Research of the Drinking Water Quality in Wells and Fountains of Villages in Gjakova Municipality in Kosovo

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages: 1151-1156

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

Research of the Drinking Water Quality in Wells and

Fountains of Villages in Gjakova Municipality in

Kosovo

Sadija Kadriu , Milaim Sadiku , Mensur Kelmendi , Bleona Tahiraj , Mehush Aliu , Arbër

Hyseni , Agron Shala

Department of Technology, University of Mitrovica, “Isa Boletini”, Mitrovicë, Kosova

Hydro-meteorological Institute of Kosova, Rruga Lidhja e Pejës 47, 10000, Prishtinë, Kosova

Received: 03/07/2020

Accepted: 13/07/2020

Published: 20/09/2020

Abstract

It is known that the issue of obtaining sufficient drinking water, this vital element without which there can be no life on earth, as in the

past also today is and remains a serious concern for humanity in general. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to study the drinking water

quality in villages Hereç, Gërçinë and Damjan in Gjakova Municipality. Water was tested for organoleptic, physico-chemical, and

microbiological parameters, and sensory methods and analytical techniques, classical and instrumental ones were aplied. The results of the

analysis are compared with the standard values of the EU Directive 98/83 on the quality of water for human consumption. The obtained

results prove that the drinking water is contaminated with Mn, with 0.059mg / l in the villages Herec, in Gercine 0.052mg / l and in Damjan

with a concentration of 0.07mg / l. Meanwhile, we have encountered microbial contamination in two sampling sites in Gercine and in one

sampling site in Damjan. Therefore, the evidence for the presence of Mn and microbial contamination, justify the aim of this work.

Keywords: Drinking waters, Gjakova villages, Analysis, Contamination, Manganese, Microbial contamination

Introduction¹

groundwater source since they are easily accessible and usually

provide clean drinking water (3). Dug wells are distributed all

over the rural and semi urban areas, mostly as private wells

associated with single family homesteads (4). Gjakova with its

surrounding, our object of study, is located between geographic

latitude 42022’ and geographic longitude 20026’, on the left shore

of Erenik River, east of Çabrat Plateau, on both sides of Krena

River, at an average altitude of 365 m. The average temperature

in July is 21.50C, and in January -90C. Summer months are dry,

and winters are wet. The average precipitation is 959.3 mm (5).

The physico-chemical quality of drinking water is also based on

hydrogeological criteria. These criteria relate to the type of water

layer feeding, the composition and structure of the terrain, the

level of protection of the water layer etc (6).

The issue of acquiring sufficient drinking water in many

settlements in Kosovo, as in many other countries in the world,

has been and remains the basic problem for organizing the life

quality in the geographical space where humans wish to construct

and organize their settlements. In this context, springs were

largely responsible for determining the sites of ancient

settlements (1). Water is the main natural resource and essential

human need without which life on earth is unthinkable. Water is

a major natural source and basic human need for life. In recent

decades, groundwater has become an essential resource due to its

purity and availability (2).

Lack of sufficient drinking water, both in the past and now,

often, not only it has caused major demographic movements

around the world, but there have also been cases of sporadic

conflicts and major wars for controlling and owning sufficient

water resources. Even today, in many Kosovo settlements, lack of

water has created new demographic realities, as with the increase

of population, insufficient water reservoirs have affected the

population movement from one settlement to another, i.e. from

Hasi region to Gjilan area, as well as in many other areas in

Kosovo lacking water. Yet, springs are still an important

World Health Organization (WHO) 1993 documented that

0% of pathogenic diseases in human beings are caused by

contaminated water and the valuation of water quality in

developing countries has become a critical problem in last few

years (7). The purpose of this study is to assess the water quality

in villages Hereç, Gërçinë and Damjan of Gjakova Municipality,

based on the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters,

which justifies the drinking water quality.

Corresponding author: Sadija Kadriu, University of

Mitrovica,“Isa Boletini”; Email: sadija.kadriu@umib.net.

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages: 1151-1156

chlorides were used to determine the physico-chemical

parameters. The table results show the standard methods applied

for the analysis of each parameter (Tables 2, 3 and 4). The

microbiological analysis, determining the general number of live

bacteria with PCA, was performed pursuant to the EN ISO

Material and methods

Samples for analysis were taken in three different villages of

Gjakova Municipality, in December 2019, the analyzed water was

taken from springs and wells in these villages and the analyses

were done at the K.R.U. “Gjakova” JSC filtering station labs. The

sampling points and labeling of drinking water samples from

wells and springs together with the geographical coordinates of

the water samples for analyses are presented in Table 1, whereas

the geographic position of sample points (monitoring network) is

presented in Figure 1.

222:1999 standard (12).

3 Results and discussions

During the experimenting part, the organoleptic, physico-

chemical, and microbiological parameters of water from springs

and wells in Hereç, Gërçinë and Damjan villages in Gjakova

Municipality was determined. In total 12 samples of drinking

water from wells and springs in these villages were taken. The

results of the organoleptic, physico-chemical, and

microbiological parameters are presented in Tables 2, 3 and 4,

whereas, the microbiological parameters in Table 5.

Table 1: Sampling location, geographic code, and

coordinates

Location Sample

Geographic coordinates

Altitude

(m)

Location

Hereç

code

Latitude Longitude

– 1k

28’27” N

21’43” E

21’32” E

– 2k

– 3p

– 4p

– 1k

– 2k

– 3p

– 4p

– 1k

– 2k

– 3p

– 4p

27’ 54” N 20

28’ 27” N 20

27’ 54” N 20

17’ 49” N 20

17’ 47” N 20

17’ 46” N 20

17’ 48” N 20

17’ 40” N 20

17’ 58” N 20

17’ 57” N 20

17’ 57" N 20

508

346

Table 2: Analysis results of organoleptic and physico-chemical

parameters of the water in village Hereç

Gërçinë

Water analysis results: Hereç

Sample code

Analysis date: 07/12/2019

Direc.

Damjan 3

Standard

method

Parameters

Unit 98/83/E 1-1k 1-2k 1-3p 1-4p

Explanation: samples marked with k are taken from springs, whereas,

samples marked with p are taken from wells.

Sensory

method

Sensory

method

Sensory

method

ISO

Color

None None None None None

Smell

Taste

Temperature

Turbidity

Free chloride Cl

⁰C 8-12

NTU 0-1

0523:2012

ISO

0.76 0.13 0.10 0.31

027:1999

ISO

mg/l 0.2-0.5 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01

6.5-9.5 7.0 6.9 6.6 6.6

3931:2000

ISO

0523:2008

KMnO

expenditure

ISO

8467:1993

ISO

mg/l 0-8

µS/c

1.40 1.40 1.24 1.88

Conductivity

2500 324 319 133 358

888:1985

ISO

Hardness

dH 30

11.2 11.48 4.48 9.1

10.95 10.56 8.58 11.54

8.32 7.98 7.02 7.45

30.26 25.05 15.03 30.46

0,010 0.05 0.05 0.05

0,003 0,002 0,002 0,010

0.05 0.04 0.05 0.07

0,028 0,022 0,022 0,059

0.09 0.11 0.10 0.14

059:1984

ISO

Cl chlorides

mg/l 250

mg/l >5

mg/l 200

mg/l 0.5

mg/l 0.2

mg/l 0.05

mg/l 3.0

297:1989

ISO

Figure 1: Monitoring network

Dissolved O

814:2012

ISO

Sampling is of special importance because it is causally

related with the accuracy of the final results, therefore extra care

should be taken while sampling. The mode of sampling, the

amount of sample taken and the mode of transport and the

maximum time that the sample can stay before chemical analysis

is conducted, have been made in accordance with the method’s

ISO 5667: 1,3,11 (8-10). Their conservation was done in

compliance with the conservation procedure of the American

Public Health Association, 2005 (11).

059:1984

ISO

71505:1986

ISO

_N_O-

777:1984

ISO

333:1986

ISO

6333:1986

EN ISO

878:2004

During this research, the sensory method was applied to

determine the organoleptic parameters such as: smell, taste, and

color. Whereas, at the analysis lab the electrochemical method -

pH value, electrical conductivity and dissolved O ; nephelometric

method - turbidity; spectrophotometric method - ammonia,

nitrites, nitrates and Al; and volumetric (titrimetric) method -

The results show the quality of drinking water in villages

Hereç, Gërçinë and Damjan. The assessment of the water quality

was performed based on referring values of Directive 98/83/EC

13) on the quality of water intended for human consumption,

which is in correlation with Administrative Instruction 12/2016

(

KMnO expenditure, water hardness, free chlorine, Cl- and Ca

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages: 1151-1156

of Kosovo (14) and WHO standards (15) on the quality of

drinking water. In relation to the organoleptic and physico-

chemical aspect, color, smell, and taste result with satisfactory

levels pursuant to Directive 98/83/EC, excluding sample 3-4p,

which contained a metallic smell and taste.

Table 4: Analysis results of organoleptic and physico-chemical

parameters of the water in village Damjan

Water analysis results: Damjan

Sample code

Analysis date: 07/12/2019

Standard

method

Direc.

98/83/EC

Table 3: Analysis results of organoleptic and physico-chemical

parameters of the water in village Gërçinë.

Parameters

Unit

3-1k 3-2k 3-3p 3-4p

Water analysis results: Gërçinë

Sample code

Analysis date: 07/12/2019

Color

Smell

Taste

Sensory method -

None

8-12

None None None None

None None None Metallic

None None None None

Sensory method -

Standard

method

Direc.

98/83/EC

Parameters

Unit

2-1k 2-2k 2-3p 2-4p

Temperature ISO 10523:2012 C

0.62 0.89 0.11 1.43

ISO 73931:2000mg/l 0.2-0.5 0.3 0.3 0.05 0.06

ISO 10523:2008- 6.5-9.5 7.4 7.3 6.9 6.2

ISO 8467:1993 mg/l 0-8

Sensory

method

Sensory

method

Sensory

method

ISO

Color

None

8-12

None None None None

Turbidity

ISO 7027:1999 NTU 0-1

Free chloride

Cl₂

Smell

Taste

⁰C

KMnO

expenditure

Temperature

Turbidity

1.28 1.42 1.29 1.92

399 406 327 262

11.88 11.02 9.52 5.60

10.63 10.58 11.34 17.72

7.82 7.90 6.44 6.80

58.11 54.20 44.08 23.04

0,010 0,010 0.09 0,015

0,004 0,004 0,003 0,005

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06

0,047 0,032 0,010 0.07

0.05 0.05 0.12 0.26

0523:2012

ISO 7027:1999NTU 0-1

0.71 0.79 0.80 0.1

Conductivity ISO 7888:1985 µS/cm2500

Free chloride ISO

mg/l 0.2-0.5 0.32 0.31 0.02 0.04

Hardness

ISO 6059:1984 dH 30

73931:2000

ISO

6.5-9.5 7.6

7.3

1.12 1.18 1.68 1.12

197 203 820 763

6.3 7.2 19.1 18.3

7.0

7.1

Cl chlorides ISO 9297:1989 mg/l 250

0523:2008

KMnO

expenditure

ISO 8467:1993mg/l 0-8

Dissolved O

ISO 5814:2012 mg/l >5

ISO 6059:1984 mg/l 200

ISO 71505:1986mg/l 0.5

ISO 6777:1984 mg/l 0.5

ISO 6333:1986 mg/l 0.2

ISO 6333:1986 mg/l 0.05

Conductivity ISO 7888:1985µS/cm 2500

Hardness

ISO 6059:1984 dH 30

NO ^-

Cl chlorides ISO 9297:1989mg/l 250

8.50 9.10 76.57 50.33

8.71 8.32 5.32 6.02

28.05 29.10 156.3 101.2

0.30 0.40 0.03 0.04

0.12 0.13 0.01 0.01

0.05 0.06 0.18 0.17

0.02 0.02 0,052 0.02

0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06

Dissolved O

ISO 5814:2012mg/l >5

ISO 6059:1984mg/l 200

ISO

EN ISO

PO ³^-

mg/l 3.0

6878:2004

mg/l 0.5

1505:1986

ISO 6777:1984mg/l 0.5

ISO 6333:1986mg/l 0.2

ISO 6333:1986mg/l 0.05

Table 5: Microbiological analysis results of water in villages

Hereç, Gërçinë and Damjan.

otal number of living bacteria in 1ml at

Sample

37°C, cfu/ml according to ISO

6222:1999

Presence/absence of coliforms

EN ISO

PO ³

mg/l 3.0

878:2004

-1k

-2k

-3p

1.1x10²

Negative

Positive

Negative

Positive

When the pH is acidic and below pH 6.5, water can have a

bitter, metallic taste. When the pH is more basic than pH 8.5, then

water can have a slippery feel and soda taste (16), it also causes

the reduction of the efficiency of hypochlorite treatment for the

drinking water disinfection (17). pH levels let us understand that

all values were within the permitted limits, although the water in

village Hereç was more acidic, especially in wells with variations

from 6.6 to 7, whereas, in village Damjan, in sample point 3-4p it

resulted in 6.2 (presented in Figure 2). One of the important

characteristics of the water system is temperature, because it

impacts strongly in the content of the dissolved oxygen, in the

activity of the water biotic and the speed of many chemical

reactions (18). In all analyzed samples the temperature followed

3.8x10²

3.5x10²

1-4p

-1k

-2k

-3p

6.5x10²

7.1x10²

2-4p

-1k

-2k

3-3p

-4p

6.8x10²

by permitted values at a relation of 8-10 C.

₁_x₁₀3

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2020, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages: 1151-1156

bone structure, heart function, muscle contraction, nerve impulse

transmission and blood clotting, while calcium deficiency can

cause osteoporosis (22). In all the analyzed samples ammonia

pH-Direc. 98/83

Turbidity

pH-Direc. 98/83

Turbidity-Direc. 98/83

(NH ) followed the permitted values pursuant to EU standards

1998). Ammonia (NH

(

), in the environment originates from

metabolic, agricultural, and industrial processes and from

disinfection with chloramines. Ammonia in drinking-water is not

of immediate health relevance, and therefore no health-based

guideline value is proposed (25).

In the analyzed samples in this paper the maximum value of

nitrites (NO

) at 0.13 mg/l was encountered at sample point 2-2k,

which is within the acceptable limits. Nitrites are present in

groundwater due to the spread of bacteria from faecal

contamination, agricultural production, poor sewage network,

presence of animal stalls near water well (26). The concentration

of iron (Fe) in water samples of Gërçinë village, at sample point

-3p results at 0.18mg/l, and at point 2-4p at 0.17mg/l thus getting

Sampling Point

close to the permitted limits at 0.2mg/l. Iron is essential element

for good health because it transports oxygen in blood. The

shortage of iron causes disease called anaemia and prolonged

consumption of drinking water with high concentration of iron

may lead to liver disease called as haermosiderosis (27).

Manganese usually occurs together with iron and is widely

distributed in soil, sedimentary rocks, and water. Manganese is an

element essential to the proper functioning of both humans and

animals, as it is required for the functioning of many cellular

enzymes (28). In comparison to Fe, the concentration of

manganese (Mn) in the analyzed waters of these villages results

to be present above the referring values. While the referring value

for manganese is 0.05 mg/l, in Hereç village sample point 1-4p

the referring value for this metal is exceeded at 0.059 mg/l; in

Gërçinë village sample point 2-3p at 0.052 mg/l and in Damjan

village sample point 3-4p has a more significant excess at 0.07

mg/l (presented in Figure 3).

Figure 2: Turbidity and pH

With the exception of the sample 3-4p, where an increased

value than the allowable level of 1.43 NTU was encountered,

turbulence in other sampling sites resulted within the reference

values. In general, the water of wells had lower turbidity than

springs (presented in Figure 2). The situation with the free

chlorine (Cl ) in village Hereç results with low levels, both in

spring water and in wells, because the water there is not treated

with chlorine. Whereas, in Gërçinë and Damjan the amount of

free chlorine results to be compatible with the referring values,

because in comparison to well waters, the water in these springs

is monitored by K.R.U. “Gjakova”, namely it is treated with

chlorine. Chlorine is not dangerous to humans in low

concentration levels but, in high concentration levels it causes

cardiovascular problems and it gives a bitter taste to the water

(19). KMnO expenditure has been in correlation with the values

foreseen pursuant to Directive 98/83/EC. Electrical conductivity

reflects the ability of an aqueous to conduct electrical current that

depends on the presence and total concentration of ions, their

mobility and valance and on the temperature (20). In relation to

conductivity, the samples have shown relatively low levels,

excluding the water from wells in Gërçinë village, where it has

resulted with higher levels at the value of 820µS/cm at sample

point 2-3p, but without exceeding the referring values.

The water hardness usually goes in correlation with

conductivity, therefore, the hardness as also resulted with a

presence of higher values in the wells of village Gërçinë, but in

compliance with the referring values. Hardness varies

substantially with the presence of limestone and dolomite in the

local geology (21). There are data that drinking hard water has a

positive effect on cardiovascular diseases (22). Chlorides (Cl-) in

water samples were within the permitted values pursuant to EU

standards (1998). Chloride, Cl- occurs naturally in fresh,

estuarine, or salt water from dissolution of rocks and minerals. In

freshwater, its concentration is commonly less than 10 mg/l (23).

Dissolved oxygen (DO) in our research results within

referring values. DO is the most important water quality variable

determining the health status of an aquatic ecosystem (24). Even

the presence of calcium (Ca) results within the referring values.

Calcium is an essential element for our organism and our needs

for it are 0.7 up to 2 g/per day. Calcium plays important roles in

Gërçinë

Hereç

Direc. 98/83

Damjan

0.08

.07

0.07

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

.02

0.02

0.01

Sampling Point

Figure 3: Mn concentration

The presence of phosphates (PO

³^-) in the analyzed samples

of water varied between 0.05-0.26 mg/l, namely they are within

the permitted values. According to McCutheon et al, higher

concentration of phosphate in water than 0.1 mg/L is an indication

of pollution (29). In the microbiological sense the water of

Gërçinë village wells, in sample points 2-3p and 2-4p, and in

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages: 1151-1156

Damjan sample point 3-4p, have shown unsatisfactory results,

because there is microbiological pollution, as we have also

encountered the presence of coliforms. Therefore, drinking water

can be contaminated with these pathogenic bacteria and this is an

issue of great concern (7). In our opinion, this is a result of the

failure to observe protective sanitary measures, because in the

vicinity of water wells were animal stables, poor sewerage

networks, toilets, etc. According to Conboy & Goss the well type,

depth and the grounds hydrological group have proven to be

important in determining the bacterial pollution (30).

research ethics. Authors adhere to publication requirements that

submitted work is original and has not been published elsewhere

in any language.

Competing interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that

would prejudice the impartiality of this scientific work.

Authors’ contribution

All authors of this study have a complete contribution for data

collection, data analyses and manuscript writing

Conclusions

During the research work in this paper samples were taken

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analyses we have compared the results with the permitted values

pursuant to Directive 98/83/EC and we have reached the

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