The Sphere of Values and Meaning of a Person and its Role in Professional Formation and Development

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1315-1320

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

https://doi.org/10.47277/JETT/

The Sphere of Values and Meaning of a Person and

its Role in Professional Formation and

Development

Anzhela V. Romanova , Galina S. Goloshumova , Maksim V. Belousov , Alla V. Ignatyeva ,

Zhanna V. Korobanova , Natalia A. Krasheninnikova , Patimat Sh. Alieva

Department of Social, General and Clinical Psychology, Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russian Federation

Department of Pop-Jazz Art, Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, Russian Federation

Institute of Psychology and Education, Russian New University, Moscow, Russian Federation

Department of Decorative Art and Design, Moscow City University, Moscow, Russian Federation

Department of Personnel Management and Psychology, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian

Federation

Department of the English Language for Professional Activities, Ulyanovsk State University, Ulyanovsk, Russian Federation

Department of Humanitarian and Socio-Economic Disciplines, North - Caucasian Institute (Branch) of the All-Russian State University of Justice

(RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia), Makhachkala, Russian Federation

Received: 18/07/2020 Accepted: 03/09/2020 Published: 20/12/2020

Abstract

The current stage of development of Russian society is characterized by rather intense and serious socio-economic, industrial, legal

and spiritual-moral changes. These changes, due to the characteristics of mental development, have the greatest impact on the personality

of young people and their behavior. The paper considers the problem of the value orientation of contemporary youth in Russia. The

psychological characteristics of the person have been determined, in relation to which various value orientations are formed from the

point of view of E. Fromm’s concept, and their role in vocational formation. The authors have proved the integrity, the integration of

the value system with other personality characteristics, as well as the differences in individuals regarding the orientation to “Being” or

“Possession”. The conclusions have been drawn that the nature of the value orientation of young people in contemporary Russia is

complex. Values are divided into blocks according to the spheres of human life and are subject to the more general law of their dominant

orientation - “Being” or “Possession”. Accordingly, the nature of personality orientation determines the formation and development of

value groups.

Keywords: Value orientation, Youth, Personality factors, Social character, Modes of existence, Professionalism, Innovative potential

of Russian youth

Introduction¹

This is of particular importance for young people who are

specialists-beginners. Firstly, they are faced with the problem

of successful employment. By the way, at the moment, youth

have significant problems with employment. According to the

Federal State Statistics Service, 20% of graduates do not find

work in the first year after graduation. According to the results

of monitoring the state of the labor market, the Ministry of

Education and Science of Russia provides the following

information: 11% of graduates of higher professional

institutions are at risk of being unemployed, their percentage

among graduates of secondary professional institutions is 10.

Secondly, taking into account the orientation of the youth

policy of the state towards the innovation course, it is young

specialists who should be the innovative resource of Russia.

This idea suggests that young professionals must successfully

carry out their professional activities, as well as realize their

abilities in the framework of research, social and economic

projects that contribute to the development of the economic and

scientific potential of Russia [15-18]. A review of published

scientific works shows that at present, the preferred attention

both in practical educational activities and in research works is

The current stage of development of Russian society is

characterized by rather intensive and serious socio-economic,

industrial, legal and spiritual-moral changes [1, 2]. Scientific

and technological progress, the increasing role of information

in human life and the intensification of the rhythm of life of

contemporary man can be called the main features of these

changes. In the changing and increasingly complicated living

conditions, a person has to constantly adapt to new conditions,

including in the professional sphere [3-14]. In accordance with

this, at the present stage, the system of vocational education is

based on the ideas of the development of key personal

competencies. As a rule, many authors distinguish various

competencies, but in general one can note the universal ones -

professional and social. The success of a person’s adaptation

from the point of view of the competency-based approach

assumes their development and enrichment with various skills

and personal abilities that will allow him to perform subsequent

activities effectively.

Corresponding author: Natalia A. Krasheninnikova, Department of the English Language for Professional Activities, Ulyanovsk State

University, Ulyanovsk, Russia. E-mail: kna.73@mail.ru

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2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1315-1320

paid to the professional and social blocks of personal

competence [19]. But, on the other hand, for a more complete

realization of his professional potential, a person needs to be

active, initiative, willing to take risks, use creative and

intellectual resources of the person, and also interact with the

surrounding society. In addition, social interaction skills

characterize the success of professional activities, especially in

the field of professions “person-person” [20 – 29].

In addition, the nature and essence of the value is not disclosed.

It indicates only its social conditioning and significance for the

individual. However, these characteristics are quite superficial

in nature, especially since too many categories fall under them.

As a result of this, it is often difficult, and sometimes

impossible, to separate the value itself and other categories of

personality, such as motive, need, etc. [40 - 44].

As P.I. Smirnov [45] points out, the value cannot exist by

itself, separated from the world and man, nor can it be only

socially conditioned and characterized only by the degree of

abstract significance. The value is, first and foremost, an

incentive to activity, both external and internal one. Something

is valuable which efforts are made for, what is the goal. In

addition, value cannot exist in a single form; usually it forms a

system with other values. Throughout the past century, several

attempts have been made to derive a number of fundamental,

universal values. However, the models were built on the

classification of all existing specific values, which led to their

ambiguity and methodological problems in research. The value

in this approach, in short, was significant for everyone in

general and at the same time few for anyone specifically in its

embodiment in the life of an individual. Therefore, for the

effective study of value orientation, it is necessary to develop a

different approach. In recent years, the implementation of new

approaches to the study of values has been undertaken by social

psychologists, sociologists, and philosophers. All of them have

different theoretical bases and methodological principles.

As you can see, the former professional competencies and

state support are far from being the guarantee of successful

employment and the effective implementation of their

resources. Despite the measures taken and the high rates of

professional competence, young people continue to experience

difficulties in finding work, in the implementation of their

project and research work. This issue was noted by N.K.

Chapaev [30, 31]. In his opinion, in the framework of the

development of main competencies, a skillful approach is

implemented, which includes the development of competencies

of specific knowledge and skills, as well as skills for successful

presentation of oneself to the employer [32]. Thus, from the

point of view of this approach, a person is gradually split, from

a holistic personality to a carrier of a set of professionally

important characteristics without the desire for self-

improvement and self-development. In the light of what has

been said, it becomes clear that it is also necessary to study the

competence associated with the development of the “self”. This

competency was identified by the Council of Europe, in

particular by Walo Hutmacher [33]. It is it that contains the

position of the active “I” of the subject of professional activity.

This position is the bearer of such personality characteristics as

life strategies, life-meaning orientations, value orientations.

They affect professional activity, characterize its style, quality,

purpose and development paths.

Methodological Framework

In our opinion, it is more efficient to consider the value

orientation in the context of deep orientation proposed in the

works of the German sociologist and social psychologist E.Z.

Fromm [46]. According to his conception, a person’s life

strategy is determined by his social character, specific deep

In our opinion, one of the key categories in this competency

is value orientation, since it has a significant impact on the

formation of social competence and on the position of the

subject of professional activity, especially a young specialist-

beginner. The applied character of the category of value

orientation is manifested in its integrality and multidimensional

influence on the personality in general, the professional in

particular. The value orientation in its definition reflects

significant, key values, goals, motives and other characteristics

of the value and motivational sphere, which, in turn, are

integrated into complex schemes. In the context of

professionalism, it is important by the fact that it fills the

subjective position of the person with concrete content [34].

This subjective position determines the career guidance of the

person, the system of its professional views and skills, the

direction of development of the personality of a professional.

In a sense, value orientation can be described as an engine for

the development of a professional, not only as a high-quality

specialist, but also as a socially responsible and personally

determined subject of professional activity. It is the complete,

harmonious development of all these areas that determines the

formation of a professional and contributes to the development

of the innovative potential of young people [35 -39].

Accordingly, the study of these characteristics should also be

implemented as part of the value-integrated approach.

However, in the analysis of recent studies on the problem of

value orientation, we can mainly find research programs

focused on obtaining information only about the prevalence of

any values over others, as well as attempts to establish a

relationship of a particular single value with any psychological

trait. Such an approach, postulating discreteness of the value

and value orientation, represents value orientation in the form

of a closed, rigidly fixed system. Such a system is not capable

of possessing signs of integrality and continuity of functioning.

orientation, which comprises

a number of integrated

parameters. These orientations are called “To Be” and “To

Have.” As V. Dobrenkov [47] points out, Fromm thinks of the

development of society as a system with two poles; on one of

them is a social character, designed to stabilize a person’s

position in society, on the other - human nature, which creates

social conditions. In the framework of this school, value is

presented to us as part of this deep orientation, or, as mentioned

above, the ultimate goal of existence. However, along with the

orientations “To Be” and “To Have”, E. Fromm introduces the

concept of “Existential possession”. E. Fromm [46] defines this

category as a rationally determined desire for self-preservation,

which does not contradict the nature of “To Be”. The

appearance of the construct “Existential possession” in

Fromm’s concept poses the question of what positions the

modes of “To Be” and “To Have” identified by him should be

considered from [46]. Theoretical and methodological analysis

of Fromm’s work regarding the modes of “To Be” and “To

Have” allows us to state that in his works there is no description

of the role and place of the construct of “Existential possession”

in the context of the modes of human existence.

Studying the phenomenon of “Existential possession” we

can assume that it can be placed between two bipolar poles, one

of which is the principle of “To Be”, and the other is the

principle of “To Have”. However, with this approach, we

encounter a rather simplified understanding of the combination

of the modes “To Be” and “To Have”, or rather, with the

understanding of the impossibility of any combination of them.

With a continuous location, it turns out that a person can only

be assessed as realizing himself in accordance with one of the

poles: either in accordance with the principle of “To Be”, or in

accordance with the principle of “To Have”. In this case,

“Existential possession” is a kind of compromise between these

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2020, Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages: 1315-1320

principles, the result of their blending, and such a result that

does not allow a high degree of intensity of expression of both

of the poles at the same time. At the same time, another

understanding of the combination of the modes “To Be” and

of character, in a sense echoing the receptive social character in

E. Fromm’s [51] conception. The passive type can be

characterized as a person incapable of constructive building his

own reality, but only adopting this reality from other

individuals [52 – 55]. In a way, it is like consumption, a

consumer type of social character. The difference is what is

consumed: before it was things, status, social roles, now it is

the whole life worlds of individuals, which include many

attributes. In domestic psychology, the development of the

problems of E. Fromm’s school of thought is also underway

[51]. For the most part, sociologists and social psychologists

deal with this problem. In our work, based on E. Fromm’s

works, an attempt was made to determine the psychological

content of the modes of being and possession, as well as their

relationship with some personality factors [51].

The purpose of this study is to show the integrity, the

integration of the value system with other personality

characteristics, as well as the differences in individuals relative

to the orientation towards being or possession. In addition, E.

Fromm’s thoughts on the position of training in a particular

mode are important. From his point of view, there are two types

of knowledge: according to the principle of being - to know

more deeply; to the principle of possession - to have more

knowledge [51]. Thus, knowledge, no matter how vast it can

be, should be associated with the activity of the individual, his

life position.

“To Have” is possible which, in our opinion, is more consistent

with reality than its reduced consideration from the standpoint

of the bipolar-continuum approach. In this case, we are talking

about the possibility of considering the modes of “To Be” and

“To Have” as independent quantities, or, speaking differently,

from the standpoint of the orthogonal approach. In this case, the

vectors reflecting the name of these modes should be located

on a plane perpendicular to each other. However, then the

opposite mode should be the mode “Not to have” and the

opposite of the mode “To Be” should be the mode “Not to be”.

Finding the meaning of these modes is not a simple

psychological task, however, clarification of their essence

allows us to comprehend a certain range of phenomena of social

reality, which have been discussed for a long time by both the

press and specialized scientific publications [48]. Indeed, if a

person does not possess anything, is it possible to speak with

confidence that, in this way, he is oriented to the mode “To

Be”?. Experience shows that this is not necessary at all. The

continuum of “Possession” is represented at one pole by the

desire to “have” as much as possible, at the other by the

rejection of possessing something (including one’s own life).

The continuum “To Be” as a category of love of life and true

involvement in the world, the true reality of a person, in

contrast to a deceptive appearance, is more or less definite.

The meaning of “Not to be” is represented as the absence

of the existence of the individual. But if to reason from this

position, then the very existence of the individual implies

Materials and Methods

The study was conducted at Russian State Social

University, Moscow Pedagogical State University, Russian

New University, Moscow City University, Financial University

under the Government of the Russian Federation and

Ulyanovsk State University. The research sample was 500 3-4-

year students of various programs of study in the framework of

the professional system Person-Person”: jurisprudence,

sociology, social work, personnel management, customs. In the

course of the study, the following techniques were used: “Value

Orientations” by M. Rokeach [56]; R. Cattell’s [57, 58] 16-PF

“Being”. Therefore, it seems logical to get away from the usual

understanding of “non-existence” and shift the emphasis from

clarifying its philosophical essence to the person’s desire to

implement the mode “Not to be” in his psychological sense.

Thus, it is possible to distinguish not two, but four variations of

the modes of existence: “To be” - “To have”, “To have” - “Not

to be”, “Not to be” - “Not to have”, “Not to have” - “To be”.

The understanding of “Existential possession” can be

defined as follows. The region located within its boundaries

over the vector “To Be” logically fits into the problems of

existential choice, one of the options described by I. Yalom [49]

in his work. Making a choice in one of the available

alternatives, we at the same time “do not choose” another

alternative. However, we bear the same responsibility for this

factorial

personality

questionnaire;

the

developed

methodological technique for splitting the sample according to

the type of dominant mode of existence. At the moment, there

are a number of techniques that diagnose one or another

characteristic of a mode, for example, A.V. Puzyrev [59],

diagnosing the degree of biophilia - personality necrophilia.

However, these techniques are designed to study the individual

properties of modes or attitudes of a person [60]. Therefore, we

“not a choice” as for the made “choice”. In other words, the

very act of choice speaks of us as creatures who, having taken

a step towards the mode of “To Be” to some alternative, if the

true choice was really made by the individual, at the same time

we choose “Not to be” with respect to rejected alternatives.

designed

questionnaire that reflects several basic

characteristics of the mode of being and possession,

interconnected and reflecting the essence of the mode.

“

Existential possession” in the direction of the vector “To

Results and Discussion

have” implies the presence of its opposite “Not to have” [48].

Fromm’s conception of the social character and orientation

of the personality was continued by his assistant and student R.

Funk [40]. Having studied the social character of contemporary

German youth, in addition to the original concept, he added a

type of social character such as “I-am-me” orientation [50].

The essence of this orientation consists in the fact that a

contemporary person wants to create his own reality that “bears

the imprint of his personality”. As the author himself defines, a

person lives under the slogan “Until you have done something,

you are nothing”. The emergence of this type of social character

may indicate that one of the priorities for a contemporary

person is the construction and presentation of his self, his life

world. In this type of social character, two tendencies can also

be found: striving for possession or the desire for being. R.

Funk [50] considers the desire for possession as a passive type

According to the results of the study, the following data was

obtained: there is a significantly significant difference with

respect to the dominant mode of existence for such

psychological factors of personality as emotional maturity and

level of self-esteem. Also, at the significance level of five

percent there is a difference in the factor of restraint-

expressivity. This means that people oriented to the mode of

possession are characterized by low emotional maturity, low

self-esteem, and excessive restraint. Accordingly, we can

characterize a person with a dominant mode of possession as

an emotionally immature, lethargic, infantile, constrained

individual with rigid patterns of behavior and an unstable

emotional background who is afraid of responsibility,

independent decision-making, risk. A low level of self-esteem

contributes to the self-limitation of the use of one’s abilities and

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skills, and also on this basis blocks the development of

emotional maturity and a holistic harmonious subjective

position. The obtained data on the difference in the

psychological traits of individuals with respect to the dominant

mode of existence represent, in a sense, an active and passive

type of character in the conception proposed by R. Funk [50].

Low emotional maturity, as well as low self-esteem can

contribute to the formation of a receptive character.

position of a young specialist. This program involves working

with individuals oriented to the mode of possession to develop

their respective values and psychological characteristics that

characterize individuals oriented towards a productive type of

social character. It is also important to note that the practical

implementation of the results of this work, its elements will

help specialists working with youth to solve a number of issues

related to the development of professionalism, an active

subjective position and, ultimately, with more successful

adaptation, which will qualitatively raise the level of innovative

potential of young people in Russia.

The analysis of differences in values relative to the mode

of existence showed the following data: there are differences in

the field of terminal values relative to the mode of existence for

the following individual values: productive life, cognition,

pleasure. According to the results, the more a person is oriented

to the mode “To Have”, the lower the values of cognition and

productive life are. It is also possible to say that the more a

person is oriented to the mode “To Have”, the higher the rank

of the value of pleasure is. In the framework of the problem of

realizing the potential of a specialist-beginner, this can be

considered as an orientation of a person with a dominant mode

of possession towards obtaining the maximum amount of short-

term pleasures and a lack of desire for learning, self-

development, realization of one's own natural potential, as laid

down in E. Fromm’s theory. At the same time, the presence of

two highly significant values in the structure of the mode of

being - cognition and productive life - suggests that “being

cognition is really associated with the activity of the individual.

The values themselves indicate dynamic content, cognition as

a process, productive life - activity in time. Regarding

instrumental values, there are differences in the level of

tolerance, high demands and sensitivity. That is, the higher the

orientation towards the mode “To Have”, the higher the value

of tolerance is, and vice versa, the lower are the values of high

demands and sensitivity.

Thus, the value of high requests indicates a positive

assessment of oneself, one’s abilities and expresses the

willingness and desire of the individual to realize them in the

framework of professional activities and other areas of life,

while a person oriented to the mode of possession is afraid to

claim such a high level of requests, assessing his capabilities

inadequately low. Perhaps, due to these characteristics, a

person with a dominant mode of possession has a more

significant value of tolerance, it is with the help of it that he

compensates for an inadequate perception of himself and his

capabilities and realizes his professional abilities on the basis

of complete patience and diligence. The value of sensitivity and

its low rank in an individual oriented to the mode of possession

can have a link with emotional immaturity. Since the meaning

of sensitivity is attentiveness to other people, a person with the

characteristics of possession cannot and does not want to

realize it because of his incredulity and anxiety.

Ethical issue

Authors are aware of, and comply with, best practice in

publication ethics specifically with regard to authorship

(avoidance of guest authorship), dual submission, manipulation

of figures, competing interests and compliance with policies on

research ethics. Authors adhere to publication requirements

that submitted work is original and has not been published

elsewhere in any language.

Competing interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that

would prejudice the impartiality of this scientific work.

Authors’ contribution

All authors of this study have a complete contribution for

data collection, data analyses and manuscript writing.

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[

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