Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1376-1384

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

https://doi.org/10.47277/JETT/8(4)1384

Building a Knowledge base on Patenting of

Technologies and Equipment for Disintegration of

Rocks with Obtaining Crushed Stone

Shegelman I. R. *, Vasilev A. S. , Krupko A. M. , Sukhanov Y. V. , Lukashevich V. M. ,

Galaktionov O. N. , Kuznetsov A. V.

Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Cross-cutting technology and economic security, Petrozavodsk State University (PSU), 33, Lenina pr.,

Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, Russia

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Technologies and organizations of the forest complex, Petrozavodsk State University (PSU), 33,

Lenina pr., Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, Russia

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Mathematical Analysis, Petrozavodsk State University (PSU), 33, Lenina pr., Petrozavodsk,

Republic of Karelia, Russia

Doctor of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Technologies and organizations of the forest complex, Petrozavodsk State University (PSU), 33,

Lenina pr., Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, Russia

Received: 11/05/2020

Accepted: 17/07/2020

Published: 20/09/2020

Abstract

Rock disintegration is one of the most important technological operations in the production of crushed stone, which is widely used

in the construction of roads and railways, buildings, structures, hydraulic engineering facilities, bridges, tunnels, the production of

concrete, asphalt, dry building mixes, and other objects and products. In recent years, research has been actively conducted to improve

the processes of rock disintegration by reducing energy intensity and improving the quality of disintegrating technologies and

equipment. Moreover, developers and inventors are actively patenting the results of their intellectual activities in the field of promising

types of new intellectual property for high-potential technologies and equipment for producing high-quality crushed stone. This fact

indicates that the problems of improving the quality and efficiency of technologies and disintegrating equipment, in particular crushers

for obtaining crushed stone, have not been solved yet. All this necessitates the synthesis and patenting of new market-competitive

technologies and equipment for obtaining crushed stone by disintegrating rocks. In this regard, the authors of this work carried out

research aimed at building a knowledge base in the field of patenting technologies and crushers that ensure the production of crushed

stone for the construction of roads and railways, buildings, structures, hydraulic engineering facilities, bridges, tunnels, the production

of concrete, asphalt, dry mixes, and other objects and products. The research also included the categorization of the main areas of

patenting in this field. This involved using the method of system analysis performed based on the results of patent information search,

collecting and systematizing the information. The current state and trends of patenting in the field of rock disintegration are identified,

the main goals (effects) of patented intellectual property are defined. The article presents the most noteworthy patents collected during

the building the knowledge base.

Keywords: Knowledge base, Mining industry, Rocks, Disintegration, Jaw crusher, Cone crusher, Patent, Patent search, Road

construction, Crushed stone

Introduction¹

patenting the results of their intellectual activities in the field

of promising types of new intellectual property for high-

potential technologies and equipment for producing high-

quality crushed stone. This fact indicates that the problems of

improving the quality and efficiency of technologies and

disintegrating equipment, in particular crushers for obtaining

crushed stone, are still to be solved. The purpose of this

research is to synthesize information to build a knowledge

base in the field of development of promising technical

solutions for the rock disintegration to produce high-quality

crushed stone for various industries, as well as to synthesize

new technical solutions. When choosing disintegration

technologies and, accordingly, designs, parameters and

operating modes of disintegrators – crushers, developers

consider the specifics of numerous parameters and

characteristics of disintegrated rocks. Various technologies of

disintegration and crusher designs have their own specific

advantages, as well as disadvantages, which qualitative

Currently, the disintegration of rocks is one of the most

important technological operations in the production of

crushed stone, which is widely used in the construction of

roads and railways, buildings, structures, hydraulic

engineering facilities, bridges, tunnels, the production of

concrete, asphalt, dry building mixes, and other objects and

products. The analysis revealed that in recent years, research

has been actively conducted in the field of improving the

processes of rock disintegration by reducing energy intensity

and improving the quality of disintegrating technologies and

equipment. In addition, developers and inventors are actively

Corresponding author: Shegelman I. R., Doctor of

Technical Sciences, Professor, Cross-cutting technology and

economic security, Petrozavodsk State University (PSU), 33,

Lenina pr., Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, Russia. E-mail:

education.com.ru@gmail.com

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2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1376-1384

elimination requires abrupt technological and technical

solutions. One of the key factors that confirms the level of

such solutions is the patenting by researchers and developers

of the results of their intellectual property. All this necessitates

the synthesis and patenting of new market-competitive

technologies and equipment for obtaining crushed stone by

disintegrating rocks. In this regard, the authors carried out

research aimed at building a knowledge base in the field of

patenting technologies and crushers that ensure the production

of crushed stone for the construction of roads and railways,

buildings, structures, hydraulic engineering facilities, bridges,

tunnels, the production of concrete, asphalt, dry building

mixes, and other objects and products. The article also

presents categorization of the main areas of patenting in this

field. During the research, we used the method of a system

analysis performed based on the results of patent information

search, collected and systematized information. The tasks

were set to determine the current state and trends of patenting

in the field of rock disintegration, to identify the main goals

years. The Far Eastern Federal University patented the

composition of self-compacting concrete mixture for

monolithic concreting in construction [13], as well as special

concrete for use in the construction of fencing and protective

structures [14]. The Perm National Research Polytechnic

University patented the composition of asphalt concrete for

use in road and airfield construction in the I-III climatic zones

characterized by cold and humid climate [15]. The St.

Petersburg State Transport University patented a high-strength

concrete composition [16] intended for use in civil and

industrial construction, as well as for the construction of

special-purpose facilities. This University also patented a raw

material mixture for the production of building solutions and

unburned building products, such as facade tiles [17]. The

National Research Mordovia State University for road

construction patented variants of asphalt concrete mixture for

the construction and repair of road surfaces, airfields, city

streets, bridges [18]. The Don State Technical University

patented a technology for preparing superplasticizers for

concrete mixtures with additives that are used primarily for

concreting monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete

structures [19]. For the production of concrete and reinforced

concrete structures with increased strength and crack

resistance, as well as for concreting hard-to-reach places of

structures or structures of complex configuration, the Tyumen

Industrial University patented a concrete mixture [20].

(effects) of patented intellectual property objects.

Literature review

These days, crushed stone produced by the disintegration

of rocks is one of the most widely used and highly demanded

products in many industries. According to the data given by

Kurdenkova [1], Russia produces 150 million cubic meters of

non-metallic stone materials annually, and the key consumers

of this product in Russia are the industries of construction of

roads and railways, bridges, industrial and civil construction.

According to the data by Myasnikova [2], it is possible to

compare the world and Russian volumes of crushed stone

production. In the world, they are more than 3 billion cubic

meters, while in Russia these are about 5 % of the world’s

production, and about 70 million cubic meters are consumed

annually by the road construction industry. It includes

construction of roads and railways, buildings, structures,

hydraulic engineering facilities, bridges, tunnels, production

of dry building mixes, etc [3-5]. In recent years, technologies

and equipment for mining and processing of rocks and semi-

rocks have been improved [6], research in the field of the use

of overburden deposits with the production of cubic crushed

stone is conducted [7, 8]. In the paper by Vozhdaenko and

colleagues [9], it is stated that crushed stone enterprises that

use western technologies in road and housing construction

produce up to 11 fractions of crushed stone. However, as was

noted by Kryuchkova [10], the significant growth in the road

and housing construction planned by Russian national projects

may cause risks in the shortage of construction materials –

sand, gravel and bitumen – and provoke an increase in prices

in this market. It should be noted that Western companies

have serious competitors in the crushed stone market, and

foreign researchers conduct serious research in the field of

improving the quality and efficiency of crushed stone

production [11,12].

At the same time, there is a serious risk in the potential

loss of competition in the crushed stone market to foreign

companies. It is clear that the main ways to prevent this

problem is the formation of fundamentally new patentable

solutions that reduce the energy intensity and cost of

production of crushed stone, as well as improving the areas of

its rational use. Development of promising technical solutions

for the use of crushed stone in various industries requires an

assessment of the current state of the problem and trends to its

solution. This determines the need to build an appropriate

knowledge base for the synthesis of new technical solutions,

which is based on the collection and analysis of technical

solutions considered in Russian patents published in recent

A series of patents in the field of improving the

composition of composite mixtures for road surfaces and the

production of construction materials using crushed stone is

patented by the Volga Educational and Research Center

“Volgodortrans” of the Saratov State Technical University

[21, 22]. The Tula State University patented the composition

of a concrete mixture using crushed stone for the production

of building materials in the manufacture of concrete products:

paving slabs, curb stones, foundations, road surfaces [23]. The

Rostov State Transport University patented polyurethane

binding agent and a method for its production [24] for use in

the construction and repair of slopes of railways and

highways, coastal protection structures, embankment cones,

approaches to artificial structures, as well as in the production

of facing construction products (tiles, blocks, panels). The

Kuzbass State Technical University patented a composite

rubber-bitumen binding agent and a method for its production

for obtaining asphalt-concrete and bituminous mixtures, black

crushed stone, for strengthening soils and mixtures, prime-

coating bases, conducting roofing and waterproofing works,

obtaining rolled waterproofing materials and bituminous-

rubber mastics [25]. The Belgorod State Technological

University patented a stabilized binding, stone-mastic asphalt-

concrete mixture and a method for its production for the

obtaining of asphalt-concrete mixtures using stone-mastic

materials intended for the use for the upper layers of road

coatings, as well as for airfields [26]. The St. Petersburg State

Transport University patented the road construction with the

use of crushed stone in the construction of the roadbed of

railways, highways and runways of airfields in permafrost

areas [27]. All the patents listed above are aimed at creating

special self-compacting and high-strength concretes with the

use of crushed stone. Patents of the Volga Educational and

Research Center “Volgodortrans” of the Saratov State

Technical University [21, 22], the Tula State University [23],

the Rostov State Transport University [24], the Kuzbass State

Technical University [25], Belgorod State Technological

University [26] are aimed to improve the composition of

composite mixtures for road surfaces and production of

construction materials using the crushed stone. For the

construction of railway and highway roadbeds, and airfield

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2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1376-1384

runways in permafrost areas, the St. Petersburg State

Transport University patented a road construction with a

stone-filled drainage system [27].

The patents of OOO “Russian Railways” [28], the Omsk

State Transport University [29], AO “OrgSintezResurs” [30],

the company “Siemens Aktiengesellschaft” (DE) [31] provide

for the use of crushed stone in the construction and operation

of railway tracks. The use of crushed stone in the construction

and operation of roads and foundations is provided for in

patents of the Far Eastern Federal University [32], OAO

- Production of special, self-compacting and high-

strength concrete (the Far Eastern Federal University, the

Perm National Research Polytechnic University, the St.

Petersburg State Transport University, the National

Research Mordovia State University, the Don State

Technical University, the Tyumen Industrial University);

- Development of effective compositions of composite

mixtures for road surfaces and production of

construction materials (the Volga Educational and

Research Center “Volgodortrans”, the Tula State

University, the Rostov State Transport University, the

Kuzbass State Technical University, the Belgorod State

Technological University);

- Construction of roadbed of railways, highways and

runways of airfields in permafrost areas (the St.

Petersburg State Transport University);

- Construction and operation of railway tracks (OOO

“Russian Railways” (the Omsk State Transport University,

the Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of

the Russian Federation, AO “OrgSintezResurs”, the

company “Siemens Aktiengesellschaft” (DE);

- Construction and operation of highways (the Far Eastern

Federal University, OAO “Asphalt Concrete Plant No. 1”,

OOO “BFB”);

- Laying of main oil and gas pipelines in thawed with

sporadic permafrost and collapsible permafrost soils

(the Ufa State Oil Technical University);

- Construction of tunnels (OOO “Design and Construction

Firm ‘Spetsfundamentstroy’”);

- Performing works on pile foundations of buildings and

structures in the areas of permafrost soils (OOO

“Stroyotsenka”);

“Asphalt Concrete Plant No. 1” [33], OOO “BFB” [34]. The

use of crushed stone in the construction of main and field

pipelines passing in thawed with sporadic permafrost and

collapsible permafrost soils in the oil and gas industry is

provided for in a patent of the Ufa State Oil Technical

University [35]. The use of crushed stone in the construction

of tunnels is provided for in the patent of OOO “Design and

Construction Firm ‘Spetsfundamentstroy’” [36]. The

performing works on pile foundations of buildings and

structures in the areas of permafrost soils using crushed stone

is provided by in the patent of OOO “Stroyotsenka” [37]. The

technical solution patented by AO “RAOproekt” that is aimed

at solving the problem of localization of radioactive

contamination is of particular interest [38]. The territories

where this technical solution can be used include, for

example, areas used for the disposal of radioactive waste. It

can also be used to remove radium-226 dissolved in ground

water by placing geochemical barriers on the migration routes

of radioactive ground water. These barriers are formed using a

filler, iron oxide and working components, and crushed stone

from carbon-free igneous rocks (granite, diorite, dunite or

diabase) is used as a filler.

Developments aimed at the production of heat-resistant

composites are protected by patents of the Samara State

Aerospace University (National Research University) [39, 40].

Yuju Co., Ltd. (KR) obtained a patent for a method of

construction of caisson blocks and structures made of them

using crushed stone [41]. OOO “Meshchersky Science and

Technology Center” offered to use crushed stone at restoration

of the lands disturbed during well construction in the

conditions of the Far North [42] Variants of the composition

of cement-polymer concrete mixture for the repair of

hydraulic engineering structures are patented by AO

- Localization of radioactive contamination (AO

“RAOproekt”);

- Production of heat-resistant composites (the Samara

State Aerospace University);

- Construction of caisson blocks (Yuju Co., Ltd. (KR);

- Restoration of disturbed lands in the Far North (OOO

“Meshchersky Science and Technology Center”);

- Construction and repair of hydraulic engineering

facilities (dams, channels, bridges, underwater tunnels)

(the Research Institute of Power Structures, the Don State

Agrarian University, the Sevastopol State University);

- Fixing ground slopes of riverbeds and channels,

landslide slopes (the Kabardino-Balkarian State Agrarian

University, OOO “Gazprom Transgaz Krasnodar”);

- Strengthening of the weirs of sown perennial hayfields

in arid conditions with crushed stone (the Kalmyk State

University);

“Research Institute of Power Structures” [43]. The Don State

Agrarian University patented a flood reserve spillway at a

ground water dam [44]. The Sevastopol State University

patented a method for constructing underwater tunnels [45].

The use of crushed stone for fixing ground slopes of riverbeds

and channels, as well as for fixing landslide slopes is proposed

by patents of the Kabardino-Balkarian State Agrarian

University [46] and OOO “Gazprom Transgaz Krasnodar”

- Production of decorative crushed stone (the Volgograd

State Technical University);

[

47]. The Kalmyk State University proposed to strengthen the

- Construction of wells for obtaining water from

atmospheric air in arid areas (M. I. Golubenko);

- Use of crushed stone in the agro-industrial complex as

an element of feed additives (OOO “Karelian Investment

Company ‘RBC’”).

weirs of sown perennial hayfields in arid conditions with

crushed stone [48]. The Volgograd State Technical University

patented a method for coloring the granular material for the

production of decorative crushed stone [49];

Golubenko M. I. patented a well for obtaining water from

atmospheric air in arid areas [50]. OOO “Karelian investment

company ‘RBC’” patented options for reducing the negative

impact of mycotoxins in poultry for use in the agro-industrial

complex as an element of a feed additive in the form of a

sorbent based on natural shungite-containing minerals. The

analysis made it possible to categorize the main areas of

patenting of technical solutions involving the use of crushed

stone. The categorization is presented below along with

universities and other organizations that conduct patenting in

Russia within these areas:

Thus, above is presented the categorization of the main

areas of patenting in the field of creating technologies and

equipment for the production of crushed stone and its use in

various industries. The analysis helped to collect the

information about the current state of the problem, which is

necessary for the building of knowledge bases for the

synthesis of new technical solutions.

As shown by the research, crushed stone is a widely used

material, depending on its purpose, it is required to have

different shape, size of fraction, strength characteristics [51,

52]. There is a tendency to expand patenting of inventions and

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2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1376-1384

utility models by many universities, research organizations

and enterprises in the field of creating technologies and

equipment for the use of crushed stone in industry and

agriculture. There is no doubt that the industrial use of

crushed stone will expand, and the need for efficient

technologies and equipment for its production will expand

accordingly. The analysis showed the need to synthesize and

patent new technologies and equipment that are competitive

on the market for obtaining crushed stone by disintegrating

rocks, taking into account the requirements for the results of

disintegration. This necessitated to conduct research aimed at

registration in Rospatent. The characteristic feature of the

third stage was that functional-structural-technological

analysis was integrated with the method of brainstorming,

which was performed by a creative team that included

specialists in the field of mining, engineering, invention

and patenting.

According to the work methodology at this stage of

research, the patent and information search was conducted

using the databases of the Federal Institute of Industrial

Property (FIPS). The information collected through patent

search, conducted by the authors based on the original

functional-structural-technological analysis, was previously

successfully implemented in various fields of science and

technology [55]. The analysis helped to establish the technical

level of the basic engineering solutions adopted for the

analogues and prototypes, to identify the areas of their

improvement and their potential. Then, based on the

functional-structural-technological synthesis, the authors

developed new patentable technical solutions, and filed patent

applications for consideration by Rospatent.

building a knowledge base in the field of patenting

technologies and crushers for rock disintegration.

Materials and Methods

The goal of this work is to conduct the research aimed at

building

a knowledge base in the field of patenting

technologies and crushers, facilitating the production of

crushed stone for the construction of roads and railways,

buildings, structures, hydraulic engineering structures,

bridges, tunnels, production of concrete, asphalt, dry building

mixtures, other objects and products.

4 Results and discussion

The following tasks were set:

Theoretical and practical aspects of improving the

efficiency of rock disintegration with obtaining crushed stone

is addressed in the researches of the famous researchers in

Russia [56-62]. In this paper, according to the methodology,

the authors focused on patenting the developments in the use

of crushed stone in various fields of science and technology,

as well as patenting jaw rock crushers and the operational

processes of these crushers. The St. Petersburg Mining

University patented a vibrating jaw crusher that provides

increased reliability and crushing efficiency by ensuring a

stable synchronous-antiphase mode of jaw movement [63].

“Metso minerals, INC.” (FI) patented a jaw crusher and a

method for processing mineral raw materials [64]. This group

of inventions increases the efficiency of grinding mineral

material, reducing the vertical movement of the jaws and

simplifying the design of the crusher. Another invention of the

company “Metso minerals, INC.” [65] provides regulation of

the degree of tightening of the working element attached to

the jaw of the crusher by means of a tightening device. This

idea is being further developed by the authors named in the

patent [66]. Petukhov A. N. patented a jaw crusher [67], the

design of which provides for the impact-crushing action to

increase the crushing performance and avoid clogging of the

crusher by creating a greater crushing force in the lower

chamber than in the upper chamber. The Tula State University

developed and patented a technical solution [68] that increases

the reliability of the jaw crusher by destroying the suspended

pieces of material, by agitating the material and simplifying

the design. Another patent of this university [69] also

enhances the reliability of material agitation and simplifies the

design of the jaw crusher.

Determining the areas of patenting the methods of

effective use of crushed stone in the field of rock

disintegration;

Determining the areas of patenting technologies and

equipment for rock disintegration;

Categorization of the main areas of patenting the methods

of effective use of crushed stone in industry;

Categorization of the effects of the patented technologies

and crushers that ensure the production of crushed stone;

Identification of organizations that conduct patenting;

Identification of the main goals of (effects) of patented

objects of intellectual property.

To achieve the goal and tasks of the research, a system

analysis method based on the results of a patent information

search was used, information was collected and systematized.

According to the accepted methodology, the work was

conducted in three stages:

The first stage of research provided for the collection and

analysis of information and, on its basis, the

categorization of areas of patenting in the field of crushed

stone used in various areas of science and technology and

clarification of the areas of further work. The results of the

first stage confirmed the feasibility of developing further

research, as well as considering the volume of research,

the need to focus further research: a) on the building of a

knowledge base in the field of one of the types of

crushers, in these studies, jaw crushers were selected; b)

on Russian patents, since further patenting of synthesized

intellectual property objects at this stage of work was

planned to be performed in the Russian Federation; and c)

the time lag for research was mainly 2016-2020, since the

authors’ previous research on the building of knowledge

bases on jaw crushers was performed in 2014-2015 and

published later [53, 54]. At the same time, if necessary,

data from the database for 2010-2015 were provided.

The second stage of research involved collecting and

analyzing information as an element of the knowledge

base for organizing the synthesis of new technological and

engineering solutions, selecting analogues and prototypes

for such synthesis.

The Siberian State Industrial University patented

technical solution [70] aimed at increasing the destructive

effect on the crushed material by changing the design so that

an additional link is introduced into the interaction with the

crushed material. Another technical solution of this university

[71] is aimed at increasing the destructive effect on the

crushed material in the jaw crusher due to the relative

movement of parts of the crushed material in the space

between the jaws. The Siberian State Industrial University

also patented a technical solution [72] that increases the

reliability of the structure and prevents the occurrence of a

resonance phenomenon during acceleration and deceleration

of the crusher. This reduces the dynamic loads acting on the

elements of the mechanical system, and increases the

The third stage involved applying the methodology of

functional-structural-technological analysis of analogues

and prototypes as a basis for the synthesis of new

patentable solutions and filing applications for patent

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durability of the jaw crusher. The Belgorod State

Technological University patented a two-chamber jaw crusher

crusher operation; optimization of the trajectory of the

movable jaw, with periodic complication of the trajectory

of this movement; optimization of the shape of the jaw

surfaces interacting with the destroyed material;

optimization of the operation of the crusher drive;

[73], equipped with grids fixed on the frame between the

movable jaw and the fixed jaws, its movable cheek has

protrusions corresponding to the size of the grid cells. The

technical solution incorporated in the design is aimed at

increasing productivity by improving the efficiency of the

structure by reducing the duration of unloading its chamber,

reducing energy costs for mutual movement of rock pieces

relative to each other and ensuring the regulation of the size of

the crushed material within a wide range. The Belgorod State

Technological University also patented a design of a two-

chamber jaw crusher [74], aimed at reducing the vibration

loads on the crusher frame by reducing the amplitude of

forced vibrations by having one of its movable jaws equipped

with a counterbalance weight and located between the fixed

jaws on the axis so that its center of gravity coincides with the

center of its rotation. The Research and Production

Corporation “Mekhanobr-Tekhnika” patented a vibrating jaw

crusher [75] on the basis of which a passive jaw and an active

jaw with a vibrator are suspended on horizontal axes. Both

jaws of the vibrator are connected by a spring. This crusher

solves the problems of simplifying the design and increasing

the crushing efficiency. Another vibrating jaw crusher of the

above corporation [76] due to the presence of an inclined grate

Increasing the efficiency of the rock crushing process

with jaw crushers (the St. Petersburg Mining University,

the Research and Production Corporation “Mekhanobr-

Tekhnika”, the Siberian State Industrial University, the

Russian State Polytechnic University). An extended patent

search showed that to improve the efficiency of the

crushing process, it is proposed to: reduce the efforts

perceived by the support base of the crusher during its

operation; reducing the factors that lead to wear of the

working surfaces of the jaw crushers and the working

elements located on them, reducing the unevenness of

such wear; developing solutions that reduce the amount of

flaky fraction in the produced crushed stone; optimizing

the kinematics of the jaw crusher movement; avoiding

jamming of crushed pieces of material in the crusher

chambers, for example, by destroying and agitating them;

reducing the duration of downtime that occurs when it is

necessary to remove undivided pieces from the crushing

chamber when starting under a blockage; optimization of

technological modes of crushing processes; optimization

of the frequency and travel of oscillatory movements of

the movable jaws; reduction of energy intensity of the

disintegration process;

Improving the quality of the crushing product (the St.

Petersburg Mining University, the Research and

Production Corporation “Mekhanobr-Tekhnika”). The

extended patent search showed that in order to improve

the quality of the crushing product, it is proposed to:

reduce the abrasion of disintegrated material; increase the

proportion of pieces with a specified shape in the

produced crushed stone; optimize the management of

technological modes of operation of crushers;

Increasing the degree of crushing – grinding (the St.

Petersburg Mining University; the Research and

Production Corporation “Mekhanobr-Tekhnika”). The

extended patent search showed that in order to improve

the quality of the crushing product, it is proposed to:

reduce the abrasion of disintegrated material; increase the

proportion of pieces with a conditioned shape in the

crushed stone produced; optimize the management of

technological modes of operation of crushers;

–

continuation of the lower jaw at the output of the crushing

chamber – is multifunctional, combining the functions of

crushing and screening. NPK “Mekhanobr-Tekhnika” also

patented a vibrating jaw crusher [77], which also increases the

throughput and efficiency of crushing due to synchronous

rotation of unbalanced jaw vibrators in opposite directions and

joint movement of the jaws in the antiphase.

The ThyssenKrupp Industrial Solutions AG (DE) patented

a low-vibration jaw crusher [78]. The purpose of the

development was to create a mobile jaw crusher that operates

with a particularly low vibration. The invention is based on

the principle that the reduction of volumetric forces resulting

from the rotational reciprocating motion of the jaw of the

crusher can be improved by means of at least one additional

balancing mass in addition to the balancing mass on the drive

shaft. Regulation of the discharge opening of the jaw crusher

is provided in the patents of OAO “Elektrostal Heavy

Engineering plant” [79, 80], OOO “United Engineering Plants

Crushing and Grinding Equipment” [81]. Reducing the

energy intensity of the crushing process is provided in the

patent of the Far Eastern State Transport University [82]. The

Russian State Polytechnic University patented a jaw crusher

Reducing the energy intensity of the crushing process

(the Far Eastern State Transport University);

Increasing the reliability and durability of jaw

crushers constructions (the St. Petersburg Mining

University, the “Metso minerals, INC.” (FI), the Siberian

State Industrial University, the Tula State University, the

[83], with a high degree of crushing and productivity. The

technical solution incorporated in the crusher is aimed at

solving the problem of high-performance disintegration of

hard abrasive rocks with a high degree of crushing. The

patented crusher operates without idling the jaw, and crushing

is performed alternately by the upper and lower chambers of

the crusher. The above analysis allowed categorizing the

effects (goals of solving inventive tasks) of patented design of

jaw crushers and technologies of their operation. This

categorization is presented below with an indication of

organizations and individuals leading patents in the field of

jaw crushers and technologies of their operation:

Belgorod

State

Technological

University,

the

ThyssenKrupp Industrial Solutions AG (DE). The

extended patent search has shown that the patents

propose: the development of more durable and reliable

aggregates and parts used in the construction of crushers;

turning (loosening) the crushed product that tend to clog

the opening of the crushing chamber during the crushing

process; avoiding the damage of the working bodies of the

crusher by non-crushable particles; use of technical

solutions that contribute to forced ejection of material

from the work area into the crushing chamber; reducing

the negative effects of vibration on the crusher

construction;

Increasing the productivity of rock disintegration by

jaw crushers (the Belgorod State Technological

University, Research and Production Corporation

“Mekhanobr-Tekhnika”, Russian State Polytechnic

University, Petrozavodsk State University, A. N.

Petukhov). The extended patent search has shown that for

increasing the productivity, patents propose the following:

the exclusion of idle (reverse) jaw movement in the

Improving the jaw drive, increasing the travel of the

jaw crusher (the St. Petersburg Mining University, the

380

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1376-1384

Research and Production Corporation “Mekhanobr-

Tekhnika”, the Tula State University, the Siberian State

Industrial University). The extended patent search has

shown that to improve the jaw drive and increase the

travel of the jaws, it is proposed to: increase the reliability

of the drive; use technical innovations to start the crusher

when working under a blockage with a minimum load on

the crusher motor and its drive;

jaw. Each striker has a pulse-shock movement due to its

individual drive. The drive is equipped with a mechanism for

switching it on/off depending on the position of the striker

relative to the fixed jaw. Due to the new solution in the jaw

crusher, the traditional compressive strength is supplemented

by the pulse-impact action of the strikers. This intensifies the

crushing process. At the same time, the drive of the strikers

works for a short time in those periods of time when it is

required for the destruction of a piece of crushed rock. The

new solution was patented in Russia [86], and its development

during the synthesis operation was facilitated by the authors’

developed and patented methods for crushing rock in a jaw

crusher [86]. Thus, this research on the example of

technologies and equipment for the disintegration of rocks

with the production of crushed stone confirmed the

effectiveness of the methodology used in our work, which

Regulation of the size of the discharge opening (JSC

“

Elektrostal Heavy Engineering Plant” [79, 80]; OOO

United Engineering Plants – Crushing and Grinding

Equipment” [81]. The possibility to regulate the discharge

opening of the crushing chamber will allow: control the

productivity of the crusher, the quality and degree of

crushing, the size of the end product; ensure the stability

of the specified size of the discharge opening at full

rotation of the eccentric shaft;

combines the building of

knowledge base on

Simplification of constructions of jaw crushers (OAO

improved/replaced objects of technology and equipment with

the use of functional-structural-technological analysis for the

synthesis of patentable objects of technology.

“

Elektrostal Heavy Engineering plant” [80];

Reduction of mass, material consumption, dimensions

the Research and Production Corporation “Mekhanobr-

(

Tekhnika”, the Tula State University, “Metso minerals,

INC.” (FI); the ThyssenKrupp Industrial Solutions AG

Conclusion

Currently, the disintegration of rocks is one of the most

(DE));

important technological operations in the production of

crushed stone, which is widely used in the construction of

roads and railways, buildings, structures, hydraulic

engineering facilities, bridges, tunnels, the production of

concrete, asphalt, dry building mixes, and other objects and

products. The analysis showed that in recent years, research

has been actively conducted in the field of improving the

processes of rock disintegration by reducing energy intensity

and improving the quality of disintegrating technologies and

equipment. In addition, developers and inventors are actively

patenting the results of their intellectual activities in the field

of promising types of new intellectual property for promising

technologies and equipment for producing high-quality

crushed stone. However, the problems of improving the

quality and efficiency of disintegrating technologies and

equipment, in particular crushers for obtaining crushed stone,

have not been completely solved, which necessitates patenting

of developments for technologies and equipment for

disintegration. The goal of this work is to conduct research

aimed at building a knowledge base in the field of patenting

technologies and crushers, providing production of crushed

stone for the construction of roads and railways, buildings,

structures, hydraulic engineering structures, bridges, tunnels,

production of concrete, asphalt, dry building mixtures, other

objects and products. To achieve this goal and set tasks, the

authors used a system analysis method based on the results of

a patent information search, information was collected and

systematized. At this stage of the work, patent and

information research was carried out. As a result of the

analysis of the information collected during the patent study,

the technical level of the object under consideration was

established and the areas for its improvement and ways of

achievement of the technical result stated in the patent were

identified. Based on the research, the necessary information

was obtained to build a knowledge base in the field of: a)

areas of patenting of technical solutions for the use of crushed

stone in various fields of science and technology; b) patenting

of crushing technologies using jaw crushers for production of

crushed stone for construction of roads and railways,

buildings, structures, hydraulic engineering structures,

bridges, tunnels, production of concrete, asphalt, dry building

mixtures, other objects and products. The current state and

trends of patenting in the field of rock disintegration were

identified, and the main goals (effects) of patented intellectual

Improving the convenience of maintainability (the

Research and Production Corporation “Mekhanobr-

Tekhnika”, the Tula State University, “Metso minerals,

INC.” (FI)).

The knowledge base accumulated above became the basis

for selecting analogs and prototypes as improved/replaced

objects of technology and engineering by synthesizing new

patentable solutions. As a result of patent search and analysis,

the technical level of basic technical solutions adopted for

analogues and prototypes was established, the drawbacks

inherent in them and the areas for their improvement were

identified [53]. This work was carried out by a creative team

that included specialists in the fields of mining, engineering,

invention and patenting. Then, on the basis of functional-

structural-technological synthesis, the authors developed new

patentable technical solutions, previously used by the authors

in various fields of science and technology [55], issued patent

applications for consideration to Rospatent. Below are

presented some examples of the authors’ solutions to the

specified problems. 1) The patent search showed that there are

known jaw crushers that include a housing with a chamber for

crushed material and crushing movable and fixed jaws [84].

The analysis helped to find that such constructions provide

crushing only by compressing the crushed material, requiring

very high engine power. Disadvantages of the known crusher

include also congestion of crushed material when discharging

the crusher, leading to downtime. During the functional-

structural-technological synthesis,

a fundamentally new

technical solution was synthesized and patented, according to

which the fixed jaw is made with openings, and a spring-

loaded plate with strikers passing through the openings in the

fixed jaw, which is equipped with a vibration-shock drive, is

installed on its back side. In addition, the novelty of the

solution lies in the installation of an additional chamber in the

housing for small particles of substandard fractions of crushed

material. The developed technical solution was patented [85].

) During the patent search, the design of a jaw crusher [60]

was selected as a prototype. Its body has a fixed jaw and a

movable jaw. Its disadvantage consists in low productivity

and high energy consumption for the crushing process. To

eliminate these shortcomings found in the functional-

structural-technological analysis, a plate with strikers passing

through the holes in the fixed jaw is installed behind the fixed

381

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1376-1384

property objects were defined. In the course of research,

information was collected and analyzed, which helped to

categorize the patenting areas in the field of crushed stone use

for various areas of science and technology:

combines the building of

knowledge base on

improved/replaced objects of technology and engineering with

the use of functional-structural-technological analysis for the

synthesis of patentable objects of technology and allowed

synthesizing and patenting of new technical solutions, with

presenting some of them in this work.

The creation of special self-compacting and high-strength

concrete;

Development of effective compositions of composite

mixtures for road surfaces and building materials

production;

Acknowledgements

The authors express their sincere gratitude to academician

Leonid Abramovich Weisberg, whose numerous works in the

field of mining drew authors’ attention to the problem

discussed in this paper and gave the opportunity to apply the

methodology of functional-structural-technological analysis to

the synthesis and patenting of new ideas. The authors also

thank Professor Vladimir Nigmatovich Aminov and

Candidate of Technical Sciences Elena Evgenyeva Kameneva

for their professional consultations.

Construction of roadbed of railway and highway, as well

as airfield runways in permafrost areas;

Construction and operation of railway tracks;

Construction and operation of highways;

The construction of main oil and gas pipelines in thawed

with sporadic permafrost and collapsible permafrost soils;

Construction of tunnels;

Construction of pile foundations of buildings and

structures on permafrost soils;

Localization of radioactive contamination;

Production of heat-resistant composites;

Construction of the caisson blocks;

Restoration of disturbed land in the far north;

Construction and repair of hydraulic engineering

structures (dams, channels, bridges, underwater tunnels);

Fixing of ground slopes of riverbeds, channels, landslide

slopes;

Fixing of weirs sown perennial hayfields in arid

conditions with crushed stone;

Production of decorative crushed stone;

Construction of wells for obtaining water from

atmospheric air in arid areas;

Ethical issue

Authors are aware of, and comply with, best practice in

publication ethics specifically with regard to authorship

(avoidance of guest authorship), dual submission,

manipulation of figures, competing interests and compliance

with policies on research ethics. Authors adhere to publication

requirements that submitted work is original and has not been

published elsewhere in any language.

Competing interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that

would prejudice the impartiality of this scientific work.

Use in the agro-industrial complex as an element of feed

additives.

Authors’ contribution

Information is collected and analyzed as an element of the

All authors of this study have a complete contribution for

data collection, data analyses and manuscript writing.

knowledge base for the synthesis of new technological and

engineering solutions, selecting analogues and prototypes for

such synthesis. At the same time, the article presents the most

noteworthy patents collected during the building of the

knowledge base. The analysis allowed categorization of the

main effects (goals of solving inventive tasks) of considered

patents on the design of jaw crushers and technologies of their

operation:

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384