as a Sustainable Green Energy and its Economic Impacts to Local Farmers in Kano State, Nigeria

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages: 1060-1068

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

An Overview Study of Jatropha Curcas as a

Sustainable Green Energy and its Economic

Impacts to Local Farmers in Kano State, Nigeria

Mukhtar Sabiu Yahuza *, Hüseyin Gökçekus , Sadiq Mahmoud Ahmad , Nura Yunusa

Department of Architecture, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia (via Mersin 10, Turkey), Cyprus

Department of Civil Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia (via Mersin 10, Turkey),

Cyprus

Received: 28/03/2020

Accepted: 30/06/2020

Published: 20/09/2020

Abstract

The planet is dying due to so many human activities that are harmful to our environment, such as cutting down trees without growing

new ones, carbon emissions through the use of combustion engines and burning firewood etc. As such, these anthropogenic activities

pollute our environment and compromising human sustainability. These harmful activities were carried-out either deliberate or unknown

to people in search of energy, survival and luxuries of life. Therefore, there is strong need to find sustainable source of energy that is

renewable and environmentally friendly for continual existence of man on this planet. Biodiesel can be extracted from Jatropha Curcas

L, which serve as a source of renewable energy. In this paper; the awareness, processing method, economic and medicinal benefits of

Jatropha Curcas in Nigeria was discussed. The paper gives priority to three different studies, with addition of regression analysis. The

research concluded that there is high rate of awareness of Jatropha Curcas plant, mainly used in live fencing, homestead fencing and

farm boundaries mainly in Kano state, Nigeria; though, most of the farmers were not aware of its benefits such as biodiesel oil, medicinal

uses, anti-desertification features, soap making among many others, but they are willing to produce the biodiesel from it. The research

also recommends awareness campaign and government incentives in the cultivation, production and marketing the biodiesel in Nigeria.

Keywords: Biodiesel; Biofuel; Fuel; Fossil; Jatropha Curcas; Kano state; Nigeria; Renewable energy

Introduction¹

not emit any harmful greenhouse gasses when burning or during

any stage in the process of using or processing it. The energy of

Jatropha Curcas is gotten when the jelly in the dried seed was

extracted and filtered, which is pale yellowish. With the world’s

fossil fuel depleting rapidly one cannot predict the time left before

it finishes, this is found using the R/P ratios; that is the ratio of

reserves to production rates at current stage. At the production

rates currently, crude-oil will finish in 53 years, coal in 110 years,

and natural gas in 54 years from June 8, 2018 (6). However,

Devanesan (7), (2007) also established the fact that crude oil

reserves might be exhausted before 50 years at the current state of

use by various machineries. This research shows the demand for

other alternative sources of energy sources to use in the future,

nevertheless Jatropha Curcas can be a solution to future energy

needs in the world. The only disadvantage about Jatropha Curcas

is the poison in it when accidentally swallowed, but the damage

can be treated if the victim receives medical attention, though, no

mortality cases were reported yet (8).

Nigeria practices a mono-economic system on fossil fuel

mainly, thereby abandoning agriculture and other essential sectors

of the economy. Jatropha Curcas was introduced into Nigeria in

the year 2007, and many policies were developed by past Nigerian

governments about how to promote biofuel but nothing much

beneficial has been brought out of those policies. Nigerian Federal

Executive Council (FEC) in 2007 propose and approve the

establishment of the Biofuel Research Institute and Biofuel

Energy Commission (BRI & BEC), the diversification of Nigerian

Jatropha Curcas seed is a green plant that can be cultivated,

harvested and processed to produce energy which is renewable

and safe for human existence, as such, it becomes sustainable and

reliable biofuel in the world. Dehgan (1), (1984) and

jatrophaworld (2), (2007) describes Jatropha Curcas as a drought-

resistant plant that belongs to the family Euphobiaceae, in other

words, Euphorbiales containing some 7500 species in 275 genera.

Others provide waxes and oils as well as medicinal drugs. Jatropha

Curcas can grow to heights of six meters or more thus, making the

collection of seeds more convenient (3). Biofuel means the aspect

of using organic matter to produce energy for our daily needs, even

though, there are various organic biofuels we eat and use as our

daily activities, but there are lot problems we might encounter if

they will be used in production of fuel, for example our ancestors

use groundnut oil for fuel in lamps, and as same time used the

groundnut oil to cook meals, this is not sustainable being to the

fact it will cause shortage and starvation of food around the world,

if the food we eat is used in the production any form of energy

production. Jatropha Curcas is not edible and it can be planted on

degraded farms where other edible crops can hardly survive, the

roots of Jatropha plant penetrate deep into the soil to reach

unground water, and thus, assists in strengthening the soil quality

and reduce erosion of the soil and fight desertification (4).

Desertification is one of the severe threat to the soil nutrients and

economic condition in Nigeria, especially the northern part of the

country (5). The most amazing part of Jatropha Curcas is it does

Corresponding author: Mukhtar Sabiu Yahuza, Department of Architecture, Near East Univ ersity, 99138 Nicosia (via Mersin 10,

Turkey), Cyprus, (Coauthor PH-+905100, +234806224933. E-mail: mukhtarsabiu@gmail.com, 29185350@std.neu.edu.tr).

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages: 1060-1068

energy sources from conventional to renewable energy as well as

promoting the agricultural sector through the use of gas and oil

industry, as well as job creation and sustainable development. The

Nigerian National Petroleum Commission (NNPC) establishes

Renewable Energy Division (RED) by former President Olusegun

Obasanjo, which was inaugurated in 2005. NNPC through

Renewable Energy Division (RED) initiated Automotive Biofuel

Program for the production of biodiesel that is mixed with

Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) also called Automotive Gas Oil

Table 1: Study Area

S/N

KANO

FIGURE

Population

11,058,300 (2016) = 5.5% of

Nig. Pop.

Density

470 People/km2

Coordinates

11°30′00”N 08°30′00”E

(AGO) and Petrol, in not more than 10% volume proportions.

Other benefits were the biofuel has the potential to generate

revenue of N21,000,000,000.00, approximately $27,000,000.00

Climate/Vegetation

Sudan Savannah

(

twenty-seven million USD) annually for Nigeria and local

Duration of

Rainfall

April-October

35 to 40ºC

Nigerian farmers (9). Nigerian population is 140,003,542 (NPC,

be 195,458,568 people in 2019 and 433,134,619 in 2050, reaching

the fourth (4th) most populous country in the world. Nigeria has

high growth rate and is expected to continue growing in the future

because of high birth rate and high population momentum (CIA,

006) and about 16.5% of the total population unemployed (CIA,

017). Nigeria’s population at growth rate of 2.6% is expected to

Maximum

Temperature

Total land

coverage

20,131 km2 (7,773 mi2)

019). The GDP is 2.1% (2019) which is growing slowly (World

(

2006 Census), (11), (World Bank, 2017) and (United nation,

Bank, 2019). While Kano, on the other hand, is located within the

north-western part of Nigeria and it is the most populated part of

Nigeria, with a population of 11,058,300 people (Census, 2006).

All these Figures show the demand for Nigeria to find varieties of

job employments for Nigerian citizens as well as other sources of

government income apart from crude oil exportation. Jatropha

Curcas can as well help provide continuous job creation with the

abundance of agricultural land in Nigeria as well as fighting desert

encroachment in the northern part of the country, thereby making

a better future for our next generation.

019).

WEST

AFRICA

NIGERA

KANO

AFRICA

The studies related to Jatropha Curcas with regards to

awareness, economic impact and productions methods has gotten

some attention from different literature across the globe. As such,

the objective of the study was to evaluate the recent related studies

as an adaptation of brief overview study. The current research also

examines and compare the economics of Jatropha Curcas to local

Nigerians; Kano as a case study with that of India. Thus, it will

bring awareness to Nigerians and the world as a whole, about the

benefits of Jatropha Curcas as sustainable green energy, to reduce

the use of fossil fuels. However, this paper will promote the use of

biodiesel to the Nigerian government to adopt Jatropha Curcas as

a medium of poverty alleviation, sustainable biodiesel production

and diversification of the Nigerian economy from the mono

economic system.

WORLD

AFRICA

WEST AFRICA

NIGERA

KANO

Figure 1: 2016 Summary of the Population Figures (Census, 2006)

KANO

Material and Methodology

.1 Case Study

Kano state was chosen to be the case study area due to its

desertification features encroaching from the northern part of the

state; other reasons include high population, unemployment and

abundant land for agriculture. The people surrounding villages in

Kano state mostly practice subsistence agriculture. Kano State is

the highest populated state in Nigeria and economically Kano is

called Center of Commerce, and the vegetation of Kano state is

Sudan Savannah with traces of Guinea Savannah towards the

southern part of the state in the border with Kaduna and Bauchi

states (10). The northern and eastern parts of the state are typically

Sudan savannah. Kano is located in the northwestern part of

Nigeria, created on May 27, 1967, by former Military Head of

State Yakubu Gowon. Kano state shares boundaries Kaduna State

to the south-west, Bauchi State to the south-east Jigawa State to

the north-east and Katsina State to the north-west.

NIGERA

94%

Figure 2: Projected Population Figures of Kano in comparison with

Nigerian population in 2019

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages: 1060-1068

excess alcohol was not used, which serves as a catalyst.

Figure 5: Dried Jatropha seed and the processed oil (Source: TKI

Resources)

Figure 3: Showing map of Kano state from map of Nigeria

Processing Method and Economic Benefits

The traditional methods of Jatropha oil extraction requires

about twelve hours to produce 1L of oil, which makes highly

labour intensive. Another process of Jatropha Curcas oil extraction

requires heating the seed kernels to fry it, crushing them to squeeze

the water paste out, water is then added, then boiling it, and later

separating the oil by the process of skimming and ﬁltering

procedure (FAO/IFA, 2010). Many studies have been reported on

the production of Jatropha Curcas, but only study reported on the

use of enzyme as the catalyst (Hoong et al., 2010). Another

research by (Somorin et al., 2017) recently conducted reviews

shows that 25.7% of Nigerian families owns generators, and

.1 Processing Method

There are two methods of processing Jatropha Curcas to

produce biodiesel; thus are local and industrial methods. Local

method is the simplest way of producing it; the process is itemized

as follows: (a) harvesting the matured seed out of the plant from

the farm; (b) allowing the outer part of the seed to dry; (c)

removing the dried impurities; (d) extracting the fluid out of the

seed by grinding and squeezing (physical pressing) process; and

(e) extra purification to filter impurities.

0.7% businesses use a generator for electric supply and this

amounts to 60% of private electricity consumption in Nigeria. This

happens due to lack of (unstable) public electric supply in Nigeria.

.2 Economic Uses of Jatropha Curcas Oil

Jatropha Curcas oil can be used in many ways such as fuel for

cooking, lantern (see Fig. 6 to 9 below), can also be used in

vehicles such AGO and PMS as mentioned earlier, it can also

serve electricity in electric generators mostly in regions where

electricity is scarce. With the electricity problem and scarcity in

Nigeria, there can be a great achievement if the citizens and the

government can produce green electric energy for domestic needs

using Jatropha Curcas fuel energy. In India, the cost of Jatropha

seedling is ₹3 Indian Rupee (equivalent to 15.2NGN), and a

number of seedlings per hectare vary from 1,500 to 2,500,

amounting to ₹4500/ha (22,732 NGN) to ₹7500/ha (37,890 NGN)

seedling per hectare (Goswami et al., 2011). Thus, happens due to

government incentive given to Indian farmers engaged in Jatropha

Curcas production. This shows that Nigerian farmers can generate

lots of income if the Nigerian policy on green energy is working

efficiently. Jatropha Curcas can be used in producing soap, by

amazingly adding sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) to the oil. The

amazing soap gotten from Jatropha Curcas can be used in treating

so many skin diseases. However, Jatropha soap production can be

highly proﬁtable, thirteen liters of Jatropha oil can used to produce

4.7 kg of soap within 5 hours (Brittaine et al., 2010). Though, (17)

stated that soap made locally from Jatropha Curcas oil has less

quality compared to standard factory soap, thus, gives it less

commercial potential (FAO/IFA, 2010). Even though, in my

opinion, further research can improve the quality standards of the

Jatropha soap.

Fig.4 Jatropha Plant (Source: Aung, 2012)

With the fuel gotten from these steps were enough to be used

locally. While, on the other hand, the industrial method also has

all the above stages involved in it. Though, here, further chemicals

were added to the extracted liquid of Jatropha seed to add more

standards to it (through esterification and transesterification

method). Though the processing stages involved (harvesting,

drying, degumming, extraction and de-acidification) will add the

cost of production and negatively affect the biodiesel production

cost. Other studies revealed that Sulphuric acid as an acidic

catalyst can be used in reactive extraction of Jatropha oil in the

production biodiesel can reduce the high cost of production (12).

In transestirification and esterification reaction 1mol of a

triglyceride of Jatropha Curcas oil reaction with 3mol of alcohol

to give 3mols of alcoesters (biodiesel) with 1mol of glycerol.

However, 3:1 ratio of moles alcohol to moles Esther oil can satisfy

the reaction to be complete; but to drive the reaction to the product

side 6:1 molar ratio is required. At the end of the reaction the

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2020, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages: 1060-1068

with little income can start the business of Jatropha Curcas oil

production.

Figure 8: Jatropha Curcas seed (section view)

Figure 6: Jatropha Cooking Stove

Figure 9: Medicinal Jatropha Curcas (special variety), Source: (Qinghua

et al, 2019)

The juice of the oil cake can be used to treat pile infection and

to clean teeth. The remnant of this miraculous plant after

extracting the oil can be used to produce biogas and is safe for

domestic use (cooking, lighting, electric generation, etc.).

However, in December 2008, Jatropha oil was mixed with jet

engine fuel in New-Zealand and successfully reduced the cost of

flying by 1/3 (one-third). Talking about income, Jatropha Curcas

oil will give lots of financial benefits to the farmer and investors,

with 1600gallon/acre annually. Lastly, the oil cake gotten from the

plant can be used fertilizer in the farm is to the fact that it is rich

in Nitrogen (5.73%), Potassium (1%) and (1.5%) Phosphorus,

therefore it is a good source of manure in the farm. The defatted

cake cannot be used without detoxification due to the presence of

a substance called Curcin in the defatted cake, which is a toxic

substance. Nevertheless, it can be used in bio-methanisation to

produce biogas when detoxified (Ali et al., 2010). More than 25%

of Nigerians acquired electric generators in their homes, >70% in

their offices and business places; amounting to 60% of electric

energy consumption by the businesses in Nigeria. Akinbami (19),

Figure 7: Oil Lantern, Source: (16)

Burning Jatropha Curcas when cooking or lighting produces

less greenhouse gasses, thus, makes it sustainable compared to

fossil oil which produces carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide.

This oil reduces toxic smoke inhalation and gives lots of

environmental benefits, such as afforestation (i.e. planting

Jatropha) instead deforestation by avoiding cutting down trees to

make fuel.

(2001) reported that the most prominent energy used in Nigeria

during the years before 2001 were mainly firewood as shown in

Fig.10 above, while renewable energy sources (hydroelectric,

biofuel etc.) have less patronage. Fig.11 here shows the major

energy used in Nigeria was fossil fuel with about 80% in 2015,

these fossil fuel were mentioned in Fig.10 above (natural gas,

gasoline, diesel, kerosene and coal) with a total of about 98%;

hydroelectric and other renewable energies only has 2%, which

clearly shows that renewable energy usage was very low in past.

However, hydroelectric power have improved from the past years

Another important use of Jatropha Curcas is the pesticide

effects present in it. Molluscicides (insecticide) which is present

in the oil kills vector snails (Schistosoma) that causes bilharzia

chronic disease (snail fever) widespread in some Africa and South

American regions, it is caused by direct contact with blood stream

or when bitten by the insect. The miraculous oil gotten from

Jatropha Curcas can also be used as a purgative in traditional

medicine. Producing Jatropha oil does not require large scale

machinery and the large quantity of the seed; therefore, farmers

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages: 1060-1068

when comparing hydroelectric percentage energy use in Fig.11

with data gotten from Fig.10 in 2001. This shows that the use of

renewable energy source very minimal in Nigeria.

Table 2: Past Publications on Jatropha Curcas L

Author

Umar et al

Country Year

Publisher

Advanced Journal of

Agricultural Research

Taylor and Francis

Science Direct, Biofuel

Technology

Nigeria

2013

NATURAL COAL, LPG,

Abdulsalam

Steven et al. Malaysi 2010

Nigeria

2016

KEROSENE

GAS

FUEL OIL,

DIESEL

HYDROELE

CTRIC

Fatemeh

Anuj et al.

Austria

India

2013

2016

Biotechnology Journal

Egyptian Journal of

Forensic Sciences

Journal of Sustainable

Energy and Environment

Agricultural Economics

Research Review

Journal of Fundamentals

of Renewable Energy and

Application

Bojan et al.

India

2012

2011

2017

GASOLINE

Goswami et

al.

Mmopelwa

et al.

South

Africa

FUEL

WOOD

Akinbami et Nigeria

al.

2001

Renewable and

sustainable Energy

reviews

66%

Figure 10: Nigerian Energy Usage Percentage in 2001. Source: (19)

Shuit et al.

Tosin

Malaysi 2009

Fuel

Nigeria

2017

Renewable Energy

Other energy

Other Renewable energy, 0%

sources

Hydro power

4.1 Scenario 1

In this scenario, biodiesel incentive created by the government

of Jigawa state was discussed by Mas’ud, (2016), who reported

that the pilot study about Jatropha Curcas was carried out in

Kazaure Jigawa state, in comparison with the continuous

adaptation of Jatropha Curcas plantation with other countries

Nuclear

power

(specifically Choudhuri and Goswami in India). Data was

collected by direct interview with farmers in Kazaure, Jigawa

state. Questions related to 7 influential factors were asked to

determine whether the proposed determinants are likely to

inﬂuence the respondent’s decision to continue with the existing

Jatropha Curcas seed production. The result of the pilot study

indicated that that three out of the ﬁve (3/5) farmers interviewed

in Jigawa state indicated that their personal factors could inﬂuence

their decision to continue with the project (see Table 3). Results in

Table 3 also shows that all the remaining factors in the table can

influence the farmer’s decision in Jatropha Curcas production.

Fossil fuels

Figure 11: Total percentage of energy used from various sources in

Nigeria (kWh), Source: (20)

Scenario Based Analysis

In this section, three different previous studies and their

.2 Scenario 2

respective outcomes will be given priority with the addition of

regression analysis. As mentioned earlier, the adaptation of the

recently published works would employ in this study in order to

have a comprehensive overview of Jatropha Curcas. Besides that,

other recent studies related to Jatropha would be briefly

summarised in Table 2.

Lim et al., 2010 reported biodiesel production technology

using supercritical reactive extraction from Jatropha Curcas L oil

seeds, as a cost-effective processing technology in comparison

with the local production method and the extraction of oil and

followed by esterification/transesterification process to fatty acid

methyl esters (FAME) at the same time in a relatively short period

of 45-80 min. 0.5-2.0 mm of Jatropha seed and 200-

00°C/240MPa of temperature/pressure was being investigated in

the research.

Table 3: Pilot Interview on the Relevance of Each Proposed Determinant

Farmers

Personal Factors

Physical

Factors

(distance to

market and

farm, rain)

Economic Factors

(e.g. Access to

credit, technical

support and

Institutional

Factors (access to

credit, technical

support and

Risk and

uncertainty (risk

behaviour, low

yield, ants and

pests

Social factors

(influence of

community,

family and

friends)

(

age, age squared,

education and

primary

occupation

extension services)

services)

Farmers 1

Farmers 2

Farmers 3

Farmers 4

Farmers 5

✔

Source: (9)

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2020, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages: 1060-1068

0.0 ml/g methanol to solid ratio and 2.5mlig of n-hexane

Curcas and the bye products and also the respondents’

was also used, which at the end produce oil extraction

efficiency yield of about 1053%viv and 1035%wfw

respectively, which exceeded theoretical yield calculated based

on n-hexane Soxhlet extraction of Jatropha oil seeds. The

results obtained indicated that the extraction process at lower

temperature (200-240oC) yield mother than 65% v/v, while, at

temperatures above 240oC yield higher increment rate

compared with the previous outcome, since supercritical fluid

extraction began to take effect, thus, bring the reaction to 100%

oil extraction. When the particle size is <1.0 produce the best

supercritical fluid extraction reaction. Conclusively, the

experiment yield result above novel supercritical reactive

extraction technology of Jatropha Curcas L seed, which proven

its economic potential for commercial activities to both

government and private investors.

willingness to utilize the product extracted from it.

(a)

Jatropha

Jatropha Oil

Homesteads

Fencing

9% Biodiesel

Jatropha Oil

Live Fencing

Jatropha Biodiesel

Live Fencing

Farm

Boundaries

Farm Boundaries

Homesteads Fencing

.3 Scenario 3

(b)

Umar, et al., (2013) explain the rate of awareness,

Homesteads Fencing 0%

Farm

marketability and acceptability of the usefulness of Jatropha

Curcas plantation in Kano state. The simple random technique

was used for the study, and Kano state was divided based on

agricultural activities of the state. 1280 respondents were

selected randomly amounting to 30% of the respondents tested

for an oral interview.

Boundaries

Live Fencing

Jatropha Oil

48%

Descriptive statistical analysis was devised using logic

regression to test the obtained variables that may affect

awareness of Jatropha Curcas cultivation in Kano state.

Respondents who were aware of Jatropha Curcas in Kano state

were regressed on the following variables: Knowledge of

Jatropha Curcas seed cake, willingness to use Jatropha Curcas

oil, willingness to use Jatropha Curcas seed cake and

willingness to use Jatropha Curcas biodiesel

Jatropha

Biodiesel

푝1 = 푏 + 푏 푏 + 푏 푏 + … . 푏 푏 ……………… (1)

p1 = Dependent variable (awareness of Jatropha Curcas)

표

ꢀ

푛

Jatropha Oil

Farm Boundaries

Jatropha Biodiesel

Live Fencing

Homesteads Fencing

Regression constant

Regression coefficient

Independent variables

b1, b2…bn

x1, x2…xn

Figure 12: Farmer’s awareness (a) and unawareness (b) of Jatropha

Curcas products and usefulness. Source: (3)

(Knowledge of Jatropha Curcas seed cake, willingness to

use Jatropha Curcas oil, seed cake and biodiesel).

(a)

Result and Discussion

Results obtained were presented in the charts below. The

Jatropha Oil

15%

Homesteads

Fencing

chart above (Fig.12 a. and b.) reported that live fencing,

homestead fencing and farm boundaries were more acceptable,

having the highest percentage of about 22%, while Jatropha oil

and biodiesel have less percentage acceptability by the farmers.

Fig. 13. a. and b. acceptability and non-acceptability of

Jatropha Curcas, respectively. The highest frequencies here

were homestead fencing and farm boundary with 22% each,

followed by Jatropha oil (21%), Jatropha biodiesel (20%) and

least acceptable frequency was Jatropha oil with 15%. This data

shows that the people of Kano state accepts the use of Jatropha

Curcas in homestead fencing and farm boundary more than any

other use. These figures indicated that the respondents do not

accept the use of Jatropha seed to produce Jatropha oil.

Jatropha

Biodiesel

20%

Farm

Boundaries

Live Fencing

The usefulness and acceptability of each product by the

respondents was assessed here in fig.14. Live fencing was the

most acceptable option with (99.24%). Also, 68.18% accepted

Jatropha oil and 90.91% accepted biodiesel as opposed to

Jatropha Oil

Farm Boundaries

Jatropha Biodiesel

Live Fencing

Homesteads Fencing

.09% of the respondents that were not sure if it is possible to

Fig. 14 shows the awareness of Jatropha Curcas by the

Kano state farmers which indicated that it is probably going to

be influenced by the awareness on the benefits of Jatropha

Curcas seed cake. The awareness will also likely to influence

the willingness of the farmers in using seed cake along with

Jatropha Curcas oil and biodiesel. There was a great high level

acquire biodiesel from Jatropha Curcas. A great percentage of

the respondents uses Jatropha Curcas in their household and

farm boundaries fencing materials. However, the Logit

Regression Analysis (fig.14) is carried out to examine the

awareness depth of the respondents’ the usefulness of Jatropha

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2020, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages: 1060-1068

of acceptance of Jatropha Curcas from the respondents and it

can be attached to prolong historical use in strengthening

homestead fencing and delineating farm boundaries.

The respondents’ willingness to admit Jatropha Curcas

biodiesel Indicates the hardship in getting diesel fuel around the

rural or less developed regions and the expectation of earning

high income (21). he farmers accepted the notion of the

likelihood of becoming biodiesel producers because of the level

of experience they have. This statement reinstates the

discoveries of Singhal and Rogers (22), ((2001) which states

that “the readiness and ability of farmers accepting new

findings and innovations is proportional directly to their media

and communication access like television and radio or when

they travelled widely across the globe. Singhal and Rogers

(b)

Farm Boundaries 0%

Homesteads

Fencing

Live Fencing

Jatropha

Biodiesel

(2001) also realized that fresh inventions were accepted very

fast especially if it can be conducted on a small business scale,

like demonstration plots. Even though, there were no

demonstration plots found in the field survey. No Effort made

by either, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) or

Community Based Organizations (CBOs) nor the government

in the demonstration.

Jatropha Oil

Jatropha Biodiesel

Live Fencing

(a)

Farm Boundaries

Homesteads Fencing

Half of farm

Whole farm

Quarter of

farm

Source: (3)

Figure 13: a. (Not Acceptable Frequency) and b. (Not Acceptable

Frequency) Assessment of acceptability of identified Jatropha

products and usefulness

Less than a

quarter of

farm

(a)

Knoledgesc

Constant

Whole farm

Quarter of farm

Half of farm

Less than a quarter of farm

(b)

Whole

Farmland

willingnessbd

Willingjo

20%

Half of

Farmland

Willingnesssc

One Quarter

of Farmland

55%

Knoledgesc Willingjo Willingnesssc willingnessbd Constant

One Quarter

of Farmland

(b)

Constant

Knoledgesc

Whole Farmland

Half of Farmland

< One Quarter of Farmland

23%

One Quarter of Farmland

Source: (3)

Fig.15: a. (Proportion of Jatropha plantings owned by farmers) and b.

(

Distribution of respondents’ percentage of farmland that can be

Willingjo

committed to Jatropha Biodiesel Production)

willingnessb

12%

In Fig.15 a. the proportion of individual farms used in

Jatropha crop production by farmers is less than quarter of their

farms with 83% frequency, which shows that the farmers

mainly agreed to use less Jatropha Curcas production in their

farms. While the percentage of farmland for biodiesel

production by the respondents in Fig. 15 b. was less than a

quarter of the farm with 55% and half of the farm with 30%,

one-quarter of the farm 10%, and whole farm 5%. This

indicates that most of the farmers are willing to cultivate

Jatropha Curcas plant in less than a quarter of their farmland.

Willingnesss

Knoledgesc

Willingjo

Willingnesssc

willingnessbd Constant

Source: (3)

Fig.14: a. (Significant Value) and b. (Standard Error Values) Logic

Regression on the Awareness of Jatropha Curcas Products by the

Respondents in Kano state

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2020, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages: 1060-1068

use Jatropha Curcas as Jatropha biodiesel/oil, and treated seed

cake for animal feed (3). Also, the government support is very

less or abandoned, despite the Biofuel Energy Commission and

Biofuel Research Institute’s approval by the Federal Executive

Council (FEC) of Nigeria in 2007.

One

Quarter of

Farmland

Whole

Farmland

30%

One Quarter

of Farmland

10%

6.2 Recommendation

The need to revive the production and cultivation of

Jatropha Curcas is very high. Therefore it should be given the

attention required, so as to benefit from the nature surrounding

us, and also to save our dying planet from the use of fossil fuels.

These can be achieved through an awareness campaign, policy

amendments, and access to funding from both government and

private sectors in the country. Both small-scale and large scale

production should be encouraged to enable the farmers to

engage in Jatropha farming and also capture people’s interests

into this money-making business of Jatropha Curcas oil

production in Nigeria. It will be a great achievement if Nigeria

can be exporting Jatropha Curcas oil/biodiesel instead of the

conventional crude oil exportation.

Half of

Farmland

Whole Farmland

Half of Farmland

One Quarter of Farmland

< One Quarter of Farmland

One

Quarter of

Farmland

Whole

Farmland

31%

References

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of Farmland

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Jatrophaworld. BIODIESEL BUSINESS ACADEMY Building a

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Half of

Farmland

30%

Whole Farmland

Half of Farmland

< One Quarter of Farmland

One Quarter of Farmland

Source: (3)

Fig.16: a. (Farmland for Jatropha Production with Market vailability)

and b. (Farmland with Government Incentive)

The distribution of farmland allocated to Jatropha Curcas

cultivation with ready market to the farmers was shown in

Fig.16 a., 55% of the respondents use half of their farms, 30%

use whole of their farm, 10% use one quarter of their farm, and

only 5% use less than a quarter of the farm. This shows that

most of the respondent uses half of their farmland in the

cultivation of Jatropha Curcas production due to the fact that

they have a ready market. While farmland with government

incentives was shown in Fig.16 b. where the respondents are

willing to use the whole of their farm with 31%, followed half

of their farm with 30%, one quarter with 29% and finally less

than quarter if the farm with 10%. This literally shows if the

government intervene into Jatropha Curcas cultivation, most of

the farmers will be willing to use whole their farmland in

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Conclusively (3) reported that income and employment

generation of Jatropha Curcas production is very less. People

were not aware of the biodiesel present in Jatropha Curcas seed,

as most of them use it in their farm boundaries. All the benefits

of Jatropha Curcas were found to be highly acceptable by the

respondents.

Available

from:

https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2016.1168022

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Conclusion and Recommendation

.1 Conclusion

The data presented above shows that there is a very high

rate of awareness and acceptability of Jatropha Curcas plant by

the farmers in Kano state and Nigeria as a whole. Though, there

was low awareness of its opportunities and economic benefits

by the local farmers, such as income, health, medicinal,

environmental benefits and employment opportunities. The

research also shows a high rate of the farmer’s willingness to

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from:

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situ esterification of Jatropha curcas L . seeds for the production of

biodiesel. ESLERVIER Fuel [Internet]. 2010;89(2):527–30.

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Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.07.011

4. Somorin TO, Di Lorenzo G, Kolios AJ. Life-cycle assessment of

self-generated electricity in Nigeria and Jatropha biodiesel as an

alternative power fuel. Renew Energy [Internet]. 2017;113:966–

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from:

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Costs of Jatropha Plantation. 2011;24:99–108.

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1. Achimugu S. The Nigerian bio energy policy and Incentives: The

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