Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1425-1428  
J. Environ. Treat. Tech.  
ISSN: 2309-1185  
Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com  
https://doi.org/10.47277/JETT/8(4)1428  
Analysis of Factors Related to Personal Behaviour  
of Hygiene on the Ship Crew in PT Salam Pasific  
Indonesia Lines Surabaya  
Febrina Putri Raoef, Eka Mishbahatul M. Has*, Deni Yasmara  
1
Department of Soul, Gerontic and Community, Faculty of Nursing, Unversitas Airlangga, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java 60115  
Received: 06/07/2020  
Accepted: 20/09/2020  
Published: 20/12/2020  
Abstract  
Fulfilment of personal hygiene is needed for individual comfort, safety, and health. Personal hygiene needs are needed both healthy  
people and sick people. Personal hygiene practices aim to improve health where the skin is the body's first defence line against infection.  
This study aims to explain the factors associated with personal hygiene behaviour on the crew at PT Salam Pacific Indonesia Lines  
Surabaya. This study used a correlational study design with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study was the crew of the  
ship PT Salam Pacific Indonesia Lines that docked at the Port of Tanjung Perak Surabaya as many as 7 ships with a total sample of 104  
respondents. The independent variables measured included knowledge, attitudes, infrastructure and friend support, and the dependent  
variable measured was personal hygiene behaviour. Research data collection using an instrument in the form of a questionnaire after this  
was analysed with the Spearman rank statistical test. The results of this study indicate that the level of knowledge has an insignificant  
relationship (p = 0.876) with personal hygiene behaviour, attitudes have insignificant relationship (p = 0.114) with personal hygiene  
behaviour, infrastructure has an insignificant relationship (p = 0,280) with personal hygiene behaviour, and friend support have  
insignificant relationship (p = 0,121) with personal hygiene behaviour. There was no dominant factor in personal hygiene behaviour on  
the crew at PT SPIL Surabaya.  
Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Friend support, Facilities and infrastructure, Personal hygiene, Crew members  
Introduction1  
Personal hygiene is a treatment conducted personally to  
poor personal hygiene as evidenced by the large number of  
crew members suffering from diseases due to poor personal  
hygiene. Previous studies conducted by researchers on 3 May  
1
maintain good health both physically and psychologically. The  
fulfilment of self-care is influenced by various factors,  
including culture, social values in individuals or families,  
knowledge about self-care, and perception. The fulfilment of  
personal hygiene is necessary for individual comfort, safety,  
and health. Personal hygiene needs are needed both healthy  
people and sick people. Personal hygiene practices aim to  
improve health where the skin is the body's first defence line  
against infection (1). The ship is one of the transportation  
facilities which is considered as a temporary residential  
environment that has a relatively long residence time. Every  
person on board must maintain sanitation and health of the ship  
such as sanitation facilities, food supply, environmental  
cleanliness on board, and health on oneself. The crew who live  
on board generally take care of themselves and get the same  
facilities. Crew activities performed on the ship towards  
personal hygiene still require attention where the crew still  
performs behaviours that lead to poor personal hygiene due to  
lack of knowledge, limited resources, and health education that  
has not been completed well (2).  
2
017 obtained secondary data obtained from PT SPIL Surabaya  
showed that in 2015 as many as 78 crew members with a  
percentage of 38.3% experienced health problems related to  
poor personal hygiene, namely shortness of breath 5 , 4%,  
infectious diseases 2%, diarrheal disease 5.4%, typhoid disease  
3
.9%, and cold cough fever 21.6%. In 2016 the incidence  
increased by 85 crewmembers with a percentage of 40.3%,  
namely shortness of breath 3.3%, infectious diseases 3.8%,  
diarrheal disease 6.2%, typhus disease 3.8%, and cold cough  
fever 23.2%. In 2017 until April 2017 there were 24 crew  
members with a percentage of 47.1%, namely 2% infectious  
disease, 9.8% diarrheal disease, 9.8% typhus disease, and  
2
5.5% cold cough fever. Personal hygiene is an important thing  
to do and pay attention because it can affect a person's physical  
and psychological health. The dominant factor influencing the  
formation of personal hygiene behaviour is the level of  
knowledge. Behaviour that is based on knowledge will be better  
than behaviour that is not based on knowledge (3). This is in  
accordance with the Preceed-Proceed theory proposed by  
Lawrence W. Green (1980) which examines the problem of  
human behaviour and the factors that influence it and how to  
follow it up by trying to change, maintain, or improve the  
behaviour in a more positive direction (4). This study aims to  
analyse the factors related to the personal hygiene behaviour of  
ship crews at PT SPIL Surabaya or someone whose life is often  
Based on the background study, it was found that the  
activities of the crew on the ship for personal hygiene still  
needed attention where the crew still took actions that led to  
adequate personal hygiene due to lack of knowledge, limited  
resources, and others. This also happened at PT Salam Pacific  
Indonesia Lines in Surabaya where the crew still performed  
Corresponding author: Eka Mishbahatul M. Has, Eka Mishbahatul M.Has, Department of Soul, Gerontic and Community, Faculty of  
Nursing, Unversitas Airlangga, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java 60115, Email: eka.m.has@fkp.unair.ac.id  
1
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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1425-1428  
aboard ships, to see the relationship between personal hygiene  
behaviour and the potential for resurrection of ship crews at PT  
SPIL Surabaya.  
of the relationship between the independent variable and the  
dependent and the degree of significance or significance level  
was α = 0.05.  
2
Method  
3 Results  
3.1 Characteristics of Respondents  
This study used a correlational research method with cross  
sectional approach. The subjects used in this study were 7 ships  
in the Port of Tanjung Perak Surabaya with a total of 140 crew,  
the subjects must fulfil the inclusion and exclusion criteria of  
the study. The inclusion criteria in this study were the crew at  
PT SPIL Surabaya at the time of the study, age> 20 years old  
and willing to participate in the study, while the exclusion  
criteria in this study were the crew who were not on board. The  
sampling technique used in this study was Probability  
Sampling with simple random sampling technique. The  
independent variables in this study were predisposing factors  
including knowledge and attitudes of the crew, supporting  
factors include facilities and infrastructure, and driving factors  
include friend support. The dependent variable of this study  
was the personal hygiene behaviour of the crew. The instrument  
used in this study was a questionnaire guideline with various  
choices of answers regarding factors related to personal  
hygiene behaviour on the crew. Interviews were conducted  
with respondents based on existing questionnaires. The results  
of this interview would be performed a statistical correlation  
test by using the Spearman rank to determine the significance  
Table 1 showed that most of the crew members have an  
academic or tertiary education level of 68 people (65.38%).  
Most of the crew members are aged 21-30 years old that is 48  
people (46.15%).  
3.2 Description of Research Variables  
The measured variables in this study were the level of  
knowledge related to personal hygiene behaviour, attitudes  
related to personal hygiene behaviour, facilities and  
infrastructure related to personal hygiene behaviour, friend  
support related to personal hygiene behaviour, personal  
hygiene behaviour, and personal behaviour observation  
hygiene. The following was a description of each variable in  
tabular form (Table 2). Table 2 showed that most of the 60  
respondents (57.6%) have sufficient knowledge, 53  
respondents (50.96%) have positive attitudes, 104 respondents  
(100%) complete infrastructure, 53 respondents (50.96%)  
support friends positive, 104 respondents (100%) had good  
personal hygiene behaviour, and 104 respondents (100%)  
observed that personal hygiene behaviour was sufficient.  
Table 1: Demographic characteristics of PT SPIL crew members based on education and age  
Respondent Characteristics  
Total  
Percentage (%)  
Education  
Bachelor  
Senior High School  
Total  
68  
36  
104  
65,38  
34,62  
100  
Age  
2
3
4
1-30 years old  
1-40 years old  
1-45 years old  
48  
18  
14  
24  
46,15  
17,30  
13,46  
23,09  
100  
>
Total  
45 years old  
104  
Table 2: Distribution of respondents based on research variables of ship crews on PT SPIL Surabaya vessels  
Measured Variables  
Category  
Less  
N
0
%
0
Sufficient  
Good  
total  
Negative  
Positive  
Total  
Incomplete  
Complete  
Total  
60  
44  
104  
53  
51  
104  
0
104  
100  
51  
53  
104  
0
57,6  
42,4  
100  
50,96  
49,04  
100  
0
104  
100  
49,04  
50,96  
100  
0
Knowledge  
Behaviour  
Facilities and Infrastructure  
Friend’s Support  
Negative  
Positive  
Total  
Less  
Sufficient  
Good  
Total  
0
0
Personal hygiene behaviour  
104  
104  
0
100  
100  
0
Less  
Observation of personal hygiene Sufficient  
104  
0
104  
100  
0
100  
behaviour  
Good  
Total  
1
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2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1425-1428  
3
.3 The relationship between predisposing factors (knowledge  
and attitudes), supporting factors (facilities and  
infrastructure), driving factors (friend support) with personal  
hygiene behaviour, and observation of personal hygiene  
behaviour  
personal hygiene behaviour. Spearman Rank statistical test  
results obtained p value = 0.121 (p> 0.05), then H1 was rejected  
which indicated that there was no relationship between the  
driving factor (friend support) and personal hygiene behaviour  
on the crew at PT SPIL Surabaya.  
Table 3 showed that most of the 60 respondents (57.7%)  
had sufficient knowledge with good personal hygiene  
behaviour. Spearman Rank statistical test results obtained p  
value = 0.876 (p> 0.05), then H1 was rejected which indicated  
that there was no relationship between predisposing factors  
4
Discussion  
There is no dominant factor in personal hygiene behaviour  
on the crew at PT SPIL Surabaya. Predisposing factors  
knowledge and attitudes), supporting factors (facilities and  
(
(knowledge) with personal hygiene behaviour on the crew at  
infrastructure), and driving factors (friend support) have  
nothing to do with personal hygiene behaviour on the crew at  
PT SPIL Surabaya. The level of knowledge is influenced by  
learning. This learning is intended to provide knowledge to the  
crew about proper personal hygiene behaviour (5,6).  
Knowledge covered in the cognitive domain has six levels, such  
as: know, understand, application, analysis, synthesis, and  
evaluation. Changes in terms of knowledge about personal  
hygiene behaviour are preceded by a person's perception of  
what will be lived, thus perceptions arise related to the level of  
knowledge obtained from information. There are several  
internal factors that exist in individuals, families, groups, or  
communities that make it easier for individuals to behave in a  
healthy manner, one of them is the knowledge they have (7,8).  
PT SPIL Surabaya. Table 4 showed that most of the 53  
respondents (50.96%) had a negative attitude with good  
personal hygiene behaviour. Spearman Rank statistical test  
results obtained p value = 0.114 (p> 0.05), then H1 was rejected  
which indicated that there was no relationship between  
predisposing factors (attitudes) and personal hygiene behaviour  
on the crew at PT SPIL Surabaya. Table 5 showed that most of  
the 104 respondents (100%) facilities and infrastructure were  
complete with good personal hygiene behaviour, i.e. the  
Spearman Rank statistical test results obtained p = 0.280 (p>  
0
.05), then H1 was rejected which indicated that there was no  
the relationship between supporting factors (facilities and  
infrastructure) and personal hygiene behaviour on the crew at  
PT SPIL Surabaya. Table 6 shows that most of the 53  
respondents (50.96%) support positive friends with good  
Table 3: Distribution of the relationship of predisposing factors (knowledge) with personal hygiene behaviour  
Behaviour  
Total  
Predisposition Factors (Knowledge)  
Less  
N
0
0
0
Sufficient  
Good  
N
0
60  
44  
%
0
0
0
0
N
0
0
0
0
%
0
0
0
0
%
0
57,7  
42,3  
100  
N
0
60  
44  
104  
%
0
57,7  
42,3  
100  
Less  
Sufficient  
Good  
Total  
0
104  
p = 0,876  
r = 0,1909  
p = 0.876 r = 0.1909  
Table 4: Distribution of the relationship between predisposing factors (attitudes) and personal hygiene behaviour  
Behaviour  
Sufficient  
Total  
Predisposition Factors (Behaviour)  
Less  
N
Good  
N
53  
51  
104  
%
0
N
0
0
0
%
0
0
%
N
0
104  
104  
%
0
Negative  
0
50,96  
49,04  
100  
Positive  
Total  
0
0
0
0
100  
100  
0
p = 0,114 r = 0,1909  
Table 5: Distribution of the relationship of supporting factors (facilities and infrastructure) and personal hygiene behaviour  
Behaviour  
Sufficient  
Total  
Supporting Factors  
Less  
N
Good  
N
0
%
0
0
N
0
%
0
%
0
N
0
%
0
100  
100  
Incomplete  
Complete  
Total  
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
104  
104  
100  
100  
104  
104  
0
p = 0,280 r = 0,1909  
Table 6: Distribution of the relationship between push factors (friend support) and personal hygiene behaviour  
Behaviour  
Sufficient  
Total  
Supporting Factors  
Less  
N
Good  
N
51  
53  
104  
%
0
N
0
0
%
0
0
%
N
0
104  
104  
%
0
Negative  
0
49,04  
50,96  
100  
Positive  
Total  
0
0
0
0
100  
100  
0
0
p = 0,121 r = 0,1909  
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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1425-1428  
The results of the data analysis showed knowledge of good  
personal hygiene behaviour in the respondents, this was related  
to several factors that influenced the respondents' knowledge  
such as education and age. Age also influences one's  
comprehension and mind-set, because the older you get, the  
more your comprehension and thought patterns will develop  
hence the knowledge you get is better (9).  
Ethical issue  
Authors are aware of, and comply with, best practice in  
publication ethics specifically with regard to authorship  
(avoidance of guest authorship), dual submission, manipulation  
of figures, competing interests and compliance with policies on  
research ethics. Authors adhere to publication requirements  
that submitted work is original and has not been published  
elsewhere in any language.  
There are several supporting factors that exist in  
individuals, families, groups, or communities that make it  
easier for individuals to behave healthy one of which is the  
availability of facilities and infrastructure. Health resources are  
all the hardware and software needed to support the  
implementation of health efforts (10). Availability of facilities  
and infrastructure included in health resources. Health facilities  
function as a place for health services (curative, preventive,  
promotive, and rehabilitative) (11,12). Implementation of  
health-oriented development requires various types of health  
workers who have the ability to conduct health efforts with a  
healthy paradigm that is more priority to efforts to improve and  
maintain health and prevent disease. Disease prevention  
activities also require health resources (13,14). The availability  
of facilities and infrastructure is very supportive for the crew to  
always maintain personal hygiene behaviour. The ship  
environment is the main place for the crew to spend their daily  
activities. The provision of facilities from the ship and the  
company in the form of facilities and infrastructure to conduct  
the personal hygiene required by the crew is very good. The  
factor that allows this to happen is due to the attitude of the  
individual person that underlies a person to behave well toward  
personal hygiene behaviour. As well as individual experiences  
related to how to maintain good personal hygiene. Social  
groups in the environment can influence personal hygiene  
behaviour. During childhood, they get learning about personal  
hygiene from parents such as family habits, the number of  
people who are at home, and facilities in the house. As time  
progresses, the transition from childhood to adulthood can  
recognize adequate personal hygiene practices (15).  
Competing interests  
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that  
would prejudice the impartiality of this scientific work.  
Authors’ contribution  
All authors of this study have a complete contribution for  
data collection, data analyses and manuscript writing.  
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on the crew at PT SPIL Surabaya. Predisposing factors  
knowledge and attitudes), supporting factors (facilities and  
(
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