Reforestation by Seedlings and Saplings: Challenges and Solutions

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1408-1415

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

https://doi.org/10.47277/JETT/8(4)1415

Reforestation by Seedlings and Saplings:

Challenges and Solutions

Shegelman I. R. *, Vasilev A. S. , Lukashevich V. M. , Sukhanov Y. V. , Galaktionov O. N. ,

Kuznetsov A. V. , Krupko A. M.

Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Cross-cutting technology and economic security, Petrozavodsk State University (PSU), 33, Lenina pr.,

85910, Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, Russia

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Technologies and organizations of the forest complex, Petrozavodsk State University (PSU), 33,

Lenina pr., 185910, Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, Russia

Doctor of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Technologies and organizations of the forest complex, Petrozavodsk State University (PSU), 33,

Lenina pr., 185910, Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, Russia

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Mathematical Analysis, Petrozavodsk State University (PSU), 33, Lenina pr., 185910,

Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia, Russia

Received: 18/06/2020

Accepted: 18/09/2020

Published: 20/12/2020

Abstract

Despite the urgent need to accelerate the development of intensive forest management and reforestation technologies in Russia, the

problem of creating progressive technologies and techniques to increase the efficiency of reforestation by seedlings and saplings of

forest crops has not been completely resolved, which are serious challenges for accelerated and high-quality reforestation. Of

particular concern is the lack of patented equipment competitive in the domestic and foreign markets for reforestation by seedlings and

saplings of forest crops that can accelerate the creation of highly productive forests. To answer these challenges, it is proposed as a

tool for the synthesis of patentable solutions that increase the efficiency of forest regeneration by seedlings and saplings of forest

crops, to use the knowledge base formed on the basis of patent information search and the author’s methodology of functional,

structural and technological analysis. A classification of the main areas of patenting in this area is proposed. The most characteristic

patented objects of technologies and equipment that can be used as analogues and prototypes for the synthesis and patenting of new

intellectual property for planting seedlings/saplings, as well as business entities patenting in this area, are identified. The effects (goals)

for the achievement of which the technical solutions incorporated in the patents are directed are revealed. Using the generated

knowledge base and the FSTA methodology, a synthesis of new patentable technical solutions has been carried out. Its features and

some results are given on the example of several basic objects of machines and manual devices for planting seedlings/saplings. It is

proved that the application of the proposed methodology to the selected object for improving the processes of planting

seedlings/saplings is effective, which is confirmed by the development and patenting of fundamentally new technical solutions for

equipping forest regeneration with seedlings and saplings of forest crops.

Keywords: Forest regeneration, Forest crops, Seedling, Sapling, Patent, Synthesis of patentable solutions, Functional, Structural and

technological analysis

Introduction¹

level of such decisions is the patenting by researchers and

developers of the results of their intellectual property. It can

be stated that the lack of efficiency in the creation and

intensive implementation of advanced technologies and

equipment in Russia to increase the efficiency of forest

regeneration by seedlings and saplings of forest crops are

serious challenges for the formulation and implementation of

strategies for forestry regions aimed at solving the problems

of intensive forest management with accelerated and high-

quality restoration of Russian forests. Of particular concern is

the lack of patented technology that is competitive in the

domestic and foreign markets for reforestation by seedlings

and saplings of forest crops. Therefore, the reason is that

developers and inventors must take into account the fact that

different technologies and equipment have their own specific

advantages, as well as serious shortcomings that impede the

realization of the scientific and technological potential

inherent in the design. The answer to these challenges is the

qualitative elimination of these shortcomings, which requires

developers and inventors of spasmodic technological and

technical solutions in the field of forest restoration by

seedlings/saplings. All this necessitates the search for an

An analysis of the state of the forest complex of the

Russian Federation shows that as a result of a long period of

extensive exploitation of the forests of the timber industrial

regions of Russia (Arkhangelsk, Irkutsk, Kirov regions, the

Republic of Komi, the Republic of Karelia, etc.), the potential

of the country's colossal forest resources is used inefficiently.

Despite the serious scientific backlog of researchers on

technologies and techniques for reforestation, the problem of

creating progressive technologies and techniques to improve

the efficiency of reforestation by seedlings and saplings of

forest crops has not been completely resolved. Different

technologies and equipment have their own certain not only

advantages, but also disadvantages, the qualitative elimination

of which requires spasmodic technological and technical

solutions. One of the most important factors confirming the

Corresponding author: Shegelman I. R., Doctor of

Technical Sciences, Professor, Cross-cutting technology and

economic security, Petrozavodsk State University (PSU), 33,

Lenina pr., 185910, Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia,

Russia. E-mail: education.com.ru@gmail.com

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2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1408-1415

effective methodology to solve the problem of synthesizing

patentable solutions that increase the efficiency of forest

regeneration by seedlings and saplings of forest crops. In this

regard, the authors are tasked with proving that such a

methodology may be a methodology for forming a patent-

forest

restoration

with

large

planting

material

(seedlings/saplings), this situation is a serious challenge. A

challenge is that developers and inventors must take into

account the fact that various technologies and equipment have

their own specific advantages, as well as serious

disadvantages that impede the realization of the scientific and

technical potential inherent in the design. High-quality

elimination of deficiencies requires step-by-step technological

and technical solutions in the field of forest restoration by

seedlings/saplings from developers and inventors. It seems to

us that one of the most important factors confirming the level

of such decisions is the patenting by researchers and

developers of the results of their intellectual property. In this

regard, based on research in the field of analysis and synthesis

of patent-capable objects of engineering and technology [22,

information search and using

a knowledge base in

combination with the author’s methodology of functional-

structural-technological analysis.

Literature Review

The Russian Federation has enormous forest resources,

but is inferior to a number of foreign countries (Finland,

Sweden, and Canada) in the field of indicators characterizing

rational forest management. This situation has been

aggravated by long-term logging based on extensive forest

exploitation in multi-forest regions of the country [1, 2]. In

this regard, scientific research in the field of forest cultivation

has been intensified in the country [3-7], forest seed

development [8], forest genetics and selection [9]. An

important place among these works is occupied in the field of

creating forest crops [10-12], aimed at creating artificial forest

crops for the formation of forests with increased productivity

and rational commodity structure of stands. The issues of

mechanization of reforestation works, including planting of

forest cultures, are rather widely considered in Asmolovsky

M.K., Bartenev I.M. and Yudin R.V., Dornyak O.R.,

Drapalyuk M.V., Kazakov I.V. and Orudzhov E.S., Druchinin

D.Yu. and Drapalyuk M.V., Popikov P.I., Sungurova N.R.,

Titov P.I., Shavkov M.V. [13-20].

Many publications describe machines for planting

seedlings/saplings in forestry machines equipped with support

wheels, a towing device, a coulter, seeding tools, a seat for the

planter and a capacity for seedlings, as well as manual and

mechanized hole-forming machines (the term “often refers to

digger”) for the preparation of planting pits and for planting

large seedlings in clearings, green areas, when laying

nurseries [21]. The latter, based on the principle of operation,

are based on penetration into the ground by impact or drilling.

An analysis of the state of the forest complex of the Russian

Federation shows that, as a result of a long period of extensive

exploitation of the forests of the timber industry regions of

Russia (Arkhangelsk, Irkutsk, Kirov regions, Komi Republic,

the Republic of Karelia, etc.), the potential of the country's

colossal forest resources is used inefficiently. This is

confirmed by the data on the development of the forest

complex of Russia until 2030, approved by the Government of

Russia on 20.09.2018, on low removals of wood per unit area

of production forests, on insufficient forest restoration

efficiency, high loss of forest crops, and the process of

replacing conifers with deciduous trees. The share of areas

restored by forest crops is significantly lower than in foreign

countries. Russian scientists conducted serious long-term

scientific research on the problem under consideration.

However, it can be stated that despite the serious scientific

backlog of researchers on technologies and techniques for

reforestation, the problem of creating advanced technologies

and techniques for improving the efficiency of forest

regeneration by seedlings and saplings of forest crops has not

been completely resolved.

3], we put forward the hypothesis that the tool for solving the

synthesis of patentable solutions that increase the efficiency of

forest regeneration by seedlings and saplings of forest crops

can be the formation on the basis of patent information search

and the use of a knowledge base, as well as an author’s

methodology technological analysis.

3 Materials and Methods

In carrying out this work, technologies and equipment for

reforestation of seedlings and saplings of forest crops were

considered as objects for the analysis and synthesis of new

solutions. The following abbreviations are used in this work:



Voronezh State Forestry Engineering Academy - VSFEA;

Voronezh State University– VSU;

All-Russian Scientific Research Agroforestry Institute -

ARSRAI;



All-Russian Research Institute of Forestry and Forestry

Mechanization –ARRIFFM;



Irkutsk State Transport University - ISTU;

Karelian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of

Sciences - KSCRAS;



Michurinsky State Agrarian University - MSAU;

Moscow State Forest University - MSFU;

Petrozavodsk State University - PetrSU;

Volga State Technological University - VSAA:

Primorsky State Agricultural Academy - PSAA;

Creative innovative enterprise “Novator”

Novator”;

Pacific State University - PSU;

CIE

“



Federal Scientific Center for Agroecology, Integrated

Land Reclamation, and Protective Afforestation - Federal

Scientific Center AILRPA.

According to the methodology of work, the task was set of

sequentially performing the following stages of work:

1. Collection and analysis of information in the field of the

state of the problem in the field of creation of technologies

and equipment for forest regeneration by seedlings and

saplings of forest crops. As materials at this stage of the work,

published materials of Russian scientists were used, which are

contained in articles, materials of dissertation research,

monographs.

Particular attention was paid to the analysis of materials

contained in the dissertations of Russian scientists:

Of particular concern is the lack of patented equipment for

forest regeneration by seedlings and saplings of forest crops,

which is competitive in the domestic and foreign markets.

Serious losses occurred during the perestroika period when

sectoral forest science was seriously destroyed in Russia and

Russian forestry engineering suffered serious losses. For

researchers, developers and inventors of advanced forest

technologies and equipment, including as shown below, for



Bobushkina S.V. [10]. The intensity of growth and

development of pine seedlings with a closed root

system under different growing conditions for

reforestation in the Arkhangelsk region;

Boyko T.A. [3]. Features of mycorrhiza formation

and growth of coniferous seedlings in forest

nurseries of the Perm Territory;



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2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1408-1415



Gavrilova O.I. [11]. Reforestation and coniferous

forest productivity of the Republic of Karelia;

Popikov P.I. [17]. Work processes of forestry

machines with hydraulic drive;

Posmetiev V.I. [24]. Fundamentals of improving the

protection of forest soil-processing implements from

overloads;

Sokolov A.I. [12]. Ecological and silvicultural

basics of creating forest crops on unforested felling

with littered soils of the Northwest taiga zone;

Sungurova N.R. [18]. Theory and practice of

artificial reforestation in the north of the Russian

Plain;

Titov P.I. [19]. Improving the technological process

and the design of a forest planting machine for

nurseries;

4 Results and Discussion

When forming the knowledge base using the patent

information fund, Russian patents for inventions and utility

models were grouped as follows.

Patents aimed at improving the planting processes of

seedlings/saplings of forest crops with the continuous

movement of forest machines. VSFEA has patented a machine

for planting seedlings with a closed root system [25], which

includes a frame, hoppers for charged and used cassettes,

support wheels, compacting rollers, a coulter, and a seedling

feeding mechanism. The achieved effect of using the patented

design is to increase the reliability, planting quality and

survival rate of forest crops. Another patented VSFEA design



[26] is intended for planting seedlings/saplings on ravine-

beam and mountain slopes. The achieved effect is the

exclusion of removal of the upper fertile soil layer from the

planting zone of seedlings/saplings, improving the quality of

planting and improving working conditions of planters. VSU

also patented a machine [27] for planting seedlings with a

closed root system. The achieved effect is the provision of

high-quality planting of seedlings/saplings with a closed root

system. The design features of the forest planting machine,

patented by the Federal Research Center AILKPA [28], are

aimed at simplifying its design, reducing traction resistance

and increasing the survival rate of seedlings. Pacific State

University has patented a planting machine seeding tool [29],

which improves the quality of planting root roots and

increases labor productivity. The patented design of the

machine [30] by ARRIFFM ensures an increase in the quality

of planting seedlings with a closed root system, simplifies the

design of the machine, improves its performance and

performance when working on cuttings. A similar effect can

be achieved by another ARRIFFM patented machine [31] by

providing the necessary planting depth, the required degree of

root fixation during operation, simplifying the design of the

machine, increasing its reliability, operability and quality of

landing on fresh felling. Among the machines of this class,

one can distinguish a technical solution patented by ARSRAI

on a machine for planting seedlings/saplings of tree and shrub

species with enhanced functionality [32]. Thanks to new

features, this machine performs additional technological

operations during planting, introducing a hydrogel through the

cavity in the coulter to the root system of seedlings/saplings

and a binder liquid on the soil surface. The achieved effect is

an increase in the survival rate of seedlings/saplings, ensuring

their accelerated growth in severe climatic conditions of arid

regions.

Shavkov M.V. [20]. Justification of the parameters

of the combined opener of the planting machine.

The analysis showed that in spite of a serious scientific

foundation in the studied area, the work of scientists is often

exploratory in nature and is carried out without close

interaction with the enterprises of forestry engineering. In this

regard, the accelerated creation of innovative technologies

based on patentable solutions is required for the effective

regeneration of forests by seedlings and saplings of forest

crops for their subsequent commercialization together with

industrial partners.

. The hypothesis that the synthesis of effective patentable

solutions that increase the efficiency of forest regeneration by

seedlings and saplings can be the formation and use of the

knowledge base and the author's methodology of functional-

structural-technological analysis “FSTA”.

. Formation of the knowledge base in the field using the

patent information fund of the Federal Institute of Industrial

Property (FIIP).

. The selection of specific basic objects (analogues and

prototypes) that require improvement using the FSTA

methodology;

. Synthesis using the generated knowledge base and the

FSTA methodology of new technical solutions.

When implementing the “FSTA” methodology, information is

structured and carefully studied regarding the basic facility, in

relation to which it is planned to find a new technical solution

for its improvement. At the same time, they are thoroughly

comprehensively studied and the closest analogues and

prototypes identified.

Based on the functional analysis of “FA”, the functions

realized by the basic object and the possibilities of their

development, supplementing with new functions, combining

and diluting functions in space and time are studied.

Using the structural analysis “STA”, the structure of the base

object in combination with all its elements is studied; using

the technological analysis “TA”, all operations performed by

the basic and related equipment objects and their elements are

carefully studied. These subtypes of analysis are

recommended to be performed using the “brainstorming”

method.

Patents aimed at improving the planting mechanisms of

machines for planting seedlings and saplings. The patent of

CIE “Novator” RUS No. 174663 [33] belongs to this class;

provides high-quality planting of seedlings and saplings of

tree species with closed and open root systems by maintaining

the integrity of the closure-root of the coma of the plant.

Patents aimed at ensuring the spot planting of seedlings in

areas inaccessible to ground means of mechanization and

humans from the air. This class includes the VSFEA patent

[34], in which the formation of capsules with forest

reproductive material of a certain aerodynamic shape, weight

and strength, with the necessary supply of nutrient, fungicidal

and anti-predatory substances and their discharge from the air

using unmanned aerial vehicles Helicopter, airplane or hybrid

devices. The achieved effect is the provision of reforestation

in the forest areas inaccessible to land means of

mechanization and man.

. Isolation by the method of expert evaluation of the best of

the generated solutions and their patenting.

Patent registration of research results was promoted by many

years of inventive experience of the authors of this work [22,

3].

Patents aimed at improving the processes of cyclic

planting of seedlings using a trolley, including boxes with

seedlings and a hole former, in which seedlings are planted.

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This class includes a series of patents of the VSU. The effects

achieved in this case: according to the patent [35] - increase in

productivity due to the reduction of time for planting the

seedling and the number of workers employed on the toe of

seedlings; according to patent [36] - improving the quality of

planting seedlings, reducing the physical strength of the

worker for forming holes, increasing the productivity of his

labor; according to the patent [37]- improving the quality of

work and productivity of the preparation of holes; according

to the patent [36] - reduction of the physical strength of the

worker during the formation of holes increasing the

productivity of his labor.

The achieved effect is an increase in productivity due to

combining in one machine the operations of cutting trees and

planting seedlings.

Patents aimed at improving the processes of formation of

holes for planting seedlings/saplings of forest crops with a

machine, followed by manual planting in the holes of

seedlings/saplings. The PetrSU patent belongs to this class

[51]. Work on the construction of this class of machines was

begun in 1973 at the Leningrad Forestry Academy, then in

PetrSU in the last century L-1, L-2, L-2U hole-forming

machines were developed and manufactured, which later did

not find application.

Patents aimed at using the physical effects that affect

forest seeds to accelerate the growth of seedlings. This class

includes patents of the Institute of Plant Physiology named

after K.A. Timiryazeva [38], aimed at obtaining high-quality

seedlings with a large mass, developed root system and aerial

parts in a shorter time; Voronezh State University patent [39],

which increases the germination energy and seed germination

after prolonged dry storage to obtain seedlings of high

viability; patent of LLC “Siledia” [40], accelerating and

increasing the percentage of germination, seed germination

energy and the speed of obtaining planting material; patent of

Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of

Sciences [41], which increases the germination of pine seeds,

germination energy, mass of seedlings and the diameter of the

root neck.

Patents aimed at improving the processes of cutting the

roots of seedlings and saplings of forest crops. This class

includes patented VSFEA [42, 43] and ARRIFFM [44]

technical solutions. The effect achieved through their use is to

increase the efficiency and quality of pruning the roots of

seedlings and saplings of forest crops with different root

systems, and reduce labor costs for growing large-sized

planting material without re-cultivation.

Patents aimed at improving the processes of planting

seedlings using hand tools and mechanisms. Typical of this

class of patents are the patent of the Training and Experienced

Sabinsky Leskhoz [45], aimed at reducing the efforts of

introducing the sword into the soil and creating a clear

footprint, and the patent of the VSU [46], aimed at increasing

productivity and quality of work when preparing holes for

account for providing a fixed landing pitch.

Patents aimed at improving the processes of digging

seedlings/saplings with a lump of soil in nurseries and under

the forest canopy for subsequent transplantation. VSFEA has

patented a machine for digging seedlings with a lump of soil

Patents aimed at preparing planting holes in a machine by

drilling soil. The VSFEA patent [52] belongs to this class.

The achieved effect is an increase in the quality of work, labor

productivity, and a reduction in the time and material

resources spent on preparing landing holes.

Patents aimed at improving reforestation processes using

seedlings on mountain slopes. This class includes [53].

Thus, the analysis of the knowledge base allowed us to

propose a classification of the main areas of patenting in this

area, confirming it with some inventions and utility models

patented in Russia. Among these areas:



Improving the planting processes of seedlings/saplings of

forest crops with the continuous movement of forest

mashi;



Improving the landing mechanisms of machines for

planting seedlings and saplings;

Ensuring the spot planting of seedlings in areas

inaccessible to ground means of mechanization and man

from the air;



Improving the processes of cyclic planting of seedlings

using a mobile trolley;

Use of physical effects affecting forest seeds to accelerate

the growth of seedlings;

Improving the processes of cutting the roots of seedlings

and saplings of forest crops;

Improving the processes of planting seedlings using hand

tools and mechanisms;

Improving the processes of digging seedlings/saplings

with a lump of soil in nurseries and under the forest

canopy for subsequent transplantation;



Improving the planting processes of seedlings of forest

crops in the area of radioactive contamination;

Development of machines combining tree felling and

planting seedlings;

Improvement of the processes of formation of holes for

planting seedlings/saplings of forest crops by machine and

manual planting;

[47], which provides improved quality and efficiency of

digging planting material. MSAU No. 194500, [48] patented

yet another machine for digging seedlings. The achieved

effect is an improvement in the quality of work performed and



Preparation of planting holes by machine by drilling the

soil;

Improvement of reforestation processes using seedlings on

mountain slopes.

In the formation of the knowledge base, special attention

was paid to the effects (goals) to achieve which the

technical solutions incorporated in the patents are

directed. We single out the main ones:

reduction in the energy consumption of seedlings

excavation.

Patents aimed at improving the planting processes of

seedlings of forest crops in the zone of radioactive

contamination. The MSFU patent belongs to this class [49].

According to this method, seedlings are grown in a fertile

substrate reinforced with a water-soluble film. The substrate is

frozen, and seedlings with a closed root system are planted by

dropping them from the aircraft into moist soil after

snowmelt. The method provides for planting seedlings of

conifers in the zone of radioactive contamination.

Patents aimed at developing machines that combine

felling and planting seedlings. The patent of the Pacific State

University [50] belongs to this class, the gripping-cutting

device of which ensures the collapse of the stump parts in

different directions, freeing up space for planting seedlings.



Ensuring high quality planting of seedlings/saplings;

Increase the survival rate of seedlings/saplings;

Improving the quality of rooting seedlings/saplings;

Ensuring the necessary landing depth and the required

degree of incorporation of the root system;

Exclusion of removal of the upper fertile soil layer from

the planting zone of seedlings/saplings;



Improving the working conditions of planting workers;

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

Simplification of structures and increasing the reliability

is affected by the cutting elements of the rotating working

body, increasing the productivity and ease of operation of the

forest the bottom machine, which forms a landing slot in the

soil with gap-cutter with a coulter, due to the mechanization

of the destruction of the shaft from the vegetation (roots,

fallen branches, grass, etc.) collected before the slit.

seedlings/saplings,

performance when working on clearings;

machinery

and

increasing

equipment

for

planting

operational

their



Expanding the functionality of machines and equipment

for planting seedlings/saplings;

Provision of reforestation in inaccessible to land means of

mechanization and human forest areas;

Increasing productivity by reducing the time for planting

seedlings/saplings and the number of workers employed

on the toe of seedlings;

Increase in labor productivity, reduction of time and

material resources;

For the synthesis of the new solution, one more basic

object was chosen - the method of planting material landing

by a machine, with a loading platform, a manipulator and a

planting device. According to this method, a cutting machine

forms landing holes and places seedlings/saplings in them.

The synthesis goal was formulated - to increase productivity,

reduce energy costs, negative impact on the soil when

planting material. In the new method [55], a set of cassettes

with planting devices is formed on the machine platform.

After landing of planting material from one cassette, the

manipulator places it on a platform or on the ground, then

another is taken and the cycle repeats. An increase in work

productivity and a reduction in energy consumption is

achieved due to the fact that when forming a set of cassettes

with planting material on the machine platform, the number of

flights to the loading area for the next batch of planting

material is reduced. Reducing the number of passes of the

machine through the fibers reduces the negative impact on the

soil. Since the cassettes with planting material are laid on the

platform, for the implementation of the method and you can

use logging machines with manipulators in the compressed

period of forest planting.

As another basic option, the well-known device for

manual planting of seedlings/saplings was selected, including

a casing pipe open at the upper and lower ends, in the upper

part of which there are mounted handles and a guide cone, in

the lower part there is a foot stop and a fixed cheek, to which

with the formation of a wedge-shaped knife, a rotary cheek

with a pedal is attached. One of the options for this design was

patented by the company Lännen tehtaat Oy [56]. Based on

the analysis of the known construction, the goal was

formulated - to ensure that the required distance between the

planting holes and uniform distribution of holes for

seedlings/saplings was maintained. In the modernized design,

the hollow body is equipped with an indicator of the landing

site, including a base with a mechanism for fixing it on the

hollow body and a measuring scale for setting the seating

standard, a laser direction indicator mounted on the base with

the ability to change the vertical installation angle and

equipped with a battery, and at least one hydro level for

determining verticality. A patent was obtained for the

developed design of PetrSU [57]. In addition to the said

patent, the authors developed and patented 7 more technical

solutions for hand tools for planting seedlings/saplings in the

name of PetrSU (Russian patents No. 148183; No. 148208;

No. 157494; No. 160520; No. 161354; No. 162811, No.



Ensuring the planting of seedlings/saplings in forest areas

inaccessible to ground means of mechanization and man

and in zones of radioactive contamination.

Using the above database, a synthesis of patentable technical

solutions has been carried out. We give its features and some

results.

Consider the goal of the synthesis of a new technical

solution - to expand the functionality of a forest planting

machine when working on felling areas for use in forestry,

namely for planting large seedlings and saplings grown in the

sowing department up to 3-4 years of age with root cutting,

without manual setting fresh clearings without soil

preparation. The closest in essence and taken as a prototype is

a method of reforestation using a forest planting machine for

planting seedlings and saplings on clearings. Description of

the patent for the invention [54], including a frame made in

the form of pivotally connected front and rear sections,

support wheels, gap-cutter, opener and closing working bodies

in the form of disks. This method includes moving the forest

planting machine behind the base tractor, forming a landing

gap in the ground with gap-cutter with a coulter, laying

planting material in the planting gap, and sealing the root

system of planting material with soil. The disadvantages of

the known method were revealed: the complexity of its

implementation and low productivity, since a shaft of

vegetation (roots, fallen branches, grass, etc.) accumulates in

front of the gap-cutter with the opener during the operation of

the machine, which in turn requires periodic stopping of the

machine and a time-consuming manual operation to remove

the shaft formed before the crevice with the coulter from the

vegetation, which impedes the movement of the machine and

prevents the coulter from forming the furrow properly.

The concept of expanding the functionality of the forest

planting machine while working on clear-cutting operations

was based on the ideology that new functionality should

provide increased productivity and ease of operation of the

forest planting machine, which forms a planting gap in the soil

with a slotted opener. At the same time, the option of

increasing functional capabilities was chosen due to the fact

that with the continuous movement of the base tractor of the

forest planting machine, it is necessary to ensure the

destruction of the shaft formed in front of it from vegetation

63771). Thus, the application of the proposed methodology

to the selected object for improvement allowed the authors to

develop and patent 10 new technical solutions for the

equipment of forest regeneration by seedlings and saplings of

forest crops.

(roots, fragments of boughs, fallen branches, grass, etc.) that

is collected before the gap-cutter.

To implement the concept, when forming a landing slit,

vegetation is simultaneously cut off above the earth's surface

in front of the slit with a working body of a mul-black type

with cutting elements. At the same time, the shaft from the

vegetation that collects before the gap-cutter with the coulter

is exposed to the cutting elements of the rotating working

body, and they are crushed. Due to the fact that

simultaneously with the formation of the landing slit,

vegetation is cut off above the ground surface before the slit,

and the vegetation that gathers before the slit with the coulter

Conclusions

An analysis of the state of the forest complex of the

Russian Federation shows that, as a result of a long period of

extensive exploitation of the forests of the timber industry

regions of Russia (Arkhangelsk, Irkutsk, Kirov regions, Komi

Republic, the Republic of Karelia, etc.), the potential of the

country's colossal forest resources is used inefficiently.

Russian scientists conducted serious long-term scientific

research on this issue. Despite the serious scientific backlog of

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1408-1415

researchers of technologies and techniques for reforestation,

the problem of creating progressive technologies and

techniques to increase the efficiency of reforestation by

seedlings and saplings of forest crops has not been finally

resolved. Of particular concern is the lack of patented

equipment for forest regeneration by seedlings and saplings of

forest crops, which is competitive in the domestic and foreign

markets. Serious losses occurred during the perestroika period

when sectoral forest science was seriously destroyed in Russia

and Russian forestry engineering suffered serious losses. For

the creators of forest technologies and equipment, including

for forest restoration with large-planting material

Synthesis using the generated knowledge base and the FSTA

methodology of new technical solutions. 6) Isolation by the

method of expert evaluation of the best generated solutions

and their patenting. In the formation of the knowledge base,

special attention was paid to identifying effects (goals) to

achieve which the technical solutions incorporated in the

patents are directed. The main ones were identified: ensuring

high quality planting of seedlings/saplings; increase the

survival rate of seedlings/saplings; improving the quality of

embedding the roots of seedlings/saplings; providing the

necessary depth of landing and the required degree of

incorporation of the root system; the exception of the removal

of the upper fertile soil layer from the planting zone of

seedlings/saplings; improving working conditions for planting

workers; simplification of structures and increasing the

reliability of machines and equipment for planting

seedlings/saplings, increasing their operational performance

when working on clearings; expanding the functionality of

machines and equipment for planting seedlings/saplings;

provision of reforestation in forest areas inaccessible to land

means of mechanization and man; increasing productivity by

reducing the time for planting seedlings/saplings and the

number of workers employed on the toe of seedlings; increase

in labor productivity, reduction of time and material

resources; ensuring planting of seedlings/saplings in forest

areas inaccessible to ground means of mechanization and man

and in zones of radioactive contamination. Based on the

analysis of the knowledge base, a classification of the main

areas of patenting was developed in the field of technologies

and equipment for reforestation by seedlings and saplings of

forest crops in this area: improvement of planting processes of

seedlings/saplings of forest crops with continuous movement

of forest mash; improving the landing mechanisms of

machines for planting seedlings/saplings; ensuring the spot

planting of seedlings in areas inaccessible to ground means of

mechanization and human life from the air; improving the

processes of cyclic planting of seedlings using a mobile

trolley; the use of physical effects affecting forest seeds to

accelerate the growth of seedlings; improving the processes of

cutting the roots of seedlings and saplings of forest crops;

improvement of the processes of planting seedlings using

hand tools and mechanisms; improving the processes of

digging seedlings/saplings with a lump of soil in the nursery

and under the forest canopy for subsequent transplantation;

improvement of the processes of planting seedlings of forest

crops in the zone of radioactive contamination; development

of machines combining tree felling and planting seedlings;

improvement of the processes of the formation of holes for

planting seedlings/saplings of forest crops by machine and

manual planting in the holes of seedlings/saplings; preparation

of planting holes by machine by drilling the soil; improvement

of reforestation processes using seedlings on mountain slopes.

During the formation of the knowledge base, the most

characteristic patented technology and technology objects

were identified that can be used as analogues and prototypes

for the synthesis and patenting of new intellectual property

objects for planting seedlings/saplings, as well as business

entities conducting patenting in this area. Using the generated

knowledge base and the FSTA methodology, a synthesis of

new patentable technical solutions has been carried out. We

give its features and some results on the example of several

basic objects of machines and manual devices for planting

seedlings/saplings. It is proved that the application of the

proposed methodology to the selected object for improving

the planting processes of seedlings/saplings is effective, which

is confirmed by the development and patenting of

(seedlings/saplings), this situation is a serious challenge. It is

also a challenge that developers and inventors must take into

account the fact that various technologies and equipment have

their own certain advantages, as well as serious disadvantages

that impede the realization of the scientific and technical

potential inherent in the design. The answer to these

challenges is the qualitative elimination of these

shortcomings, which requires developers and inventors of

spasmodic technological and technical solutions in the field of

forest restoration by seedlings/saplings. It seems to us that one

of the most important factors confirming the level of such

decisions is the patenting by researchers and developers of the

results of their intellectual property. In this regard, based on

research in the field of analysis and synthesis of patent-

capable objects of engineering and technology [22, 23], the

authors hypothesized that the tool for solving the synthesis of

patentable solutions that increase the efficiency of forest

regeneration by seedlings and saplings of forest cultures can

be the formation of a knowledge base and the author’s

methodology structural and technological analysis "FSTA".

When implementing the “FSTA” methodology, information is

structured and carefully studied in relation to the base facility,

for which it is planned to find a new technical solution for its

improvement. At the same time, they are thoroughly

comprehensively studied and the closest analogues and

prototypes identified. Based on the functional analysis “FA”,

the functions realized by the base object and the possibilities

of their development, supplementing with new functions,

combining and diluting functions in space and time are

studied. Using structural analysis “STA”, the structure of the

base object in combination with all its elements is studied,

using the technological analysis “TA”, all operations

performed by the basic and related objects of equipment and

their elements are carefully studied. It is recommended that

these subtypes of analysis be performed using the

brainstorming method. In carrying out this work, technologies

and equipment for reforestation of seedlings and saplings of

forest crops were considered as objects for the analysis and

synthesis of new solutions. According to the methodology of

work, the task was set of sequentially performing the

following stages of work: 1) Collection and analysis of

information in the field of the state of the problem in the field

of creating technologies and equipment for reforestation of

seedlings and saplings of forest crops. As materials at this

stage of the work, published materials of Russian scientists

were used, which are contained in articles, materials of

dissertation research, monographs. 2). The hypothesis that the

synthesis of effective patentable solutions that increase the

efficiency of reforestation by seedlings and saplings can be

the formation and use of the knowledge base and the author’s

methodology of functional-structural-technological analysis

“FSTA”. 3) Formation of a knowledge base in the field under

consideration using the FIPS Patent Information Fund. 4) The

selection of specific basic objects (analogues and prototypes)

that require improvement using the FSTA methodology. 5)

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2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1408-1415

fundamentally new technical solutions for the equipment of

forest regeneration by seedlings and saplings of forest crops.

process of its interaction with the working bodies of the digging

machine. Forestry Journal. 2019;2(34):157-163.

6. Druchinin DYu, Drapalyuk MV. The use of large-sized planting

material in the creation and reconstruction of protective forest

stands. News of the St. Petersburg Forestry Academy.

Ethical issue

Authors are aware of, and comply with, best practice in

publication ethics specifically with regard to authorship

018;223:174-186

7. Popikov PI. Hydraulic Drive Forestry Machinery Workflows.

Voronezh. 2001.

8. Sungurova NR. Theory and practice of artificial reforestation in

the north of the Russian Plain. Arkhangelsk. 2018.

9. Titov PI. Improving the technological process and the design of

a forest planting machine for nurseries. Voronezh. 2006.

0. Shavkov MV. Justification of the parameters of a combined

opener of a forest planting machine.Voronezh. 2013.

21. Vinokurov VN, Silaev GV, Zolotarevsky AA. Machines and

mechanisms of forestry and landscape gardening. Moscow.

(avoidance of guest authorship), dual submission,

manipulation of figures, competing interests and compliance

with policies on research ethics. Authors adhere to publication

requirements that submitted work is original and has not been

published elsewhere in any language.

Competing interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that

would prejudice the impartiality of this scientific work.

004.

2. Vasilev AS, Shegelman IR, Aminov VN, Kameneva EE,

Shchukin PO. Philosophy of technical equipment improvement

as exemplified by a jaw crusher. Indian Journal of Science and

Technology. 2016;9(46):107536-.

Authors’ contribution

All authors of this study have a complete contribution for

data collection, data analyses and manuscript writing.

3. Shegelman IR, Shtykov AS, Vasilev AS, Galaktionov ON,

Kuznetsov AV, Sukhanov YV. Systematic Patent-Information

Search as a Basis for Synthesis of New Objects of Intellectual

Property: Methodology and Findings. International Journal of

innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE).

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