Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1611-1617  
J. Environ. Treat. Tech.  
ISSN: 2309-1185  
Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com  
https://doi.org/10.47277/JETT/1617  
Rationale Factors Affecting Participation in  
Managerial Administration of Chiwavitee  
Community Enterprise Group’s Members in Nam  
KianSub-district, Phu Phiang District, Nan Province  
2
Thatchai Siriwan , Jukkaphong Poung-Ngamchuen *, Nakarate Rungkawat , Phutthisun Kruekum  
1
2
2
1
Master student, Resource Development and Agricultural Extension Program, Maejo University  
2
Resource Development and Agricultural Extension Program, Maejo University  
Received: 06/01/2020  
Accepted: 13/04/2020  
Published: 20/09/2020  
Abstract  
The Thai government has launched a policy on the community economy development for local community enterprises. Unfortunately, a majority  
of community enterprise groups were not successful due to the members’ lack of participation in managerial administration. Therefore, this research  
emphasizes the participatory and rationale factors affecting the participation of Chiwavitee Community members in Nam Kian Sub-district, Phu Phiang  
District, Nan Province in 4 aspects, namely: decision making, implementation, benefit sharing, and evaluation. Questionnaires were employed for data  
collection from 256 community enterprise’s members. The obtained data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results  
revealed that, almost two-third (64.50%) of groups’ members were female, with an average age of 44.05, graduated at the vocational certificate and  
advanced vocational certificate level (34.00%). The members engaged in agriculture and general employment (35.90%, and 35.20% respectively).  
More than one-half (54.70%) of the members received marketing information of community enterprises. They had moderately high level of attachment  
among members, and participation of activities with other groups or organizations ( 풙̅ = 4.49, and 풙̅ = 4.49 respectively). As a whole, they had  
moderately high level ( 풙̅ = 3.87) of business operational success, as well as had high level ( ̅풙 = 4.53) of participation in managerial administration.  
Moreover, the study found 7 main rationale factors affecting participation in managerial administration of members which were gender, age,  
educational attainment, occupation, receiving informational of marketing in community enterprise management, attachment among members, and  
participation of activities with other groups or organizations.  
Keywords: Participation, Community Enterprise, Chivawitee Community Enterprise Group, Managerial Administration  
1
excessive expenses to a point they begin to drown in debt,  
among other agricultural problems that arise.  
1
Introduction  
The very image of Thai agricultural production in the past  
According to the continuing cycle of agrarian indebtedness,  
agrarian communities find it is difficult to continue the self-  
reliant approach. However, self-sustaining agriculture might also  
be a solution for the community to go through these rapid  
changes and competition in the age of globalization [1].  
Establishing an association for farmers and entrepreneurs who  
have similar skills or agrarian wisdom within their region, such  
as a local community enterprise for efficient use of local  
resources, might encourage them to effectively manage their  
local resources. Moreover, the local enterprise also supports the  
notion of self-reliance. It might lead to a better approach for  
agricultural production and the Thai agrarian way of life.  
The Thai government has launched a policy to promote the  
notion of self-reliance to the locals and strengthen the sense of  
communality. The developmental approach has been conducted  
upon several local businesses and enterprises to reduce the cost  
of production and marketing. The participants were encouraged  
to engage in two types of business operations: 1) the  
manufacturing group for household production; and 2) the  
was perceived as subsistent farming; the product from each  
agrarian season was the staple food that nourishes each family  
for the whole year. In ancient times, the seasonal agriculture  
used to rely on seasonal rain and agrarian wisdom inherited from  
one generation to another. However, the agriculture industry has  
developed and expanded the market beyond agrarian  
subsistence. During the past few decades, the Thai government  
has been attempting to enter the cut-throat global market, and  
many times, the high production costs become the farmers’  
burden. From this, the notion of self-reliance and subsistent  
agriculture seems to be an antique portrayal signifying the Thai  
way-of-life during the old days. These agrarian changes urge  
Thai farmers to invest more in their agricultural production to  
enter the competitive market and survive. As a result of their  
additional investment in agrarian production, farmers have  
Corresponding author: Jukkaphong Poung-ngamchuen,  
Resource Development and Agricuiltuiral Extension Program,  
Maejo University, E-mail: jukkaphong.mju@gmail.com  
1611  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1611-1617  
manufacturing group for community business. While the  
community business is enormously significant for local and  
regional development, the support from the government, private  
sectors, and local communities are, in the same token, genuinely  
essential. They have to identify the objectives, strategy, and  
practicality [2]. However, in many cases, community enterprises  
were not well-perceived due to the lack of participation and  
inefficient managerial administration.  
enterprise group members; 3) participation in group activities  
and with other organizations; 4) data/information perception on  
marketing of the community enterprise; 5) level of success of  
the community enterprise group; and 6) group member  
participation in managerial administration of the community  
enterprise group on the basis of 4 aspects: decision-making,  
operation, benefit sharing, and assessment. For the factors on  
attachment of members, success level, and participation level,  
open ended questions were used with 5 levels: lowest, low,  
moderate, high, and highest level. Below are scale limits and a  
description of the assessment [5].  
Scale Limits  
Description  
Highest  
High  
Moderate  
Low  
4
3
2
1
1
.50-5.00  
.50-4.49  
.50-3.49  
.50-2.49  
.00-1.49  
Lowest  
Figure 1: Chiwavitee Community Enterpirse, Nam Kian sub-district, Phu  
Phiang district, Nan Province  
3
Procedures  
Obtained data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics:  
percentage, frequency, mean, and standard deviation. Inferential  
statistics (Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis) was used to  
find rationale factors that have an effect on group member  
participation in managerial administration of Chiwavitee  
community enterprise group.  
This research focuses on Chiwavitee Community Enterprise,  
a community enterprise that manufactures and markets herbal  
skin-care products. Further, the group also provides spa and  
wellness services for tourists and visitors for relaxation and  
health-related purposes. Chiwavitee Community Enterprise has  
been maintining their business for more than 11 years and has  
7
09 group members today. They received several awards from  
4 Data analysis  
provincial and national competitions; for instance, they won the  
Community Enterprise Award from the Community  
Development Department, and also won the Management  
Accouting Award from the Cooperative Auditing Department of  
Thailand. However, their success stems from their continual  
participation in managerial administration in terms of decision  
making, cooperation, benefit sharing, and post-production  
evaluation. This study, thus, demonstrates that the most crucial  
factor for a community enterprise’s achievements is a continual  
participation of its members. As a result, the group will be able  
to maintain and sustain their community enterprise and  
development.  
This research’s objective is three-folds: (a) to study the  
initial data of the community enterprise group members; (b) to  
examine the group’s participation in managerial administration;  
and (c) to analyze the rationale factors affecting the participation  
of the community enterprise group members.  
4
.1 Basic data of the community enterprise group members  
Results of the study revealed that almost two-thirds of the  
respondents were female (64.50%), 44.05 years old on average,  
and vocational/higher vocational certificate holders. Most of the  
respondents were farmers and hired workers (35.90% and  
35.20%, respectively). More than one-half of respondents  
(
54.70%) perceived data or information on marketing of the  
community enterprise group.  
4.2 Attachment of the community enterprise group members  
Finding showed that, as a whole, the attachment of the  
respondents was found at a high level ) 풙̅ =4.49( as shown in  
Table 1. The following were found at the highest level: trust one  
another ) 풙̅ = 4.64); respect opinions of one another ) 풙̅ = 4.57);  
support one another on doing various activities ) 풙̅ = 4.58);  
always express opinions on doing activities ) 풙̅ = 4.53); and assist  
other in the case of cannot do a particular activity ) 풙̅ = 4.50).  
4
.3 Participation in group activities or with other organizations  
According to Table 2, it can be seen that, as a whole,  
2
Instruments  
The population of this development research survey  
participation in group activities or with other organizations was  
found at a high level ) 풙̅ = 4.49). The following were found at the  
highest level: exchange new body of knowledge with other  
government agencies ) 풙̅ = 4.51); discuss about problems and  
guidelines for solving the problems with other community  
enterprise groups ) 풙̅ = 4.59); and send representatives to join  
activities with other community enterprise groups ) 풙̅ = 4.52).  
consisted of 709 members of Chiwavitee community enterprise  
group. The formula of Taro yamane (1973) was employed for  
selecting sample group members [3]. The sample size (256  
persons) was computed as a proportion of the whole group based  
on Slovin’s formula (Gintingsugtihen, 1993 as cited in Poung-  
ngamchuen, et al., 2015) [4].A set of questionnaires was used  
for data collection and it consisted of 6 parts as follows: 1) basic  
data of the sample group; 2) attachment of the community  
1612  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1611-1617  
Table 1: Attachment of the community enterprise group members  
Attachment Level  
Highest High  
Attachment of the community  
enterprise group members  
풙̅  
SD  
Description  
Moderate  
Low  
Lowest  
1
68  
85  
(33.20)  
3
0
0
1.  
Trustoneanother  
4.64  
0.50  
Highest  
(
65.60)  
(1.20)  
(0.00)  
(0.00)  
2
.
Respect opinions of one  
152  
(59.40)  
99  
(38.70)  
5
0
0
4
4
4
4
.57  
.58  
.45  
.39  
0.53  
0.51  
0.57  
0.54  
Highest  
Highest  
High  
another  
(2.00)  
(0.00)  
(0.00)  
3
.
Support one another on  
150  
(58.60)  
104  
(40.60)  
2
0
0
doing various activities  
Doing activities under  
assigned tasks  
. Use team work for solving  
problems  
(0.80)  
(0.00)  
(0.00)  
4
.
125  
(48.80)  
122  
(47.70)  
9
0
0
(3.50)  
(0.00)  
(0.00)  
5
107  
(41.80)  
142  
(55.50)  
7
0
0
High  
(2.70)  
(0.00)  
(0.00)  
6
. Put the importance on doing  
125  
(48.80)  
116  
(45.30)  
15  
(5.90)  
0
0
High  
4.43  
0.60  
activities to achieve the goals  
(0.00)  
(0.00)  
7
. Always express opinions about  
142  
(55.50)  
108  
(42.20)  
6
0
0
4
4
.53  
.43  
0.55  
0.55  
Highest  
High  
doing activities  
(2.30)  
(0.00)  
(0.00)  
8
. Willing to join various activities  
117  
(45.70)  
132  
(51.60)  
7
0
0
of the community  
(2.70)  
(0.00)  
(0.00)  
9
. Assist Other members if they  
131  
(51.20)  
121  
(47.30)  
4
0
0
4.50  
0.53  
Highest  
cannot do a particular activity  
(1.50)  
(0.00)  
(0.00)  
1
24  
113  
(44.10)  
19  
(7.50)  
0
0
1
0. Do not divide into factions  
4.41  
0.63  
High  
(
48.40)  
(0.00)  
(0.00)  
Total  
4.49  
0.55  
High  
Table 2: Participation in group activities or with other organizations  
Level of the participation  
Participation in group activities or  
with other organizations  
풙̅  
SD  
Description  
Highest  
High  
Moderate  
Low  
Lowest  
1
.
Group member always  
8
8
165  
(64.50)  
3
0
0
change knowledge with other  
community enterprise  
4.33  
0.50  
0.54  
0.53  
0.60  
High  
(
34.30)  
(1.20)  
(0.00) (0.00)  
2
.
Group members exchange  
1
36  
115  
(44.90)  
5
0
0
new body of knowledge with other  
government agencies  
4.51  
4.59  
4.48  
Highest  
Highest  
High  
(
53.10)  
(2.00)  
(0.00) (0.00)  
3
.
Group member discuss  
1
56  
95  
(37.10)  
5
0
0
about problems and guidelines for  
solving the problems  
(
60.90)  
(2.00)  
(0.00) (0.00)  
4
.
Group members talk about  
1
38  
104  
(40.60)  
14  
(5.50)  
0
0
the coordination in new product  
development with other organization  
(
53.90)  
(0.00) (0.00)  
5
.
Group members send  
1
39  
110  
(43.00)  
7
0
0
representatives to join activities with  
other community enterprise  
Total  
4.52  
0.55  
Highest  
(
54.30)  
(2.70)  
(0.00) (0.00)  
4.49  
0.54  
High  
4
.4 Success level of Chiwavitee community enterprise group  
As a whole, this community enterprise group was successful  
4.5 Participation in managerial administration of the  
community enterprise group members  
at a high level ) 풙̅ = 3.87). Social success was found at the highest  
level and by economic success was found at the moderate level.  
As a whole, participation in managerial administration of the  
community enterprise group members was found at the highest  
level ) 풙̅ = 4.53). All aspects of participation were found at the  
highest level as shown in Table 4.  
1613  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1611-1617  
4
.6 Rationale factors having an effect on participation in  
managerialadministration of the community enterprise group  
members  
decision-making so that the members would be able to  
expression opinions.  
4
.6.1 Participation decision-making  
The following were found to have a statistically significant  
4.6.2 Rationale factors having an effect on participation in  
operation  
relationship with decision-making: educational attainment,  
data/information perception on marketing of the community  
enterprise group members had a high level of a relationship with  
decision-making (Table 5). Therefore, executives of the  
community enterprise group should put more importance on  
There were 6 factors that had a statistically significant  
relationship with participation in managerial administrations of  
the community enterprise group members: sex, educational  
attainment, data/information perception on marketing of the  
community enterprise group, and participation in group  
activities or with other organizations (Table 6).  
Table 3: Sustainable success  
Sustainable success  
Social success  
Economic success  
Environmental success  
Total  
풙̅  
S.D.  
0.46  
0.55  
0.73  
0.58  
Description  
Highest  
Moderate  
High  
4.55  
2.80  
4.25  
3.87  
High  
Table 4: Participation in managerial administration of the community enterprise group members  
Participation in managerial administration of the community enterprise  
풙̅  
S.D.  
Description  
group members  
Decision-making  
Operation  
Benefit sharing  
Assessment  
Total  
4.58  
4.49  
4.51  
4.54  
4.53  
0.52  
0.58  
0.56  
0.56  
0.56  
Highest  
High  
Highest  
Highest  
Highest  
Table 5: Rationale factors having an effect on decision-making  
Participation in decision-making  
Variable  
Chi-square  
9.188  
14.838  
52.677**  
24.681  
43.242**  
96.923**  
49.096*  
2.814  
Sig.  
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Sex  
Age  
0.057  
0.250  
0.000  
0.076  
0.000  
0.000  
0.008  
0.945  
0.795  
0.954  
0.827  
Educational attainment  
Main occupation  
Data/information perception on marketing of the community enterprise group  
Attachment of the community enterprise group  
Participation in group activities or with other organizations  
Social success  
Economic success  
Environmental success  
Whole success  
14.667  
7.819  
90.381  
Table 6: Rationale factors having an effect on participation in operation  
Participation in operation  
Variable  
Chi-square  
21.009*  
44.504  
85.198*  
47.360  
29.222*  
200.496**  
133.347*  
31.586  
Sig.  
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Sex  
Age  
0.033  
0.087  
0.006  
0.337  
0.002  
0.000  
0.008  
0.085  
0.903  
0.528  
0.974  
Educational attainment  
Main occupation  
Data/information perception on marketing of the community enterprise group  
Attachment of the community enterprise group  
Participation in group activities or with other organizations  
Social success  
Economic success  
Environmental success  
Whole success  
41.889  
42.686  
241.513  
1614  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1611-1617  
4
.6.3 Rationale factors having an effect on participation in  
benefit sharing  
5 Findings and Discussion  
There were 5 rationale variables that had a statistically  
significant relationship at a high level with participation in  
benefit sharing: main occupation, sex, educational attainment,  
data/information perception on marketing of the community  
enterprise group members (Table 7). It can be observed that  
main occupation and participation in group activities or with  
other organizations were important motivations to make the  
members participate in benefit sharing.  
According to results of the study, it was found that most of  
the community enterprise group members were female. They  
were assigned to manage the product manufacturing process;  
meanwhile the male group members were in charge of the  
workforce sector of this community enterprise group. However,  
this did not conform to a study by Poung-ngamchuen and  
Namvises [6]. They had conducted a study on local community  
participation in community enterprise forest management and  
found that most people participating in this program were male.  
Likewise, a study [7] found that most farmers who grew maize  
for animal feed were male. However, it can be observed that  
men mostly participate in agricultural activities rather than  
women. Regarding the attachment of Chiwavitee community  
enterprise group members, it was found at a high level because  
they were born and lived in the same community. This  
conformed to a study [6] which found that people participating  
in community forest management had a high level of attachment  
and unity. This implies that they had a positive attitude to one  
another, so they could do teamwork-based tasks more  
successfully. However, results of a study [8] showed that people  
living in community put importance on the increase in quality of  
life and tried to live in a new, better place. In the case of the  
participation in group activities on with other organization, it  
was found at a high level.  
4
.6.4 Rationale factors having an effect on participation in  
assessment  
There were 4 rationale factors that had a high level of  
statistically significant relationship with participation in  
assessment: age, educational attainment, attachment of the  
community enterprise members, and participation in group  
activities or with other organizations (Table 8).  
4
.6.5 Rationale factors having an effect on participation in  
managerialadministration of the community enterprise group  
members  
There were 7 rationale factors that had a high level of  
statistically significant relationship with participation in  
managerial administration of the community enterprise group  
members: educational attainment, attachment of the community  
enterprise group members, participation in group activities or  
with other organizations as shown in Table 9.  
Table 7: Rationale factors having an effect on participation in benefit sharing  
Participation in benefit sharing  
Variable  
Chi-square  
15.669*  
19.913  
59.777*  
65.035**  
21.241*  
146.184*  
127.240**  
8.843  
Sig.  
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Sex  
Age  
0.047  
0.702  
0.023  
0.000  
0.007  
0.001  
0.000  
0.920  
0.523  
0.815  
0.976  
Educational attainment  
Main occupation  
Data/information perception on marketing of the community enterprise group  
Attachment of the community enterprise group  
Participation in group activities or with other organizations  
Social success  
Economic success  
Environmental success  
Whole success  
38.823  
24.778  
169.570  
Table 8: Rationale factors having an effect on participation in assessment  
Participation in assessment  
Variable  
Chi-square  
13.207  
41.793*  
61.996*  
31.505  
Sig.  
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Sex  
Age  
0.105  
0.014  
0.014  
0.491  
0.089  
0.043  
0.009  
0.204  
0.305  
0.130  
0.968  
Educational attainment  
Main occupation  
Data/information perception on marketing of the community enterprise group  
Attachment of the community enterprise group  
Participation in group activities or with other organizations  
Social success  
13.729  
121.032*  
83.866*  
20.360  
44.035  
41.120  
Economic success  
Environmental success  
Whole success  
171.926  
1615  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1611-1617  
Table 9: Rationale factors having an effect on participation in managerial administration of the community enterprise group members  
Participation in managerial administration  
Variable  
Chi-square  
Sig.  
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Sex  
Age  
151.684*  
453.925*  
762.232**  
599.314*  
161.671*  
1814.300**  
1219.128**  
237.839  
0.046  
0.002  
0.000  
0.001  
0.013  
0.000  
0.000  
0.667  
0.837  
0.917  
1.000  
Educational attainment  
Main occupation  
Data/information perception on marketing of the community enterprise group  
Attachment of the community enterprise group  
Participation in group activities or with other organizations  
Social success  
Economic success  
Environmental success  
Whole success  
585.417  
453.051  
2889.283  
This implies that giving community enterprise group  
Nan province had 11 sub-factors: sex, age, educational  
attainment, main occupation, data/information perception on  
marketing of the community enterprise group, attachment of the  
community enterprise group, participation in group activities or  
with other organizations, social success, economic success,  
environmental success, and whole success. Results of the study  
reveal that there were 4 main factors having an effect on the  
participation in managerial administration of Chiwavitee  
community enterprise group: 1) educational attainment, 2)  
data/information perception on marketing of the community  
enterprise group, 3) attachment of the community enterprise  
group, and 4) participation in group activities or with other  
organizations. Regarding the participation in managerial  
administration in terms of operation, 5 main rationale factors  
were found: sex, educational attainment, data/ information  
perception on marketing of the community enterprise group,  
attachment, and participation in group activities or with other  
organizations. In terms of benefit sharing, the following 6  
rationale factors were found: sex, educational attainment, main  
occupation, data/information perception on marketing,  
attainment, and participation in group activities or with other  
organizations. There were 4 rationale factors having an effect on  
the participation in managerial administration: age, educational  
attainment, attachment, and participation in group activities or  
with other organizations. It could be observed that success  
factors had no effect on the participation of group members in  
all aspects. This implies that all group members were ready to  
participate in the managerial administration of the community  
enterprise group whether the group was successful or not.  
members a chance to do so could encourage them to be more  
confident working with outsiders. In addition, data/information  
perception on marketing of the community enterprise group  
made group members more confident in the stability of the  
community enterprise group. This had an effect on continual  
participation in managerial administration of the community  
enterprise group members. The findings demonstrated that the  
participation in managerial administration and in operation  
shared the highest level of rationale variables. The result did not  
conform to results of a study [9] which found that participation  
in operation of group members as well as planning, benefit  
sharing, monitoring, and assessment were at a low level. This  
can be explained by the fact that members of the Chiwavitee  
community enterprise group put importance on the process of  
managerial administration of their community enterprise group.  
Besides, they also put importance on the participation in  
decision-making and assessment because both were important to  
them to perceive the past operational outcomes which had an  
effect on their benefits gained from the community enterprise  
group.  
Furthermore, there were 3 rationale factors having an effect  
on the participation in managerial administration of the  
community enterprise group members: educational attachment,  
attachment of the group members, and participation in the group  
members or with other organizations. This implies that  
knowledge of group members acquired from education,  
educational trip, and training made the group members confident  
in joining activities with personnel of other organization.  
Besides, attachment and unity of the community enterprise  
group members were the other factors impacting their attention  
in and intention to participate in the managerial administration.  
This conformed to a study [6] which found that attachment  
among group members had a relationship with participation in  
the managerial administration of the community forest. Results  
of this study also support results of a study [10] which found  
that educational attainment had a relationship with people’s  
participation in politics.  
Ethical issue  
Authors are aware of, and comply with, best practice in  
publication ethics specifically with regard to authorship  
(
avoidance of guest authorship), dual submission, and  
manipulation of figures, competing interests and compliance  
with policies on research ethics. Authors adhere to publication  
requirements that submitted work is original and has not been  
published elsewhere in any language.  
6
Conclusions  
Competing interests  
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that  
would prejudice the impartiality of this scientific work.  
The study of rationale factors effecting participation in  
managerial administration of Chiwavitee community enterprise  
group members in Nam Kian sub-district, Phu Phiang district,  
1616  
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques  
2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1611-1617  
Authors’ contribution  
All authors of this study have a complete contribution for  
data collection, data analyses and manuscript writing.  
References  
1
Banchongsiri et al. Development of Small and Micro Community  
Enterprise of Longan Production, Baan Peaw, Samut Sakhon.  
Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University Undergraduate  
Conference Report. 2011: 23.  
2
3
Chareonrat C. Community Development and Local Economy of  
Tambon Nonghai, Muang, Udonthani. Research Report. Udonthani:  
Udon Thani Rajabhat University. 2004: 1.  
Poungngamchuen J, Trirat SS, Rungkawat N. Development of  
Participatory Process on Community Forest Management: The Case  
Study of Bann Tha Pa Pao, Thapladuk, Mae Tha, Lamphun.  
KMUTT Research and Development Journal. 2013;36(2):227-56.  
Poung-ngamchuen J, Trirat SS, Leerattanakorn N. A Study on  
People's Sustainability of Quality of Life in Accordance with  
Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy in Aomkoi District, Chiang  
Mai, Thailand. Journal of Marketing and Management. 2015 Nov  
4
1
;6(2):1.  
5
6
7
8
9
1
Poung-ngamchuen J, Poonnoy P, Buwjoom T. Farmer's readiness  
and needs of cultivating extension of organic animal feed plants for  
organic feed factory in upper northern Thailand. Journal of  
Agricultural Research and Extension. 2016;33(3):35-45.  
Poung-Ngamchuen J, Namvises K. People’s participation in Dong  
Na Tham Community Forest Management Project, Ubon  
Ratchathani, Thailand. Kasetsart Journal Social Sciences.  
2
012;33(3):486-98.  
Poung-ngamchuen J, Poonnoy P. The Possibility of Growing Hemp  
for Reducing Smog Effect from Maize Stover Burning in Northern  
Thailand. Research Report. Chiang Mai: Maejo University.  
2
018:34.  
O'Brien DJ, Hassinger EW. Community Attachment Among  
Leaders in Five Rural Communities 1. Rural Sociology. 1992  
Dec;57(4):521-34.  
831.1992.tb00477.x  
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-  
0
Saiban A, Niwat M. Community Participation of Small and Micro  
Community Enterprise: The Case Study of Integrated Community  
Rice Mill, Tambon Kaikham, Muang, Amnat Charoen. Kean  
Kaset.2014;42(1):548-54.  
0
Pongsiri M, Payomyon P. Political Participation of Community in  
Nonthaburi.  
016;12(3):122.  
SDU Graduate  
School  
Academic  
Journal,  
2
1617