Equipment of the Aeromobile Group of the Main Department of the Emercom of Russia in the Republic of Karelia

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1530-1538

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

https://doi.org/10.47277/JETT/8(4)1538

Equipment of the Aeromobile Group of the Main

Department of the Emercom of Russia in the

Republic of Karelia

Khoroshilov K. , Pashkova A. , Zaitsev D.

¹Lecturer, Department of Life Safety and Health-Saving Technologies, Institute of Physical Education, Sport and Tourism, Federal State Budgetary

Educational Institution of Higher Education «Petrozavodsk State University», Republic of Karelia, Petrozavodsk, Dzerzhinskoes Street, House 9

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Life Safety and Health-Saving Technologies, Institute of Physical Education,

Sport and Tourism, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Petrozavodsk State University», Republic of Karelia,

Petrozavodsk, Lesnaya Street, House 22 Apartment 7

Deputy head of the Main Department, Main Department of EMERCOM in the Republic of Karelia, Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, Petrozavodsk,

Pravda Street, House 25 a, Apartment 301

Received: 23/05/2020

Accepted: 27/09/2020

Published: 20/12/2020

Abstract

This article is devoted to the problem of using airmobile groups, the issues of evaluating their capabilities are considered, information

is provided on the created airmobile group in the Republic of Karelia.

Keywords: Airmobile group, Equipment, Emergency, EMERCOM of Russia

in dry weather and whose total area can reach hundreds of

Introduction

thousands of hectares. At the same time, there is an immediate

threat of destruction by fire of settlements and objects of the

national economy (ONE) located in forests, as well as strong

smoke and gas pollution of large settlements remote from

forests (Kudrin & Podrezov, 2006). The main cause of forest

fires is reckless or illegal actions of the population. So, in

Russia, more than 75% of forest fires arose through the fault of

a person. Massive foci of forest fires occur mainly in areas

adjacent to settlements and transport routes, primarily on the

territory of the most fire-hazardous forest areas (young

conifers, pine forests, peat bogs, etc.). Fire hazard zones located

within a radius of 5-10 km from the borders of cities and towns

occupy very significant forest areas. The main damaging

factors of landscape fires are: high temperature, causing the

ignition of everything that will be in the area of the fire; Smoke

in large areas, irritating people and animals, and in some cases

poisoning them with carbon monoxide; limiting visibility;

frightening psychological impact on people. Fires in forests and

peat bogs are characterized by rapid development, a high rate

of propagation of the fire front and the creation of vast zones of

gas contamination and smoke with dangerous concentrations of

combustion products. In case of massive fires in peatlands and

forests, people in the open air and in structures will be affected

by the following damaging factors, hazardous fire factors

Fires in nature - the so-called landscape fires - pose a

serious threat to the environment, economy and population.

Depending on the place of origin, they are subdivided into

forest, steppe, marsh, tundra, haze, savanna, steppe, reed, field

and others. At its core, landscape fire is a spontaneously

spreading combustion, as a result of which forests, shrubs, peat

reserves and various types of vegetation that are in its path are

destroyed. Despite the fact that 90% of landscape fires occur in

connection with human activities, or because of their

carelessness, most of them are classified as natural disasters.

Landscape fires most often occur in the most "favorable"

summer season for this, which is called the fire season. After

the occurrence of a fire source, the development and spread of

landscape fire begins. The continuously advancing combustion

zone, on which the combustion of the main combustible

material occurs with the maximum heat release density for a

given fire, is called the edge of the fire. It distinguishes between

external and internal boundaries (Sofronov & Volokitina, 2002;

Ryapolova, Mikhalev & Zolotukhina, 2003). The inner edge of

the edge faces the area covered by combustion, and the outer

edge faces the area not covered by combustion. The part of the

edge that propagates with the greatest speed is called the fire

front, and the one moving in the opposite direction is called the

rear. The portions of the moving edge between the front and

rear of the fire are called flanks. In the presence of flammable

combustible materials (for example, clumps of coniferous

undergrowth), individual sections of the fire front move

forward, forming protrusions (tongues, wedges), and in the

presence of fire-resistant areas (hollows, clumps of fire-

resistant vegetation), the formation of depressions (pockets) is

observed.

(

HFF): (a) direct exposure to fire; (b) high temperature of the

gas environment; (c) heat radiation from the flame; and smoke

and gas pollution in the area of the fire.

The danger of peat fires is aggravated by the fact that they

burn not only the peat layer, but also the roots of the trees. The

fire spreads at a speed of up to several meters per day. When

the soil under the trees burns out, the latter fall randomly. The

burning depth of peat is limited only by the level of

groundwater or the underlying mineral soil. Peat fire is not

afraid of precipitation due to the hydrophobicity of bituminous

peat particles. In this case, moisture goes into the groundwater

All forest fires are extremely dangerous, since by the time

the fight against them begins, as a rule, they already have time

to develop over a large area and there are not enough means of

fighting. Particularly dangerous are large mass fires that occur

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2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1530-1538

past the peat particles, and the peat continues to burn until the

deposit is completely burnt out. As a result of the action of

damaging factors (fire, sparks, an increase in the temperature

of the environment), the destruction and damage of forests

occurs, a threat to human life is created, industrial facilities and

settlements are destroyed. A forest fire also causes a decrease

in the growth of wood, worsens the composition of forests, soil

conditions, increases windblows and windbreaks, increases the

amount of dead wood, and leads to a massive spread of harmful

insects. The average temperature of combustion of forest

combustible materials is 500-900°C. The combustion

In addition to these measures, fire barriers are created in forests,

that is, areas of the territory that prevent the spread and

development of forest fires. Fire barriers specially created on

the territory of the forest fund include: mineralized strips; fire

breaks; screens; edges; ditches. In addition, all-natural barriers

are taken into account, that is, rivers, lakes, rocky placers,

swamps. Roads, paths, skid tracks, cleared glades, and power

transmission lines are also used as fire barriers.

Fire-hazardous areas in forests of groups I and II, as well as

in developed forests of group III, are divided into blocks of the

first order with an area of 2 to 12 thousand hectares. Firewalls

are the boundaries of these blocks. The coniferous massifs

within the blocks are, in turn, divided into blocks of the second

order with an area of 400 to 1600 hectares, delimited by

additional or internal barriers. At the same time, the width of

the internal barrier from hardwood is 60-100 m, from

coniferous - 200 m, excluding the gap width. In coniferous

barriers, rubbish, coniferous undergrowth is cleaned, branches

are cut to a height of 1.52.0 m, mineralized strips are laid every

20-30 m. It is also recommended to divide large areas of

coniferous crops and young stands in forests of green zones and

forests of group I in areas of intensive farming into blocks with

an area of 25 hectares. The width of the barrier with the road in

the center is 30 m. To protect against possible underground

fires, fire ditches are arranged along the borders of peat bogs

and in plantations on peat soils. The depth of the ditches is to

the mineral layer or to the groundwater level. The width along

the bottom of the ditch is 0.2-0.4 m, the width along the top is

1.5-2.8 m. In general, the approach to the fire-fighting

arrangement of forest areas is determined by the "Guidelines

for fire prevention in forests and the regulation of the work of

forest fire services." However, the fundamental issues

concerning the order of designing these measures, methods of

analysis and making management decisions are not considered

in them. The variety of forest areas, characterized by an

extreme difference in natural, forest growth, forest pyrological

conditions, does not allow using the same approaches to

protecting them from forest fires. In the studies of V.V. Furyaev

and L.P. Zlobina (2017), the principles and methods of

increasing the fire resistance of both individual plantations and

large forest areas are determined, which consist in regulating

the factors that determine the degree of fire damage to forest

stands. These include: reserves of combustible materials, the

composition of the tree canopy, undergrowth, undergrowth,

their structure and structure, the nature of the shrub cover.

Scales for assessing the fire resistance of plantations using

computer technology based on six factors are proposed: the

composition of rocks, taking into account the admixture of

deciduous (aspen, birch), the average diameter of the stand,

admixture of deciduous trees in the undergrowth and

undergrowth, the height of the undergrowth, the amount of

undergrowth and the degree of litter.

(

smoldering) temperature of peat is 500°C (at a humidity of 10-

0%), 300°C (at a humidity of 65%). The height of the flame is

determined by the type and strength of the fire, wind speed,

edge width and has the following average values: for a ground

fire - 0.05-3 m, for raised fires - 3-15 m (above the level of the

stand). The depth of peat burning depends on the thickness of

the peat layer, its moisture content and can be 0.25-3 m. The

parameters of the gas content of the environment within the

edge of the fire are characterized by the following average

values: volumetric concentration of carbon monoxide - 1.2%,

carbon dioxide - 4.5%, oxygen - 12.5%. Fires in the steppes are

characterized by a very rapid development; the speed of fire

propagation is especially affected by the wind speed. With high

and dense grass cover, strong winds and dry weather, the speed

of flame propagation through tall crops and grasses reaches

00-600 m/min. With sparse and low vegetation and in the

absence of wind, fires spread at a speed of 10-15 m/min. Fires

in the steppe, as well as on grain fields, are usually detected

late, as a result, it covers large areas of several thousand

hectares. In the process of spreading a fire, a so-called "fire

storm" is often formed, which throws fire over long distances,

overcoming artificial and natural barriers up to 12-15 m wide.

The main consequence of the impact of forest fires on

settlements and ONE is the threat of their destruction. In this

regard, the predicted parameters of the impact are: the time the

fire front reaches the boundaries of the object, the possibility of

transferring fire, and the ignition or loss of the properties of the

object due to the impact of the HFF. The initial data for

assessing the consequences of forest fires are: type and form of

fire; type of combustible materials (nature of the planting);

wind speed and direction; the speed of propagation of the fire

front; parameters of damaging factors. The transition of a

landscape fire to objects occurs in several ways: (a) due to the

effect of heat radiation from the torch or the torch itself on the

combustible materials of the object; (b) by spreading the

combustion front to the ground cover (grass, construction

waste, etc.); and (c) due to the throwing of sparks and burning

smut on the site. The fire hazard of a forest is determined by the

probability of the occurrence and spread of fires. It includes

anthropogenic and natural fire hazard, as well as fire hazard due

to weather conditions. Thus, in order to change the fire hazard

of forests, it is necessary to influence any of its components.

Since fire hazard due to weather conditions is an unregulated

factor, the impact is possible only on the first two factors.

Forests in regions with a significant population density and

intensive human activities experience a great anthropogenic

load, performing recreational functions, so there is a high

probability of a high temperature source. Such forests primarily

need a fire-fighting device, which is understood as a system of

organizational, technical and silvicultural measures aimed at

preventing forest fires, reducing the degree of fire hazard,

increasing the fire resistance of forests, detecting fires at the

beginning of their development and eliminating them. To

increase the fire resistance of forests and reduce the degree of

fire hazard, it is envisaged: cleaning forests from litter;

regulation of the composition of forest stands; sanitary cuttings.

The problem of protecting settlements and economic

facilities from forest fires is also quite acute abroad. The growth

of the urban population in the USA in previously inaccessible

areas necessitates the development of means and methods of

protection against the effects of wildfires. Here, three zones

(lines of defense) are foreseen to protect against forest fires

around households. Break lines are laid between the zones,

making it difficult for the flame to advance. Within the zone, a

fire-resistant plantation structure is formed by selecting tree

species with an optimal crown height and distance between

trees, and the following fire-prevention preventive measures

are envisaged: cleaning up accumulations of ground-based

combustible materials; cleaning branches; reduction of stocks

of wood combustible materials; decrease in the total amount of

vegetation; and increased moisture content in the leaves. A

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2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1530-1538

different approach to this problem is observed in France. It

consists in identifying "risk zones" around which the means of

active and preventive struggle should be concentrated, and their

mapping. The analysis of the spatial distribution of fires

depending on the causes of their occurrence and the

identification of "risk zones" required the creation of a

methodology that allows the use of information sources already

available in cartography in the form of an automated

cartographic information system. Such a system was created in

France and uses mathematically processed data on forest fires.

The use of the capabilities of a geographic information system

Mediterranean regions of France, it is proposed to use shrub

cutting, which can reduce the mass of combustible material and

prevent the spread of fire to the tops of the trees. However, this

method is expensive and must be repeated every 3 years.

Additionally, it is proposed to equip fire reservoirs. The

division of the massifs into zones and the creation of forest

plantations in the forms with the best fire resistance are

envisaged.

Recently, such an event as artificial target burning of forest

combustible materials has become increasingly important in

our country and abroad. Studies have shown that exposure to

fire greatly affects the continuity and duration of many natural

processes. Dichenkov N.A. (2003) indicates that one of the

effective fire-prevention measures is the use of controlled fire

in the forest area. With the development of human economic

activity, natural fire regimes have changed significantly, and at

present, the restoration of the original regimes and the

corresponding complexes of vegetation and fauna is quite

problematic. However, if the system of purposeful,

strategically thoughtful fire management develops, then it can

gradually fulfill the same role in ecosystems as natural fire

regimes. In this regard, the future of many species of forest

fauna depends on the successful development of just such fire

management systems. Preventive firefighting can be used not

only to reduce stocks of forest fuels, but also as a means of

managing forest fires. However, their implementation requires

careful consideration of a large volume of meteorological,

forest pyrological, topographic and other data.

(

GIS) for building fire hazard maps for forest areas is

considered in the work. In this case, the fire hazard is assessed

taking into account maps characterizing the type of combustible

materials, topography, area availability and meteorological

data. Regression relationships are presented for calculating

indices characterizing the flammability of vegetable

combustible materials, the danger of human activity. When

carrying out calculations, the topographic map of a given area

is conventionally divided into cells measuring 50 x 50 m

(

Fedorov & Ryapolova, 2001). In practice, often only separate

measures are taken to prevent forest fires (for example, laying

mineralized strips). According to V.V. Furyaev and N.P.

Kurbatsky (1972), mineralized strips 1.4 m wide have an

efficiency of 62% for low and medium intensity ground fires;

.8 m - 88%; 4.2 m - 100%. As you can see, a mineralized strip

.4 m wide in 62% of cases prevents the spread of a ground fire

with a flame height of 0.5 - 1.0 m. prevention of the spread and

development of ground forest fires in their other forms.

With the increasing role of the anthropogenic factor, the fire

rate of forests has increased significantly. As a result, an

increase in unforested areas, the share of deciduous plantations

of derived forest types, and a deterioration in conditions for the

restoration of conifers began to appear more and more

intensively.

In accordance with the Guidelines for the design of fire-

prevention measures in forests, the pyrological properties of

barriers are divided into 4 groups: practically incombustible fire

barriers; fire barriers with a limited amount of combustible

materials, insufficient to maintain intense combustion; fire

barriers with the presence of combustible materials of low fire

hazard; combined fire barriers. Such a classification makes it

possible to rank the existing linear formations, but does not

allow choosing the optimal forest growing conditions and

technologies for creating new barriers (Gorbunov, 2009). As

already noted, barriers on their own cannot ensure the

prevention of the spread of a ground fire, and even more so its

development in a top fire. To do this, it is necessary to take

additional measures: increasing the width of the barriers,

reducing the density and composition of conifers, undergrowth,

young growth, regulating the admixture of deciduous species,

etc. most contribute to its localization. In addition to the

mineralized strips, it is recommended to create fire-prevention

barriers, that is, wide forest strips, with the help of special

measures brought to an incombustible state.

Recently, heads of districts and forestry enterprises have

proposed to use fire breaks to protect settlements from forest

fires. These are strips with felled stands and a road built on

them. This event is recommended to be carried out to separate

large homogeneous fire hazardous forest areas into separate

ones. However, a strip of felled forest increases the turbulence

of air flows, and in the event of a fire, it can increase its

intensity and the range of transport of burning particles. At

present, a system of measures is known to increase the fire

resistance of pine young stands. It includes: clearing clearings,

clearing and rehabilitating forest roads, creating protective

mineralized belts, arranging fire reservoirs and entrances to

them, creating fire-resistant belts, creating fire-resistant edges,

regulating the admixture of deciduous species, regulating the

density of stands, undergrowth and undergrowth, regulating

stocks combustible materials under the plantation canopy, the

formation of fire barriers and barriers. These activities can also

be used in older forests. As a preventive measure in the

In 1963, in the report of the Committee on Wild Fauna of the

United States, for the first time, the principles of treating fires

as a natural evolutionary factor in maintaining natural

biodiversity and ecosystems in general were formulated. In the

Everglades National Park in 1953, it was discovered that

protected pine stands, in the absence of fires, are gradually

turning into a deciduous forest and losing their associated

endemic plant and bird species. In 1958, the first artificial

burning of vegetation was undertaken in the Everglades to

preserve certain types of natural communities. Similar

processes are observed in the boreal forests of Finland. The

number of forest fires has sharply decreased here in recent

decades. As a result, spruce gradually becomes the dominant

species, which leads to negative microecological changes, a

decrease in the number and species diversity of animals, and

the productivity of forest ecosystems decreases.

The US National Park Service abandoned its policy of

unconditional fire control in 1967. The concept of ecosystem

protection was adopted. A fire, as a natural phenomenon, can

be allowed on the territory of a national park if it is under

control, within the designated allotment and is important for the

management of ecosystems and species. The main principles of

the new policy were laid out in the Fire Management Guide. In

Canada, fires have always played an important role in

reforestation. They have formed the plant communities of

modern Canadian landscapes. Fire suppression was confined to

the southern most populated areas of the provinces, while fire

control was limited in the Yukon and northern Canada. The

areas of boreal forests, with their flat relief that does not prevent

the spread of fire, have been exposed to large and numerous

crown fires. The idea of prophylactic burning has received

recognition in Russia, but the use of prophylactic burns has not

yet received widespread use. Preventive burning of forest

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combustible materials under the forest canopy is a complex

silvicultural activity aimed at using the positive role of fire in

the forest (Bokadarov & Polyakov, 2013).

natural regeneration, as well as the presence of significant areas

of burned areas in the northern regions of the country with the

worst conditions for reforestation, the actual rates of forest

formation processes on them can be 2-3 times lower than on

clearings. Even in this case, the annual area of forest stands

dying from fire should be at least 1.0 million hectares

Materials and Methods

One of the most serious problems in the fight against forest

(

Information and reference system "Forest fires, means and

fires, directly affecting not only the protection of forest

resources, but also ensuring the safety of people is the

organization of fire protection of settlements that are subject to

the threat of destruction when the fire passes from the forest to

buildings (Chervonny, 1973). According to Rosleskhoz, in

methods of combating them, 2008).

Emergency statistics show that in Russia the share of

wildfires (forest, steppe, peat, landscape fires, as well as their

possible combinations) and the emergencies caused by them is

approximately 24% of the total number of emergencies

011 the area of forest fires was 1,636,203 hectares. Compared

(

Podrezov, 2004; Shchetinsky, 2011). Due to the insufficient

to similar indicators in 2010, the area covered by fire decreased

by 470 thousand hectares, the number of forest fires decreased

effectiveness of the currently existing measures to protect

settlements from forest fires, even if the requirements of

regulatory documents in the field of fire safety are strictly

observed, a fundamentally new comprehensive approach to the

design of fire barriers is needed, taking into account the

peculiarities of the location of each individual settlement. The

modern organization of extinguishing landscape fires is a

complex system that unites participants in operational and

tactical actions and firefighting equipment, tools and

equipment (Krektunov & Gainullina, 2012). A landscape fire is

a fire that engulfs various components of a geographic

landscape (GOST 17.6.1.01-83). The main task of organizing

extinguishing landscape fires is to minimize the process of

performing certain operational and tactical actions of the

airmobile group while simultaneously obtaining high

operational indicators, preserving the life and health of

personnel. Achieving this goal is possible on a scientific basis.

Airmobile grouping of the EMERCOM of Russia is a group of

specially trained and equipped forces and means of the

EMERCOM of Russia, which, depending on the classification

of an emergency or fire, includes the necessary management

bodies and units of the Ministry of Emergencies and is

delivered to the disaster area using aviation, aviation

technologies, and also others modes of transport to solve the

tasks assigned to it (Guidelines for the creation, equipment and

procedure for the use of airmobile groups of territorial bodies

of the EMERCOM of Russia). Extinguishing a landscape fire

is currently all types of work aimed at its localization and

elimination in the shortest possible time. The key factors that

the command and control of the airmobile group evaluates (the

so-called extinguishing leadership triangle) are: (a) resources

involved (quantity, quality, enough or not); (b) information

about the fire (must be timely and complete); and (c)

management (must be continuous and efficient).

To improve the effective management of the airmobile

grouping of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, one should

have statistical information on the consequences of managerial

decisions made, on the structure of time spent by managers and

subordinates. The necessary data can be obtained in the course

of carrying out one-time surveys, including questionnaires of

employees, taking photographs and self-photographing of

working hours, using the method of instant observations. The

choice of the method of obtaining information, methods of its

processing and analysis is individual. The indicators of the use

of working time will give an idea of the effectiveness of the

management of the airborne group. In general, working time is

understood as the length of time during which an employee

actually performs work, and is a measure of assessing various

labor costs. The working time of an airmobile group is recorded

in man-hours. The structure of working time expenditure

during the conduct and organization of emergency rescue

operations of the airmobile group on the ground, the reasons for

its irrational use must be analyzed in the Main Directorate and

conclusions should be drawn for making managerial decisions

.6 times, and the area covered by crown fires - 4.5 times.

According to the head of the forestry department Viktor

Maslyakov, the damage caused by forest fires in 2011

amounted to more than 20 billion rubles, which is almost 6

times less than the same indicator for the last year. The largest

number of forest fires was recorded in the Siberian and Far

Eastern federal districts. 90% of the areas covered by fire fell

on 11 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. These

include the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Buryatia, Komi;

Zabaikalsky, Krasnoyarsky, Khabarovsk Territories; Amur,

Arkhangelsk, Irkutsk, Sverdlovsk regions and Khanty-Mansi

Autonomous Okrug (Podrezov, 2004; Information and

reference system "Forest fires, means and methods of

combating them, 2008; Shchetinsky, 2011). In the zone of

active forest protection, from 10 to 30 thousand forest fires are

registered annually, covering an area of 0.5 to 2.1 million

hectares. The number of fires per 1 million hectares of the

Russian forest fund is several times less, and the average area

of one fire is several times larger than in Europe and North

America.

As observations show (Shchetinsky, 2011;Valendik, 1990),

the main organizational reasons contributing to the spread of

forest fires are: untimely fire detection (20% of fires are

detected at the end of the day or the next day); untimely start of

extinguishing (15% of fires start extinguishing at the end of the

day or the next day); insufficient amount of forces and means

directed to extinguishing; non-professional management of the

extinguishing organization. In this regard, tough centralized

actions on the part of forestry authorities are needed to control

fire prevention and compliance with fire safety rules in forests,

monitor fire conditions, promptly assess the situation and

coordinate the work of different departments to extinguish

forest fires. The characteristic features of the spatio-temporal

structure of forest fire, which are of fundamental importance

for the organization of their protection and fire protection of

settlements, is a sharp variation in the number and area of forest

fires by regions of the country and periods of fire hazardous

seasons. From 50 to 90% of the annual forest area covered by

fire falls on 3-4 regions of the country with extreme weather

conditions. The area of extremely flammable zones, where a

significant part of fires gets out of the control of the security

system and takes the character of a natural disaster, makes up

only a few percent of the forest fund every year. Moreover, up

to 95% of the entire area covered by fire falls on large forest

fires, the number of which does not exceed 5% of the total

number of fires in forests (Podrezov, 2004; Information and

reference system "Forest fires, means and methods of

combating them, 2008). With the annual area of clear felling

from 1.5 to 2.0 million hectares and the same rate of forest-

forming processes in burned-out areas and clearings, the annual

areas of forest stand perishing from fire should be 3.04.0

million hectares. Taking into account the forest cultivation

work carried out in the clearings and measures to promote

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to improve the use of working time and as a result increase

labor productivity. In order to identify the reasons for the loss

of working time or its irrational use, one-time statistical surveys

are carried out. The information obtained will help to carry out

the correlation of controllability standards and production rates,

including many other issues related to the functioning of the

airmobile group as intended. As is known from practice, the

level of labor productivity depends on many factors. When

analyzing the labor productivity of employees in the airmobile

group, one of the primary tasks is to assess the influence of

factors on the change in this indicator, which in turn allows

obtaining material for making managerial decisions on

planning to increase the productivity of emergency rescue

operations. The productivity of rescue operations, especially

when separated from a permanent location, is influenced by

various factors: technical and technological; socio-economic;

natural and climatic; organizational; structural; and motivating

employees. The way the factors influence the performance of

rescue operations is different. Some of them can be objective,

since their action does not directly depend on the activities of

employees, others are subjective, and their quantitative

characteristics are amenable to regulation by the employee

himself.

The productivity of employees when extinguishing

landscape fires is influenced by such a factor as the method of

work. To this end, provide for specially organized observations

on the study of methods of performing work, which will allow

you to choose the best methods and teach these methods to

other employees, which in turn will increase productivity. In

any given emergency or landscape fire, developing a strategy

to improve the performance of rescue operations involves

quantifying the extent to which each factor affects employee

productivity. Directly in management, it is possible to study the

dependence of the average output on the qualifications of an

employee, technical equipment, organization of emergency

rescue operations and other factors. In order to solve such

problems, it is proposed to apply correlation-regression

analysis. In the scientific literature on statistics, labor

productivity has a widespread model of the following type:

together, all measures to eliminate steppe fires can be divided

into several main categories. The first of these includes the so-

called reconnaissance actions. The second is the localization of

the source of fire, the third is the elimination of the fire. The

last category, in turn, includes the guarding of the danger zone.

Localization often consists of two phases. First of all, further

spread of fire is prevented. This is achieved by direct and direct

exposure to the flame edge. The second phase, in turn, includes

the laying of the so-called barrage structures. Sand strips, dug

ditches, and so on can act as such means. In addition, it is

necessary to carry out processing of the peripheral areas of the

fire in order to prevent as much as possible the possibility of

renewed fire spread. It is important to remember that the

definition of "localized fire" is understood to mean one around

which there are barrier strips or other means that provide

complete confidence that the flame cannot re-ignite.

The so-called fire extinguishing is the elimination of fires

that could remain in the territory captured by the fire. It is

important to eliminate everything, even the smallest and most

inconspicuous petals of the flame. Firefighting is designed to

prevent the resumption of combustion processes. Due to the

fact that in a steppe fire, the vegetation layer burns out

completely - the possibility of re-ignition of already burned out

areas is completely excluded, there is no need to guard the

entire area covered by the fire. Therefore, guarding is carried

out only along the border of the fire. The duration of the stage

under consideration must be determined based on the predicted

and current weather conditions. The main reserves for

increasing the efficiency of the airmobile grouping lie in the use

of reliable fire-fighting tools and equipment for their intended

purpose, as well as in the elimination of losses of working time,

which is largely determined by the level of organization of fire

extinguishing.

Results and Discussion

At present, the introduction of promising methods based on

a larger, but accurate quantitative analysis will make it possible

to plan the effective work and well-coordinated interaction of

the units that make up the airmobile group. With regard to the

optimal option for extinguishing landscape fires on the territory

of the Republic of Karelia, it is necessary to calculate the norms

for the process of extinguishing forest fires, since this is more

relevant, as can be seen from the statistical data on wildfires

over the past 25 years given in Table 1. Emergency rescue

operations to protect settlements from landscape fires are

complex processes that consist of the following stages of

actions of an airmobile group:

Y = abcd,

(1)

where abcd - conventional designation of factors: a - average

hourly output; b - the average duration of the working day

(

shift), h; c - average payroll number of employees; d - the share

of employees in the number of personnel of the main activity.

The improvement of the system of operational-tactical actions

of subunits must be carried out through their detailed analysis

and design. Designing the organization of the use of an

airmobile group should be based on a quantitative assessment

and be reduced to the choice of the optimal option, which

cannot be done without building a mathematical model and

using the methods of applied mathematics. In relation to the

optimal variant, the norms for extinguishing forest fires should

be calculated. The correct organization of extinguishing

landscape fires is designed to ensure a well-coordinated

combination of actions of firefighters, mobile fire

extinguishing equipment, fire equipment and tools within the

established regulations for performing certain actions

Receiving and processing messages about a landscape fire

coordinates of the occurrence of a thermal point);

(

Collection of the airmobile group - departure and following

to the place of the landscape fire (coordinates of the

occurrence of the thermal point);

Reconnaissance of the focus of a landscape fire;

Deployment of forces and assets;

Localization of combustion in the zone of landscape fire;

Supply of fire extinguishing agents (elimination of

combustion);

Organization of special works (protection of buildings from

possible fires, disconnecting power lines by cutting

electrical wires, organizing fire communications, plowing

the edge of a fire, lighting the unit's workplace, lifting

(

Shchetinsky, 2002). First of all, it should be noted that

extinguishing a landscape fire is a complex of management

decisions and operational-tactical actions aimed at eliminating

combustion, ensuring the safety of people and saving material

assets. In operation, the process of extinguishing a fire is

conditionally divided into two periods: the first - before the

moment of localization, the second - after this moment, i.e.

when the fire is stopped, it is limited to some extent. Taken

(

lowering) to a height, evacuating people and material

values, etc.);

Collection and transportation to the place of permanent

deployment.

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2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1530-1538

Table 1: Statistics on wildfires over the past 25 years

Destroyed by

fire

Number of fires

Suffered

Period of

passage of

natural

Material

damage

Note

fires

(million

(

from __

rubles)

to __)

May-

September

114

Damage

4253,71

1995-2019

for RK

In accordance with the regulatory documents of the

EMERCOM of Russia and the order of the Main Directorate

dated January 29, 2016 No. 30 "On ensuring the readiness of

the airmobile grouping of the Main Directorate of the

EMERCOM of Russia in the Republic of Karelia to liquidate

emergencies and fires", the composition of the forces and

means of the airmobile group for extinguishing fires and

emergency situations. The use of the airmobile group is planned

according to the Plan for the Prevention and Elimination of

Emergency Situations during the period of natural fires in the

Republic of Karelia in 2020, shown in Figure 1. An increase in

operational and tactical capabilities for extinguishing landscape

fires with an airmobile group assumes the systematic

introduction of the principles of efficiency and sufficiency of

the use of forces and means of the Main Directorate of the

Ministry of Emergencies of Russia in the Republic of Karelia

in the organization of firefighting, as well as the introduction of

advanced experience. When fighting landscape fires, it is

recommended to use the following technical means.

1) Tillage tools used for laying protective and supporting

mineralized strips: single-body plows (PKB-75, PBN-75);

PLN-135 strip forest plow; plow-trencher PKLN-500A;

forest cutter FLU-0.8; bulldozer installation D-271; horse

plow PG-25.

2) Machines used for laying protective mineralized strips:

bulldozer D-533; strip laying machine PF-1.

3) Tools used for ditching: trencher LKN-600.

Figure 1: Plan for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations during the period of natural fires on the territory of the Republic of Karelia in

020

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) Machines and equipment for extinguishing fires with water:

fire-fighting tankers of various types; fire-fighting motor

pumps (portable type MP-600, MP-600A, MP-800B,

MPN-800/80, trailed type MP-1600, MP-16, MPP-1600,

complex MVK-8 for external suspension of the MI-26

helicopter; suspended containers P1-00 with a volume of 1000

liters; helicopter discharge complex KSV-1 for the external

suspension of the MI-8 helicopter;

"GEYSER"); fire pumps MNPV-90/300, MMP-2400S,

- Unmanned aerial vehicles for monitoring the forest fire

mounted type NSHN-600M, fire nozzles (high-pressure

spray gun with hose reel SRVD-2/400-60, manual high-

pressure fireman barrel RSKU-20VD, fire monitors and

manual firemen barrels with ejection of a foaming agent,

for example, a manual combined universal fireman RSKU-

situation.

When fighting landscape fires, aviation performs the following

tasks:

- Direct extinguishing of fires by dumping extinguishing liquid

on the hotbeds;

Uo).

0Ae, monitors with oscillators, for example LS-60 (40.50)

- Patrolling the area, reconnaissance of fires, search and rescue

of victims;

) Special forest fire units for extinguishing fires with water

and fire extinguishing chemicals: ATsL-147 - forest fire

tank truck on the chassis of the GAZ-66 vehicle; ML-1/0.75

- Creation of air control points for forces and fire extinguishing

means;

- Transportation of forces and means of fire extinguishing and

evacuation of victims;

small-sized portable fire-fighting motor-pump; forest

tractor fire tank TsPLT-2; МDP-0.2 motor-pump, light

forest fire, floating type; MLV-1, MLV-2/12, MLV-

- Ensuring the conduct of ASDNR (delivery of small-sized

cargo, ensuring the advancement of operational reconnaissance

groups, monitoring the implementation of the tasks assigned to

them by firefighting forces, relaying communications, cellular

communications with rescuers, commands for controlling

robotic systems, etc.).

22/0.25 - high-pressure forest fire motor pumps; forest

firefighting set of DSP equipment, soft container for water

delivery to forest fire sites RDV-1500, firefighting boat LS-

52A; VPPL-149 is a forest fire all-terrain vehicle.

) Special forest fire units of complex action: timber tanker

ATsL-3 (66) -147; forest fire unit TLP-55; forest fire-

fighting all-terrain vehicle VPL-149; TLP-4 forest fire

tractor; (T-150K) -177 - forest fire unit based on the T-

19) Robotic complexes.

As the experience of extinguishing forest peat fires in the

period of 2010-2014 in the Moscow, Vladimir, Nizhny

Novgorod, Ryazan, Tver regions, Bashkiria and Udmurtia has

shown, robotic systems are effective when conducting

operations in difficult terrain, where the deployment of

conventional wheeled and tracked vehicles is significantly

difficult. In addition, their use is advisable when it is necessary

to protect industrial facilities with the risk of radiation-chemical

and high-explosive fragmentation in the event of a fire

spreading to protected areas located in the forest zone. In the

course of work on the elimination of these forest-peat fires, the

following new samples of fire-fighting robotics were tested.

- Remotely controlled fire extinguishing installation LUF-60;

- Mobile robotic fire extinguishing systems EL-4 and EL-10;

50K tractor, tracked fire engine GPM-10, forest fire

tractor MSN-10 PM, fire engine on tracked chassis LHT-

00A-12.

) Knapsack fire extinguishers-sprayers: knapsack forest

sprayer RLO-M; knapsack fire extinguisher ORM-1;

chemical sprayer ORX-3; backpack pneumatic fire

extinguisher ROOP-4A; backpack sprayer OP; OLU-16

universal forest fire extinguisher (for water, solutions of

fire-extinguishing salts, emulsions, foaming agents and

fire-extinguishing powders).

) Peat trunks (TS-1, TS-2).

) Soil guns: GT-3 - tractor forest fire ground gun (based on T-

Mobile installation robotic gas-water extinguishing

50K); ALF-10 - forest fire milling unit (based on MTZ-

2).

(MRUGVT);

- Robotic complex "KEDR" consisting of two machines for

extinguishing grassland forest and peat fires.

0) Installation for receiving and supplying gas-filled foam by

the compression method UGNP.

Based on the work, the following results were obtained for

the considered RTC. Mobile remote-controlled fire

extinguishing installation LUF-60. Installation LUF-60 allows

you to create an intense flow of water and transport it over

considerable distances in the air flow. Using these qualities,

ground fires were extinguished in a forest area along a newly

formed clearing - a mineralized strip. The water was supplied

from a fire tank truck with a water supply of 2400 liters, the

total total duration of the discrete supply was 150 s, while the

estimated water flow was 16 l/s. Water was supplied through

the central shaft in the operating fan mode (50% of the power),

the elevation angle of the shaft was 10-40 degrees, which made

it possible to change the effective distance of water supply from

10 to 45 m. As a result, a 35x60 m surface was treated, on which

everything visible open foci of combustion were extinguished,

no swelling of foci of combustion was observed. Hidden

burning areas (hemp, tree hollows, etc.) could not be

completely extinguished. The entire surface in the installation

area was saturated with water, which significantly reduced the

likelihood of a secondary fire. Mobile robotic fire extinguishing

systems EL-4 and EL-10 allow to carry out work on barriers in

forest blockages, as well as to extinguish fires using water

foam. In the course of the work carried out, the possibility of

creating passages in the area of forest clearing with

simultaneous firefighting was shown. The water consumption

for the EL-4 was 20 l/s, which was supplied to a piece of wood

1) Firefighting pumping stations (for example, PNS-100

(

43114) -50VR).

2) Fire pump and hose complexes ("Shkval", "Potok").

3) Fire trucks based on MT-LB chassis:

A floating fire truck based on the MT-LBu chassis;

Multipurpose floating forest fire and tilling machine based on

MT-LB chassis;

Floating pump and hose machine based on the MT-LBu

chassis.

4) Two-link tracked snow and swamp vehicle TTM-

4902ASM with rescue, fire and medical equipment.

5) TTM 3930ASM wheeled all-terrain vehicle, manufactured

on the chassis of the TTM 3930 wheeled all-terrain vehicle

(

rescue vehicle based on the ASM-KPP wheeled snow and

swamp vehicle).

6) Light fire module "Ermak".

7) Air blower - sprayer EFCO 2090.

8) Aviation technology:

Aircraft IL-76P (forest fire aircraft with two removable tanks

with a total weight of 40 tons), amphibious aircraft Be-200ChS,

AN-2; AN-2V; AN-26P (forest fire aircraft with two external

tanks with a total volume of 4 tons), AN-32P;

Helicopters MI-6, MI-8 with suspended pouring devices;

modular helicopter complex MVK-2 for external suspension of

the MI-17 helicopter (MI-8MTV, KA-32); modular helicopter

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in the combat area, which is covered by the EL-4. The range of

water supply in the sector of water supply with an angle of 90

degrees was 35 m. It is advisable to use additives to the OTV.

It is advisable to use a mobile robotic gas-water

extinguishing unit (MRGWT) to prevent the development of

forest fires by irrigating a forest. To increase the efficiency of

this method, it is necessary to use additives that increase the fire

resistance of wood. Carrying out work with the installation of

MRUGVT on a real fire seems inappropriate due to the

insufficient amount of water for the operation of MRUGVT in

the fire zone. Particular attention should be paid in terms of

solving the problems under consideration to the developed and

successfully tested in the elimination of forest peat fires in the

Tver region in 2014, the robotic fire complex "KEDR". The

complex is located on the chassis of the MTLB-u floating

lightly armored tracked carrier. The complex includes the

- Watering machines (PM-13OB, etc.); used independently to

extinguish ground fires or to supply water;

- Spreaders of liquid fertilizers (RZhU, RZhT, RZh); can be

used to supply water to the fire site; especially effective in

fire extinguishing RZhT-8 and RZhT-16.

Currently, RZhT is equipped with special nozzles for

connecting pressure fire hoses.

It is also advisable to note that in addressing the issues of

extinguishing forest-peat fires, it is effective to use field trunk

pipelines (PMT), which are equipped with the Armed Forces of

the Russian Federation.

Conclusions

Due to the insufficient effectiveness of the currently

existing measures to protect settlements from forest fires, even

if the requirements of regulatory documents in the field of fire

"KEDR-HP" pump and hose machine and the "KEDR-P" fire

safety are strictly observed,

fundamentally new

extinguishing machine. Depending on the specific conditions,

both vehicles can be controlled remotely or by the crew. The

design of the pump and tube machine allows you to take water

from natural sources in difficult terrain using a submersible

pump, while the machine itself can be on the surface of the

reservoir or, if it is impossible to enter the water, by lowering

the pump into the water using a lifting device. The fire

extinguishing machine provides extinguishing fires both with

the help of a fire monitor and liquidation of ground fires using

a special irrigation installation. Based on the results of work on

fire extinguishing of forests and peat bogs, the following

proposals and recommendations were developed. When

extinguishing forest fires in order to successfully eliminate

high-intensity fires, including raised ones, it is advisable to use

an RTK with water supply through a hose line from an external

source, including from a hose car. In contrast to fires at

industrial installations, the specificity of a forest fire is

characterized by the variability of the direction of the flame

front, depending on natural conditions. In this case, the ability

to maneuver the RTK is significantly limited, which can lead to

their death. In such conditions, it is advisable to use not a single

RTK, but in tandem with another in order to ensure their

interaction for successful evacuation from the fire source by

supplying a fire-extinguishing agent to cool the RTK and block

its escape routes. The peat bogs were extinguished with the help

of the KEDR robotic system with feeding the hose line with a

pump with a capacity of 60 l/s. With the help of the complex, it

is possible to extinguish and shed an area of about 10 hectares

of peat bog within three days. The complex can also be used as

a pumping station from reservoirs, to which it is impossible to

send vehicles on wheels. It was installed at the end of the hose

line to increase the pressure and supply water to the barrels; at

the same time, 5-6 barrels operated from the pump with a

pressure in the hose line after the pump from 4.5 to 7

atmospheres. With the help of this machine, about 6.5 hectares

were extinguished and shed. The results obtained allow us to

conclude about the effective operation of the MRKP for the

formation of passages in the conditions of forest fires and

extinguishing minor foci of combustion (ground fires).

comprehensive approach to the design of fire barriers is needed,

taking into account the peculiarities of the location of each

individual settlement.

Thus, after conducting the research, we can conclude that the

increase in operational and tactical capabilities for

extinguishing landscape fires with an airmobile group

presupposes the systematic implementation of the principles of

efficiency and sufficiency of the use of forces and means of the

Main Directorate of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia in

the Republic of Karelia in the organization of firefighting, as

well as the introduction of advanced experience.

Ethical issue

Authors are aware of, and comply with, best practice in

publication ethics specifically with regard to authorship

(

avoidance of guest authorship), dual submission, manipulation

of figures, competing interests and compliance with policies on

research ethics. Authors adhere to publication requirements

that submitted work is original and has not been published

elsewhere in any language.

Competing interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that

would prejudice the impartiality of this scientific work.

Authors’ contribution

All authors of this study have a complete contribution for

data collection, data analyses and manuscript writing.

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