Life-Cycle Maintenance Management Strategies for Bridges in Kuwait

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1556-1562

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

https://doi.org/10.47277/JETT/8(4)1562

Life-Cycle Maintenance Management Strategies for

Bridges in Kuwait

Hesham Almomani *, Omar Naser Almutairi

Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, the Hashemite University

Ministry of Kuwait Municipality, Civil Engineer, Kuwait

Received: 06/01/2020

Accepted: 13/04/2020

Published: 20/09/2020

Abstract

To meet the requirements of 21 century, Kuwait ministry of public works have realized that they should use modern technologies

and management system to face challenges of modern world. So, they maintenance Administration has launched a massive program

which helps to meet development needs and helps to maintain the infrastructure’s sustainable growth. Thus, it is very necessary to

develop appropriate bridge maintenance strategies to meet serviceability criteria and life cycle cost optimization of new bridges. And

main purpose was to meet the requirements of development needs. Bridge management system (BMS) is a software or we can say a

management tool which helps us to maintain or manage the bridges. These are the following main points which helps decision makers

to make a best decision. Defines bridge condition, identifies bridge needs for like if we need replacement of any material or renovation

can be identified by BMS, cost of bridge during maintenance and management of the bridge, identifies bridges for Replacement and

rehabilitation programs (MR & R) and also identifies for the assessment of bridges. According to replacement and rehabilitation

programs minor changes or maintenance of the bridges is done by Work management system (WBS). This paper proposes a framework

that can enhance the effectiveness of Kuwait’s Integrated Maintenance Management System (KIMMS). A survey for bridge contractors

around the world was used as the research method for this study. This contains questions regarding their current bridge management

system (BMS) and what are the input and output parameters it considers in the process. BIM (Bridge information modeling) technology

is used to reduce the errors in designing and construction of the bridges by using BMS, BRIDGE OWNER may have a sustainability in

the maintenance and enhancement of its bridge. We can determine the cash flow to be used in future for the replacement and repairment

of bridge. It helps to adopt maintenance program to maintain life-cycle costs for the community. Helps to review the replacement and

rehabilitation strategies. Helps to improve the economic life of infrastructure assets. After evaluating the BMSs used by the respondents,

it turned out that the most effective procedure should have three main processes to be followed; maintenance planning, maintenance

optimization, and maintenance decision support. Overall, the conceptualized framework considers an optimized procedure for

maintenance management considering the balance in cost and quality of the process.

Keywords: Bridge Management System; Engineering Constraints; Kuwait’s Integrated Maintenance Management System;

Sustainability, serviceability, Bridge information model

Americas, efficient management of bridge stocks is very

Introduction

important for the country. These structures bring traffic volume

which plays a big part in the economy, allowing populations to

reach capitals and other areas through these diversional routes.

However, several challenges are being faced by society and one

of them is that there are still structures within densely populated

areas that pose a problem of accessibility (Wong, et al. 2001).

Furthermore, there is a scarcity of materials for retrofitting and

repair of these structures in some regions. Thus, maintenance

management of bridges is necessary in order to provide a

sustainable level of functionality and serviceability of the

structure in its entire life span. Coherent and well-structured

techniques and procedures for continuous and cyclical

maintenance are very important.

In summary, highway bridges in Kuwait can be

differentiated into two classifications. The first one considers

long-span bridges (LSB) like Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-

Sabah Causeway for example, and these can be either

suspension bridge or cable-stayed bridges. Most of these are

built with modern technology equipped with monitoring

systems that can see the current structural behavior of the

Within the country of Kuwait, there are 3 notable highway

bridges which are considered part of the history, wherein

Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Causeway is considered one

of the longest bridges in the world spanning for about 48.5

kilometers (Naser, 2019; Ahmad & Ahmad, 2018). There are

also approximately 150 unnamed short spans to medium span

highway bridges and 540 pedestrian bridges. These structures,

especially the highway bridges, sustain a large volume of

vehicular traffic considering that the population continues to

grow. These structures are vital to maintaining the mobility and

transportation of goods and services of the people, and they also

provide strategic connections within the different areas of the

country. As the country’s governmental agency for the

management of roads and highways, the Ministry of Public

Works and the Public Authority for Roads & Transportation are

those that responsible for the conceptualization, design,

construction, operation, and maintenance of roads and

transportation systems.

Even though bridge stock in Kuwait is quite new in

comparison with the stock of bridge structures in Asia and the

Corresponding author: Hesham Almomani, Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hashemite University,

E-mail: oalmut220@gmail.com

556

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1556-1562

bridge. The second classification is composed of the short span

or medium highway bridges (SMB). Some of them created in

the recent decade until today are made using prestressed

concrete, while those that are 25 years ago and further are made

of reinforced concrete. Considering that both stated concrete

configurations are prone to deterioration especially when

exposed to changing humidity and weather, the maintenance

management system would enhance the functionality of the

structure for extended years. In this paper, the conceptualized

preliminary framework for the strategic maintenance

management of bridges is focused on SSMB bridges in Kuwait

since the maintenance for long-span bridges is most likely well

studied during the design phase.

using their BMS. Lastly, most of the BMSs consist of

maintenance management tools for systematic inspection,

planning, evaluation, and prioritization. Based on the results,

the majority of the respondents utilize their BMS to discern

various maintenance and repair works. For the respondent (B),

the decision is mainly focused on the conditions of the

components of the bridge. For respondent C, their maintenance

process depends on the available budget, and also the amount

and current condition of the bridge components. For respondent

E, the computations for present economic costs are utilized in

order to produce a detailed set of inspections.

Moreover, most of the respondents have a certain tool that

can determine and predict the necessity for the maintenance of

a bridge structure. Respondent A has a database of recorded

defects from which the maintenance work for existing bridges

can be decided. Respondent B considers the provided risk

assessment and present condition of the bridge. Respondent C

has an established framework in general to determine the

current condition rating of the bridge. Respondent D has

developed its IT-related techniques for conceptualization and

prioritization of maintenance works. Respondent E, they have

provided a set of modules that can be used to determine the

classification and condition of the damage based on the

inspection report, which can then be used to create a strategic

prototype of the optimal strategy for maintenance works.

Respondent F decides based on their inhouse maintenance

programming. Furthermore, to determine the best option for

Review of Related Literature and Studies

.1 Review of Existing Bridge Management Systems

In order to have a benchmark about the condition of present

Bridge Management Systems, the result of research conducted

by Yang et. al. (2006) regarding BMS in some chosen countries

was utilized. The review is mainly based on a questionnaire

survey form wherein most of the questions came from a 1999

Questionnaire. These questions were part of the technical

deliverables of a bridge project known as “BRIME” in Europe

(

FEHRL, 1999). Listed below is the scope of the questionnaire

form: (a) bridge management system description, (b) database

information, (c) bridge condition, (d) other necessary

information, (e) forecast on condition of the bridge, (f) cost

analysis, (g) allocation and other details for maintenance, (h)

quality control, and (i) information on administration. The

survey forms were priorly delivered to 28 bridge private

contractors and government administration departments in

selected regions and states in countries within America,

Eurasia, and Oceania. Among these target respondents, only 7

were able to submit their answers in the given deadline. Code

names through the use of alphabet letters were used in order to

hide the company name and keep them confidential

information.

maintenance management, respondent

A utilizes value

management based on the results of risk assessments.

Respondent B uses their experience and also utilizes the

‘

Strengthening Guidelines Manual’. Respondent C determines

the best maintenance management option by balancing the

budget and also the professional engineering preferences.

Respondent E decides on the lowest cost of the provided set of

alternatives. Respondent F most of the time combines the result

of site investigation, engineering perception, and cost analysis

to select the most suitable maintenance strategy (Ahmad &

Sahar, 2019). In many countries, ranges of condition ratings for

bridges are used to recommend maintenance strategy. For

respondent B, preliminary information comes from the

inspector who also initially recommends what he thinks is the

best treatment option. For respondent C, specific activities are

done during inspection to determine such maintenance needs.

The output reports from the inspection are then reviewed by the

head which then draws the plan of maintenance works to be

done. Most of the BMS included in this study does not have a

function that can generate the most cost-efficient maintenance

strategy which considers different constraints on the condition

of the bridges. However, most of the respondents have BMSs

that can produce a strategy for maintenance prioritization based

on some design parameters such as traffic vehicle volume, the

significance of freight route, analysis of risks, etc.

.1 Analysis of the Survey Responses

The following tables 2, 3, and 4 gives a summary of the

results of the survey. The tables show the general attributes,

functions, components, and other information of the BMS’s of

the respondents. In this, the analysis and evaluation of the

responses are focused on the general information of the bridge

maintenance management utilized by the respondents. More

than half of the contractors who replied to the survey have used

BMS’s for more than 10 years, considering that the latest

version of BMS was provided in the year 2000. All of the

respondents use technologically integrated BMS with

automatic production of the database. BMS is usually utilized

for bridges that are considered to be national connections.

Almost all the respondents go through life cycle cost analysis

Table 1: General Information on the Bridge Management Systems of the Respondents

Responses of the Respondents

Questions

SMB

Both

SMB

What is the bridge classification within the BMS?

Is it a digital BMS?

How long in years has the BMS been used?

Is it connected to the road management system?

How many bridges are there in the Database?

Does it include special documentation for BMS?

Is there a Life Cycle Cost Analysis?

9000

3000

>10

12000

4600

30000

>15

3000

896

557

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1556-1562

Table 2: Functions and Components of the Bridge Management Systems of the Respondents

As recording database for structure stock inventory, capacity, and condition;

Conceptualization and procedure for maintenance works;

Scheduling for site inspections;

Documentation of Defects.

Database for bridge location, structural type, and dimensions;

Data regarding current condition and upcoming inspection;

Detailed cost data;

Database for reports and correspondence;

Prioritization and scheduling or repair works.

Module for inspection;

Module for Programming;

Module for Preservation;

Module for Results;

Module for Gateway (Import and export information linked different BMS systems);

Module for configuration and software customization.

Database and inventory of bridges, including current condition and maintenance process;

Inspection organization;

Maintenance management model.

Overall maintenance strategy;

Set of activities;

Database of the structure;

Database of information;

Modules for procedures.

Database and inventory;

Inspection organization;

Evaluation and Conceptualization of Maintenance Procedure.

Database and inventory.

Table 3: Additional Information Regarding Maintenance Strategy in the Respondents’ BMSs

Does the BMS utilize a certain method to determine whether to repair,

strengthen, or replace the components of the bridge considering that

it is damaged already?

Does the BMS utilize a certain method in order to determine it is

necessary to do the maintenance work already for a specified bridge

aside from professional judgment?

Does the BMS utilize a certain method in order to determine the most

optimal choice for maintenance procedures aside from professional

judgment?

Does the BMS contain certain options for maintenance process

recommendation which depend on criteria such as type of damage,

level of damage, or other factors?

Does the BMS provide an optimized or cost-efficient maintenance

strategy considering different levels of conditions of the bridge?

Does the BMS provide a prioritized strategy for maintenance works

in the bridge stock considering that the budget is scarce?

.2 Review of Current Bridge Maintenance Management

depending on the maintenance requirements, and these are

organized in the IPP to determine the most cost-efficient

maintenance strategy. Data for more than 260 highway and

pedestrian bridges, together with 5000-kilometer road

pavements are maintained and kept in KIMMS (Karan et. al.,

2001). This database is utilized by six departments for

maintenance management of the Ministry of Public Works,

which are divided by project budget constraints, and each of

these departments is responsible for various types of structural

components (Elis et. al., 2010). Although this system is very

promising to have in any country, there are still disadvantages

that can be found not just on the system, but on the way how

the maintenance management is being implemented. One

disadvantage of this system is that the chosen maintenance

strategy sometimes does not fit well with the provided budget,

considering that there are many factors and parameters

included in the selection phase. Thus, the optimal maintenance

Practice in Kuwait

Kuwait is one of the countries that has utilized its unique

bridge maintenance management system, named as Kuwait

Infrastructure Maintenance Management System (KIMMS)

which was completed in the year 2000. This integrated

maintenance management program can be utilized to determine

the current condition, forecast repair necessities and

recommend optimal solutions and alternatives for various

infrastructure components such as highway bridges and road

pavements (Baumgardner, n.d.). One of the distinct features of

this system is that it has an Integrated Priority Program (IPP)

which evaluates the alternatives for maintenance strategy, and

which can also give recommendations for the time interval of

implementation. Moreover, it also provides a list of projects

that needs to be prioritized for maintenance works. Budgeting

can be done by considering groups of structural components

558

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1556-1562

planning strategy should be cost-efficient and must be within

the budget. Another disadvantage is the lack of professional

judgment which should come from the designated engineers.

Most of the decision making is done in the system to make

everything digital, setting aside the perception of the

professionals which is very important for the structure (Ahmad

& Ahmad, 2019). A good example of this aspect is that as years

go by, there is newly discovered repair condition for a certain

structure which is not recorded in the database. Thus, the final

decision for the most applicable maintenance strategy must

have both the insights of the integrated system and the

recommendations of the professionals.

Figure 1: This is how BMS Works

559

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1556-1562

.3 Interim Objectives

of KIMMS mainly for the short span to medium span bridges

in Kuwait is proposed based on these collected principles,

which focuses on providing a strategic maintenance plan that

considers the life-cycle costs of the structure, without

compromising the serviceability, safety, and sustainability of

the bridge during its life span.

Based on the review of existing BMSs of the respondents

which comprise of selected countries, and comparing them

with Kuwait’s own maintenance management system KIMMS,

the following functions for bridge maintenance system can be

proposed to enhance the current maintenance strategy used for

the country. (a) Planning. This pertains to the conventional way

of how the BMS chooses the most suitable maintenance method

for such damage to a bridge component. (b) Optimization. This

pertains to determining the most suitable maintenance strategy,

which is at the same time considering cost analysis to have the

most cost-efficient choice during the lifespan of the structure.

3.3 Primary Objective of the Existing BMS in Kuwait

For the proposed enhancement of the current BMS used in

Kuwait, the following set of objectives is utilized which are

based on research conducted by Wong et. al. (2001).

1. Performance: this pertains to the continuous service of

bridges with the least disruption considering the codes and

standards accepted in the local community.

2. Prediction: this refers to the understanding and monitoring

of bridge stock with adequate information to effective and

efficient maintenance planning.

(

c) Decision support. This pertains to maintenance planning

with professional judgment taking into account both the result

of the BMS and professional opinions.

Methodology

.1 Bridge Management System

These are the following methods by which we can do

Funding: this ensures that the budget provided by the client

produces a reasonable result.

Social: this takes into account other responsibilities of the

bridge such as sustainability and safety.

bridge maintenance and management. First of all, we are going

to do discuss “Bridge management software” or BMS. Since

from several decades, operations of bridges are managed by

local labor. But by the 1980s, significant interest taken by

bridge management system at the state and federal level. There

are many functions can be done with BMS. Some of them we

are going to describe here like: (a) BMS helps BRIDGE

OWNER to have a sustainability in the maintenance and

enhancement of its bridge; (b) determines the cash flow to be

used in future for the replacement and repairment of bridge; (c)

it helps to adopt maintenance program to maintain life-cycle

costs for the community; (d) helps to review the replacement

and rehabilitation strategies; (f) helps to improve the economic

life of infrastructure assets; (g) it helps to review bridge

management system which is used bridge owner’s bridge

assets; (h) level of service and condition can be managed very

effectively. Now let’s have some discussion about components

of bridge management system. The most important and most

effective component of bridge management system is

inspection module and inventory module. For the database to

be functional, it must have input in it. And this data is collected

by inspection module. Similarly, some other components are

here with names like maintenance module, Database module,

Maintenance optimization module and Life cycle cost (LCC).

These modules are used to solve issues related to them. This is

how BMS Works (Figure 1).

To address these primary objectives while taking into

consideration the three functions provided for the enhancement

of BMS in Kuwait, namely, maintenance planning,

optimization, and maintenance decision support, it is

appropriate to formulate suitable life-cycle strategies for

maintenance management. The resulting strategies take into

consideration various criteria and parameters other than the

economical aspect, but also the technical aspects. The main aim

of the economical aspect is to reduce the present value of the

entire life-cycle cost which includes the maintenance works.

The objective of the technical aspect is to make sure that the

safety, serviceability, and aesthetic appearance of the bridge is

not compromised. Thus, the cost objective must be well-

balanced with the expected performance and quality of the

structure.

.4 Constraints Considered in Strategic Maintenance

Management

All the constraints considered in coming up with the best

strategic way for maintenance management are discussed in

this section. These constraints are mainly based on a study

conducted by Yang, et. al. (2006).

.4.1 Technology - Safety and Serviceability

The primary objective of maintenance management is to

guarantee the safety and serviceability of the bridges in their

projected life span, considering the required maintenance

works and damage repairs. To reiterate the review in the

previous section, Liu and Frangopol (2004) evaluated the

performance of damaged bridges by utilizing indices named

condition and safety. In this study, the condition index has a

total of more than 350 data, with 0 to 3 as a value representing

the bridges’ damage condition based on visual inspection. The

following are the characteristics of each numerical

representation.

.2 Proposed Framework for Enhanced KIMMS for Kuwait

In recent years, combined mathematical and engineering

methods were developed for the optimization of structural

maintenance for bridges considering multiple constraints and

parameters. The fundamental concept of these methods is to

reduce the life-cycle cost of the structure sacrificing the

serviceability and performance of the bridge structure. One

good example is research conducted by Itoh and Liu (1999),

wherein they utilized the technique of genetic algorithms to

propose an optimized rehabilitation development plan for

bridge decks which was designed based on the maintenance

cost and degree of damage, simultaneously. Liu and Fangopol



0 – no chloride contamination

1 – the onset of corrosion

2 – the onset of cracking

3 – loose concrete or significant delamination

There are still higher condition indices made for those

(

2004) also researched with the same objective but with a

different framework as they utilized three different objective

parameters for coming up with the best tradeoff for

maintenance management. These functions are safety index,

condition index, and cumulative life-cycle maintenance cost.

Inagaki et. al. (2005). Moreover, a strategic cycle for

maintenance works was proposed Inagaki et. al. (2005)

considering indicators for the current condition of the structure

and renewal costs. The initial framework for the enhancement

damages that are worse than the enumerated conditions. The

safety index pertains to the ratio of the actual to the calculated

live load resistance of the bridge, which takes into account the

degree of reliability of the damaged element of the bridge.

However, the safety index is quite different from the condition

560

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1556-1562

index because higher safety levels describe damages that are

safer.

3.4.3 Sustainability – Environmental, Social, and Economic

Impact

Economic, environment, and community are three aspects

that are utilized internationally to define the extent of

sustainability as a constraint. The stability of the environmental

aspect along with industrial developments must be well-

established which is the main principle of sustainability. KPIs

or also known as key performance indicators are applied in

modern designs to balance the environmental, social, and

economical aspects of the maintenance management strategies

for bridges.

.4.2 Economy – Present Value of Cumulative Life-Cycle

Maintenance Cost

The accumulated life-cycle maintenance cost is the total

costs of every repair or retrofitting works done during the

functionality period or service lifespan of the bridge, which are

reduced to the present economic value considering the present,

and this is can be presented in the equation below,

푁

퐶_푡_푖

1 + 푣)^푡^푖

퐶_푃_푉= ∑

3.5 Life Cycle Cost Optimization

(

ꢀ

ꢁꢂ

Life cycle cost optimization is one of the main objectives

of the framework to be proposed and it obtained based on the

requirements of VFM or “value for money”. VFM is defined as

a parameter that circulates three E’s, namely, economy,

efficiency, and effectiveness (Rutter and Gidado, 2005). Each

is defined as follows depending on their usage in this paper.

where CPV is the present value of the combined cost of

maintenance works, N is the total number of maintenance

periods, v is the discount rate, and Ct is the cost of maintenance

work required. The optimal problem for maintenance

management deals with the cost-efficient budgeting not just the

maintenance cost but also the maintenance efforts so that there

will be an equity and that the objectives for all the constraints

described can be attained, and this problem is briefly described

as follows provided on the results of the study conducted by

Liu and Frangopol (2004). (a) Coming up with the smallest

possible condition index during the lifespan of the bridge; (b)

coming up with the largest possible safety index during the

lifespan of the bridge, and; (c) coming up with the lowest

possible present value of total maintenance cost during the

lifespan of the bridge.



The economy pertains to minimizing the total cost of raw

materials and resources used for the maintenance works of

the bridge.



Efficiency means maximizing the output to input ratio of

the bridge maintenance management procedure, wherein

the output pertains to the performance and quality of the

work, while input pertains to the life cycle cost.

Effectiveness refers to maximizing the utility value, which

is described as the welfare provided by the client to a

certain project with a particular profit, as well as risk.



Figure 2: Proposed Framework for the Enhanced KIMMS

561

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1556-1562

.6 Proposed Framework

2. Ellis, R. M., Cheetham, A., Hong, K., & Thompson, P. D. (2010,

July). Integration of bridge management systems (BMS) and

pavement management systems (PMS). In Bridge Maintenance,

Safety, Management, and Life-Cycle Optimization: Proceedings

of the Fifth International IABMAS Conference, Philadelphia,

USA, 11-15 July 2010 (p. 233). CRC Press.

The development of the framework for Life-cycle

Maintenance Management of short span to medium span

bridges in Kuwait consists of three different steps as shown in

Figure 2. The summary of this procedure is listed as follows:

(

a) maintenance planning – determination of a ranked list of

. FEHRL (1999), “Deliverable D4 under the ‘BRIME’ project -

Review of existing BMS and definition of inputs for the proposed

BMS”, The UK's Transport Research Laboratory (TRL), Forum of

maintenance management strategies based on the current

conditions of the damaged bridge component considering

different alternatives; (b) maintenance optimization – the

generated list of maintenance strategies are then assessed using

cost analysis, which is then balanced with technological and

sustainability constraints; and (c) maintenance decision support

European (FEHRL),

Highway

Research

Laboratories

http://www.trl.co.uk/brime/d4.pdf> (accessed in April 2006).

. Inagaki H., Fujino Y., Kitagawa K. and Kawamura K. (2005), “The

maintenance and management strategy of bridges for local

government in Japan”, Proceedings of the 5th International

Conference on Bridge Management, Apr. 11-13, Guildford, 377-

–

the optimized maintenance management strategy together

with proposed alternatives is then reviewed by the

administration and the professionals to decide whether to stick

with the optimized strategy or the select from the alternatives.

84.

5. Itoh Y. and Liu C. (1999), “Multiobjective optimization of bridge

deck maintenance”, Case Studies in Optimal Design and

Maintenance Planning of Civil Infrastructure, 136-151.

. Karan, M. A., Al-Kulaib, A. A., & Haas, R. (2001, August). An

Overview of Kuwait’s Integrated Infrastructure Maintenance

Management System (KIMMS). In Fifth International Conference

on Managing Pavements Washington State Department of

Conclusions

In this study, a proposed enhancement for KIMMS, or the

current bridge maintenance management system utilized in

Kuwait, is developed focusing on a balanced decision making

for the maintenance management strategy by adding up some

constraints for consideration such as cost optimization and

decision support from professionals. This would satisfy almost

all the constraints in bridge engineering design such as

economic, safety, serviceability, and sustainability. The output

strategy represented by the framework takes into account these

general constraints without compromising the existing methods

and practices utilized by the KIMMS. This proposed

framework provides certain features that can identify whether

the objectives and requirements of all the constraints are met

with a balanced maintenance program and life-cycle cost.

Transportation Foundation for Pavement

Preservation

International Society for Asphalt Pavements Federal Highway

Administration Transportation Research Board.

. Liu M. and Frangopol D.M. (2004), ”Optimal bridge maintenance

planning based on probabilistic performance prediction”,

Engineering Structures, 26(7), 991-1002.

. Rutter, D., & Gidado, K. (2005). PFI projects: their scope for

delivering VFM. In The 21st Annual ARCOM Conference"(F.

Khosrowshahi, ed.) (Vol. 1, pp. 591-9).

9. Wasmi, N. A. (2019, May 2). Kuwait inaugurates the fourth longest

bridge in the world for new megacity. Retrieved from

https://www.thenational.ae/world/gcc/kuwait-inaugurates-the-

fourth-longest-bridge-in-the-world-for-new-megacity-1.856527

0. Wong P.C., Wong C.Y., and Darby J. (2001), “Bridge Management

in Hong Kong: the selection of appropriate techniques”, Current

and future trends in bridge design construction and maintenance 2:

safety, economy, sustainability and aesthetics, proceedings of the

international conference organized by the Institution of Civil, Apr.

Ethical issue

Authors are aware of, and comply with, best practice in

publication ethics specifically with regard to authorship

5-26, Hong Kong, 3-12.

(

avoidance of guest authorship), dual submission, manipulation

1. Yang, Y. N., Pam, H. J., Kumaraswamy, M. M., & Ugwu, O. O.

(2006, November). Life-cycle maintenance management strategies

for bridges in Hong Kong. In Proceedings of the Joint International

Conference on Construction Culture, Innovation and Management

of figures, competing interests and compliance with policies on

research ethics. Authors adhere to publication requirements

that submitted work is original and has not been published

elsewhere in any language.

(pp. 26-35).

2. Mirzaei, Z., et al. The IABMAS bridge management committee

overview of existing bridge management systems. Technical

Report, Institute for Construction and Infrastructure Management,

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland, 2014.

Competing interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that

would prejudice the impartiality of this scientific work.

13.[https://www.bing.com/search?q=bridge+management+system+in

kuwait&form=EDGTCT&qs=PF&cvid=21e2aa21793840b3a88

dd789e468d39&refig=4515857a91b6404aeb4305c9bb9302e0&

Authors’ contribution

All authors of this study have a complete contribution for

data collection, data analyses and manuscript writing.

cc=US&setlang=en-

US&elv=AXK1c4IvZoNqPoPnS%21QRLOMA2G3Tbi1h7izPnn

WzDg8P0b*tVtHP1y7F59TSUS9OdumZFAQL3Jd6feMPbHF%

155qn8CEeZLzG3r9K1*Z6pig6&plvar=0# ].

References

[

http://montreal.ciise.concordia.ca/infra/publications/Jerry/Thesis

Ahmad, I., & Ahmad, S. (2019). The Mediation Effect of Strategic

Planning on The Relationship Between Business Skills and Firm’s

Performance: Evidence from Medium Enterprises in Punjab,

Pakistan. Opcion, 35(24), 746-778.

/Final%20Submmision.pdf ].

Ahmad, I., Sahar. (2019). Waste Management Analysis From

Economic Environment Sustainability Perspective. International

Journal Of Scientific & Technology Research 8(12), 1540-1543.

Ahmad, I., & Ahmad, S. (2018). Multiple Skills and Medium

Enterprises’ Performance in Punjab Pakistan: A Pilot Study.

Journal of Social Sciences Research, 7(2010), 44-49.

Baumgardner, R. (n.d.). “Kuwait Infrastructure Maintenance

Management System.” Kuwait Infrastructure Maintenance

Management System (KIMMS), ITX Technologies/Soor

Engineering

https://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc96/to300/pap2

6/p276.htm> (Apr. 7, 2020).

Bureau,

562