Diversity of Gastropod and Bivalve Molluscs in Kaisu Mangrove Forest of Sarmi Regency, Papua Province, Indonesia

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages: 1176-1181

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

Diversity of Gastropod and Bivalve Molluscs in

Kaisu Mangrove Forest of Sarmi Regency, Papua

Province, Indonesia

Jacob Manusawai , Anton S. Sinery, Rina N. Jowey

Department of Environmental Science, Universitas Papua, Indonesia

Received: 13/05/2020

Accepted: 22/07/2020

Published: 20/09/2020

Abstract

Molluscs are an important part of the mangrove ecosystem. Scientific information related to gastropods and Bivalvia in Kaisu

mangrove is not known. Thus, this study aims at identifying the diversity of molluscs (gastropod and Bivalvia) in Kaisu mangrove forest.

This study has used descriptive method with observation techniques. The observation station was determined using purposive sampling

considering the zonation of mangrove vegetation. The taken data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively based on each parameter.

The results of the study show that, in Kaisu mangrove forest of Bongga District, Sarmi Regency, 10 species of molluscs were identified

with 1804 individuals consisting of 8 species of gastropoda (Telescopium telescopium, Steno melani, Nerita articulate, Ellobiumaurisjudae,

Cheritidea obtuse, Indothais gradate, Spherassimineamimata, Littorariamelanostoma) and 2 species of Bivalvia (Geloinaexpansa,

Anumalocardisquamasa). The dominance index of the mollusca species of this mangrove forest was 0.74, indicating the dominance of

Telescopium telescopium with species diversity index of 0.27 (low category) and a species evenness index of 0.32 (low category).

Keywords: Molluscs; Bivalvia; Mangrove forest; Ecosystem

Introduction¹

(

squid or chiton), Aplacophora and Monoplacopora. Bivalves

play a vital role in the ecosystem of mangrove forest and in the

lives of coastal humans (9). Bivalve molluscs are a valuable

source of high-quality proteins, minerals and vitamins (10).

Crustaceans and molluscs play important roles in the

mangrove ecosystem, processing mangrove-derived and algal

detritus through their feeding and bioturbation activities (11).

According to Pramudji (12), Mollusca-inhabiting mangrove

forests in Indonesia are generally dominated by gastropods,

which are around 61 species. Gastropod in mangrove

ecosystems has both ecological and economical significances.

Gastropod (limpets, snails, whelks, slugs) is by far the most

diverse group of molluscs with about 100,000 species (0.5 mm

to 100 cm long) that inhabit all marine, freshwater and terrestrial

habitats (13). From ecological perspective, gastropod is a type of

fauna that have a role in a food chain. Gastropods are detritus-

eaters that have function in tearing and minimizing newly fallen

litter, and accelerating litter decompositions through

microorganisms (12), (14). Gastropods have economic value as

they are used by coastal community as food, for instance,

The main text of the article should appear here. Headings

and subheadings should be formatted using the relevant button

from the “Apply Style” dialog box. Mangrove plays an

important role in the lives of wildlife including birds, mammals,

reptiles, fishes and other organisms such as mollusks (1). It is a

biologically diverse ecosystem, rich in organic matter and

nutrients, and supports a large biomass of flora and fauna (2). It

is considered among the world’s most productive ecosystems

(3). High rates of tree and plant growth, coupled with anaerobic,

water-logged soils that slow decomposition, result in large long-

term carbon © storage within the mangroves (4). From an

economic point of view, mangroves have a very high economic

and ecological value because of the wide range of ecosystem

goods and services they offer (5).In addition, mangroves also

perform, free-of-cost, many important functions that support the

often-dense coastal populations (6). Molluscs are the second

species-rich phylum in the world after arthropods (7). They are

soft-bodied, unsegmented animals, with a body organized into a

muscular foot, a head, a visceral mass containing most of the

organ systems, and a fleshy mantle that secretes the calcareous

shell(8). According to Brusca & Brusca (9), Mollusca consists of

seven classes, namely Polyplacophora (chiton), Gastropod

Terebraliapalustris,

Telescopium

telescopium,

and

Cerithideaobtusa (14). The total area of mangrove forests in

Papua Island, including Papua and West Papua, is estimated to

reach 1.3 million ha (1). The mangrove areas in Papua covers

the North and South coasts of Papua Island, SaireriBay,

Mamberamo River, HomblotBay, Wasoki Bay, Ansus, the

Eastern part between Biak and Yapen Islands. In the Southern

Part of West Papua, mangroves flourish along the Waigeo coast

(snail), Bivalvia(clam), Scaphopoda (hornshell), Cephalopoda

Corresponding author: Jacob Manusawai, Department of

Environmental Science, Universitas Papua, Indonesia. E-mail:

dr.jacob.manusawai@gmail.com

176

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages: 1176-1181

and the northern part of Barai peninsula around Bintuni Bay;the

mangroves in Bintuni are the most significant ecosystem in

storing large amounts of carbon (15).

where A is abundance (number of individual / 20m ); xi is

number of individuals; and ni is number of squares. The

concentration of individual species of Mollusca was determined

using index of domination (C) as followed:

Sarmi Regency has several locations of mangrove forests

distribution, including along the East coast. The distribution of

mangroves in the area is not only potentially related to

ecological function but also related to the socio-economic

conditions of the community. Ecologically, mangrove forest has

an important role as a buffer zone which protects the coast from

Pacific Ocean waves. Mangroves play an important role in

buffering coastlines against storm surges and tsunamis through

wave attenuation (16). For socio-economic matters, mangroves

provide benefits for coastal communities’ livelihoods. The

socio-economic value of the mangrove is likely to be more than

double of the direct forest product value through the ecosystem

linkage with the aquatic production and the effect on fishery



ni 



C  

 N 

where C is index of dominance; ni is number of individuals of a

species; and n is number of individuals of all species.

Domination is a community characteristic that shows the

abundance of species in a region (22), (23), (24), (25). The

criteria of domination index according to are as follows: 0 <C

<0.5 = There are no dominant species; 0.5> C> 1 = There are

dominant species. To determine the diversity of Mollusca as an

indicator of habitat, species index diversity (H) according to

Shanon and Wiener (1949) in Magurran (26) was used with the

equation:

(17). A number of potentials inhabiting fauna such as fish,

shrimp, and crabs are an important part of the mangrove

ecosystem. Similarly, Mollusca groups (gastropod and Bivalvia)

also play an important role in mangrove ecosystem and people's

lives. Yet, scientific information related to Mollusca groups in

Kaisu mangrove is not known for certain. Therefore, the aim of

the research is to examine the diversity of molluscs (gastropod

and Bivalvia) in Kaisu mangrove forest.





















H  





N 

where H is diversity index (Shanon-weinner index); ni is number

of individuals of a species, N is number of individuals of all

species. The evenness of species of Mollusca at the study site

was analyzed using the index of evenness (e), according to

Pielou (27), Odum (23), and Bratawinata (28) as follows:

Material and Methods

The study was carried out in Kaisu mangrove (study area)

forest in the District of Bonggo in Sarmi Regency, Papua

Province of Indonesia in a span of two months. The equipment

used to conduct the study were Global Positioning System,

levers, plastics, collection bottles, tweezers, digital camera,

Vernier caliper, surgical boards, gauges, raffia and stationery.

This study used observation methods to conduct the

research. Purposive sampling was used for observation station.

The characteristics and species of Kaisu mangrove forest are

relatively similar with a forest width of approximately 150-350

e 



LogS Hmax

Hmax  2 lns

where e is species evenness index; H is species diversity index;

S is number of species. Evenness index according to Krebs(29)

in Sinery (30) ranged from 0-1, where: 0.6-1 = high species

evenness; 0.4 <e <0.6 = moderate species evenness; 0–04 = low

species evenness.

m. Considering the condition,

2 sampling stations were

determined in one transect 320 m long with site I position (75 m

from land-sea point) dominated by Rhizophorasp, Avicenniasp,

Bruguera gymnorhiza), and site II (position 250 m from point 0

or 175 m from site I which was presented by species like

Rhizophorasp, Bruguera gymnorhiza and Sonneratiasp). Each

site had one observation plot with size of 20 m × 20 m. To

determine the species and number of individuals, variables such

as morphological characters of molluscs (gastropod and

Bivalvia) in the form of color and body size (length, width,

diameter expressed in cm) were observed. General condition of

the study site was documented.

Results

.1 Species Composition

Based on identification of the morphological characteristics,

0 species of Mollusca were identified in Kaisu mangrove area,

i.e., 7 families and 8 species of gastropod, 2 families and 2

species of bivalves (Table 1 and Table 2).

.2 Domination, Diversity and Evenness Index of Mollusca

This research used the dominance, diversity and evenness

The samples of Mollusca (gastropod and Bivalvia) were

collected at low tide and on sunny day. The collected samples

were preserved using alcohol 70% and put into specimen box.

The samples were identified using the journal (18), (19), (20),

index to analyze the level of species domination, variation of

species and evenness of species, as indicators of community

stabilization in Kaisu mangrove forest. The dominance, diversity

and evenness index of Mollusca species in Kaisu mangrove area

are presented in the following Figure 1. The results of the study

showed that Telescopium telescopium was the species with the

highest number of individuals found at the study sites. In

(21). The collected data were analyzed qualitatively and

quantitatively based on each parameter and then presented in

tables and figures (charts, graphs and photographs). To

determine the abundance of species in the area, the equations

was used as follows:

comparison,

the

number

species

such

as Littorariamelanostoma and Anumalocardi,

smaller in number.

squamasa was

A 

177

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages: 1176-1181

Table 1: Composition of Mollusca in Kaisu Mangrove Forest

Indivi Percent

This result proves that the distribution of the species at the

two observation sites were different. Site I had the deepest

zoning in the mangrove formation with a slightly hard substrate.

Site II was located in the middle zonation closer to the outer area

and contained muddy substrate. Anchor root plants

No Family

Gastropoda

Species

dual

(%)

Telescopium

(Rhizopora sp.) dominated the location. The 10 species of

Potamididae

telescopium,

1550

85,92

Mollusca were identified in the observation sites and only 2

species, i.e., Telescopium telescopium and Nerita articulate,

could be found at both the observation sites.

The study revealed that the evenness of Mollusca in Kaisu

mangrove area is low due to the identified of 10 species of

mollusks but the presence of only 2 species (20%) at the two

observation sites. This shows the adaptive advantage

of Telescopium telescopium and Nerita articulate as compared

to other species in Kaisu mangrove area. It is observed that

mangrove vegetation Rhizophora influences the evenness of

Linnaeus, 1758

Steno melania,

Fischer, 1885

Neritaarticulat,

Linnaeus, 1758

Ellobiumaurisjudae,

Roding, 1798

Cheritideaobtusa,

Lamarck, 1822

Indothaisgradata,

Jonas, 1849

Sphaerassimineamin

iata

Thiaridae

100

5,54

3,05

2,83

1,27

0,39

0,22

0,11

Neritidae

Ellobiidae

Potamididae

Muricidae

Assimineidae

Littorinidae

Mollusca

the

study

site

along

with Sonneratia sp, Avicennia sp

and Bruguera

gymnorhiza, which are considered as a source of organic

material and habitat for molluscs. Also, the condition of mud

substrate which dominated Kaisu mangrove forest area became a

factor that affected the presence of Mollusca in this forest.

Nurrudin, Hamidah, & Kartika (31) observed out that the

characteristics of the habitat and environmental conditions such

as temperature, pH, salinity and types of substrate greatly

influence the presence of Mollusca besides the condition of the

mud substrate. They are among the dominant group in

structuring the mangrove ecosystem and also constitute a

component of fouling communities (32). Bivalve and gastropod

are considered as the main molluscs of mangrove forests and

comprise an important trophic component of detritus-based food

webs. Gastropods have high distribution in the mangrove forests

probably due to their mobile characteristic, while bivalves are

often confined to a narrow seaward zone, due to feeding, larval

settlement restrictions and sediment texture such as low pH and

high organic matter (33).

Littorariamelanosto

ma, Gray, 1839

Bivalvia

Geloinaexpansa,

Mousson, 1849

Anumalocardisqua

masa, Linnaeus,

Corbiculoidea

0,55

Veneridae

0,11

100

758

Amount

1804

Table 2: Composition of Mollusca by Site

Individual

Site I

Telescopium telescopium, Linnaeus, 1758 1500

No Species

Site II

Steno melania, Fischer, 1885

Neritaarticulata, Linnaeus, 1758

Ellobiumaurisjudae, Roding, 1798

Cheritideaobtusa, Lamarck, 1822

Indothaisgradata, Jonas, 1849

Sphaerassimineaminiata

100

Discussion

The data presented in Table 1 revealed that composition of

the Mollusca in Kaisu mangrove forest was less compared to the

study by in the vicinity of TPI Parit 7, Tungkal I Village,

Tanjung Jabung Barat, which found 15 species(31). Similarly,

other studies have identified 33 species of gastropods in the

mangrove ecosystem in the Gugus Pari Island, 19 species of

gastropods in the Cilacap mangrove ecosystem, 16 species of

gastropods in the mangrove forests of TelukAwurJepara, 29

species of gastropods in the mangrove forest area of Segara

Anakan Cilacap,14 species of Gastropods and 5 species of

Bivalves in Aceh Besar, and 14 families of molluscs comprising

Littorariamelanostoma, Gray, 1839

Geloinaexpansa, Mousson, 1849

Anumalocardisquamasa, Linnaeus, 1758

Amount

1697

107

Note: Site I: mud substrate (land / mid zone),

Site II: Mud substrate with sand (mid zone and sea)

1 gastropod families (21 species) and bivalve families (3 types)

in North Sulawesi (34), (35), (36), (37), (38). The detection of

many species of gastropods found in these studies was due to the

wider research location and longer sampling time. In

comparison, the location of the present research was not large,

and the sampling time was limited. All the identified species in

our study were inhabitants of the mangroves as detailed below.



Telescopium telescopium, Linnaeus, 1758. Telescopium

telescopium belonged to gastropod group and accounted for

the highest number of individuals in the study sites. It lives

Figure 1: Domination index (C), diversity index (H) and evenness index

e) of Mollusca in Kaisu mangrove forest

(

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 3, Issue 3, Pages: 1176-1181

in mangroves and could be found on mangrove floors with

brackish condition (39).

<H <3) and low if species diversity index was less than one (H

<1). Based on these criteria, the diversity of Mollusca species in

Kaisu mangrove forest area was considered low.



Steno melania, Fischer, 1885. Steno melania accounted for

the second-largest number of individuals. This species

inhabited mangrove forests in both waterlogged and dry

mud substrate with limited distribution and could be found

only in site II.

Analysis of species evenness level shows that value of

evenness index of Mollusca species in Kaisu mangrove forest

was 0.32, in which site I was 0.45 and site II was 0.21. (Krebs,

1978) in (Odum, 1993) stated that the evenness value was

considered high when e ≥ 0.6, moderate when e = 0.4 <e ≤0.6

and low when e = 0 <e ≤ 0.4. Based on the criteria, the evenness

index of Mollusca in Kaisu mangrove forest was low, including

at site I and site II. The value of species evenness index,

according to, ranged from 0 to 1 (46), (47). According to

Santosa (48) amd Sinery (30), the evenness index of species

indicated the size or proportion of individuals of each species in

a community. If each species had similar number of individuals,

then the community had maximum value of evenness index,

which is the relative abundance of species (47). It is high if all

species have similar distribution (i.e., similar population

density)(49).



Neritaarticulata,

Linnaeus,

1758.

Neritaarticulata

accounted for the third-largest number of individuals of the

gastropod species. The species was found on mud

substrates and fairly distributed on the location.

Ellobiumaurisjudae, Roding, 1798. Ellobiumaurisjudae

accounted for the fourth-largest gastropoda individuals

found in the study site. This species was found on the mud

substrate and documented only at site I.

Cheritideaobtusa, Lamarck, 1822. This gastropod species

was found on muddy substrates and only at the site II.

According to, Cerithideaobtusa is commonly found in roots

and stems of mangroves as well as mud substrates across

the Asia-Pacific (21), (40).



Indothaisgradata, Jonas, 1849. Indhothaisgradata species

of gastropod was found only at site II. They inhabit both

hard and soft substrata and were found on muddy substrates

5 Conclusions

The study concludes based on the result of the

analysispresence of 10 species with 1804 individuals consisting

of 8 species of gastropda (Telescopium telescopium, Steno

melani, Nerita articulate, Ellobiumaurisjudae, Cheritidea obtuse,

(41).

Spherassimineamimata. Spherassimineamimata gastropod

species were documented only at site I. Only a few

individuals of this species were found on a muddy

substrate.

Indothais

gradate,

Spherassimineamimata,

Littorariamelanostoma) and 2 species bivalvia (Geloinaexpansa,

Anumalocardisquamasa) in the Kaisu mangrove forest area of

Bongga District, Sarmi Regency. The dominance index of the

identified Mollusca in Kaisu area was 0.74, with dominance of

Telescopium telescopium with the species diversity index of

Littorariamelanostoma, Littorariamelanostoma was

species of gastropod recorded only at site II. A few

individuals of thespecies was found on muddy substrate.

They survived on mangrove leaves and brown algae as food

sources, with significant differences among the three

mangrove forests, and showed significant seasonal

variation in its diet (42).

.27 (low category) and species evenness index of 0.32 (low

category).

Acknowledgements



Geloinaexpansa, Mousson, 1849. Geloinaexpansa belonged

to Bivalvia group and was documented only at site I. The

clams, known locally as Omapoko or Siini and Kawe or

Kae, are used as protein source by local people and the

species was found on muddy habitat as well as other

species (43).

The authors are thankful for Snowice Baransano and local

community in Kaisu Village and Environmental Research

Center of Papua University for their assistance and contribution

during field data collection. A special thanks is also extended to

those who have contributed to the research and wrote this article.

Anumalocardisquamasa,

Linnaeus,

1758.

Competing interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that

would prejudice the impartiality of this scientific work.

Anumalocardisquamasa belonged to Bivalvia group and

was found only at site I. This species was found on muddy

habitat with limited number of individuals. They are

widespread species which reside in 2-4 cm depth stratum

Authors’ contribution

All authors of this study have a complete contribution for

data collection, data analyses and manuscript writing

(44), (45).

Fig.1 presents that the dominance index of the Mollusca

species in Kaisu mangrove was 0.74 (close to 1). This indicated

the dominance of certain species, especially Telescopium

telescopium, particularly in site II, as there was no apparent

dominance of certain species in site I. The criteria for dominance

index according to were 0 <C <0.5 = there was no dominant

species; 0.5> C> 1 = There were dominant species(23). The

result shows that diversity index of Mollusca in Kaisu mangrove

forest was 0.27. Observation also indicated species diversity of

site II was higher than site I; however, diversity at both sites was

considered in the low category. Species diversity was considered

high if the species diversity index was more than three (H≥3),

medium if species diversity index was between one to three (1

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3. Kabir M, Abolfathi M, Hajimoradloo A, Zahedi S,

Kathiresan

K and Goli S. Effect of mangroves on

distribution, diversity and abundance of molluscs in

mangrove ecosystem: a review. Aquaculture, Aquarium,

Conservation & Legislation International Journal of the

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Author Profile

Dr. Jacob Manusawai, was born in Sorong

on October 6, 1958. Completed a Bachelor

in forest management study program at

Universitas Cendrawash in 1986. In 2005 he

completed his master of law at the Law

Study Program Universitas Hasanuddin

Makassar. In 2015 he completed his

6. Pribadi R, Hartati R and Suryono C. A. Composition of type

and ditribution of gastropod in the Segara Anakan Mangrove

Forest area of Cilacap. Ilmu Kelautan. 2009 Jun;14(2):102-

11.

7. Irma D and Sofyatuddin K. Diversity of Gastropods and

Bivalves in mangrove ecosystem rehabilitation areas in

Aceh Besar and Banda Aceh districts, Indonesia.

Forestry

Doctorate

Universitas

Mulawarman y Samarinda. Since 1989 he

has worked as a teaching staff majoring in

Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas

Cenderawasih (currently the Faculty of

Forestry, University Papua, Manokwari).

His main research on environemtal sciences.

Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation

Bioflux. 2012 May 15;5(2):55-59.

Legislation

8. Baderan D. W. K, Hamidun M. S, Utina R, Rahim S and

Dali R. The abundance and diversity of Mollusks in

mangrove ecosystem at coastal area of North Sulawesi,

Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 2019 Apr;20(4):987-993.

Dr. Anton Silas Sinery, S.Hut., MP., was

Born in Waropen, Papua on January 27,

1979. He received undergraduate, master,

and doctoral degree all majoring forestry

science in 2002, 2008, and 2013 and from

Universitas Papuan and Universitas

Mulawarman. Currently he is a lecturer at

Department of Environmetal Science

Universitas Papua. His main research in

environmental science.

9. Kurniawati A, Bengen D. G and Maddupa H. Mangrove

swamp condition and telescopium telescopium density in

Segara Anakan lagoon, Cilacap Regency. Oseanologi dan

Limnologi di Indonesia. 2014 Aug 2;40(2):221-234.

0. Cahyani R. T. Study of bioactive components activity of

Cerithidea Obtusa. Bogor Agricultural Institute, Bogor;

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1. Proum S, Santos J. H, Lim L. H and Marshall D. J. Metal

accumulation in the tissues and shells of Indothais gradata

snails inhabiting soft and hard substrata in an acidified

tropical estuary (Brunei, South East Asia). Regional Studies

in Marine Science. 2016 Nov;8(3):487-497.

Rina N. Jowey, was born in Jayapura on

March 5, 1986. Completed

a Bachelor

degree majoring Forestry in the Forest

Cultivation study program at the Faculty of

Forestry, Universitas Papua (2008). In 2014

he completed his Masters degree in Forest

Management at Michigan State USA. Since

2. Chen L, Yan T, Xiong Y, Zhang Y and Lin G. Food sources

of dominant macrozoobenthos between native and non-

native mangrove forests: A comparative study. Estuarine,

Coastal, and Shelf Science. 2017 Mar;187:160-167.

008 he has worked as a teaching staff

majoring in Forestry at the Faculty of

Forestry, Universitas Papua, Manokwari.

3. Dwiono S. A. Introduction to mangrove clams, Geloina

Erosa and Geloina Expansa. Oseana. 2003;XXVIII(2):31-38.

4. Roopnarine P. D, Signorelli J and Laumer C. Systematic,

biogeographic and microhabitat-baseed morphometric

variation of the bivalve anomalocardia squamosa (bivalvia:

veneridae: chioninae) in Thailand. The Raffles Bulletin of

Zoology. 2008;18:95-102.

5. Lee S. S. Distribution pattern and interaction of two infaunal

bivalves, Tapes philippinarum (Adams and Reeve) and

Anomalocardia squamosa (Linnaeus) (Bivalvia: Veneridae).

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 1996

Sep;201(1-2):253-273.

6. Krebs C. J. Ecological methodology. New York: Harper &

Row Inc Publisher, 1989.

7. Sugianto. Quantitative ecology: Analysis methods of

population and community. Surabaya: Usaha Nasional,

994.

8. Santosa Y. Wildlife diversity measurement techniques.

Department. Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor; 1995.

9. Baker V and Savage R. Development of a wetland

monitoring program for headwater wetlands in North

Carolina. NC Division of Water Quality, Raleigh, North

181