Adsorption of Chromium from Aqueous Solution by Lignocellulosic Biomass (Pinus palustris): Studies on Equilibrium Isotherm, and Kinetics

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 77-84

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

https://doi.org/10.47277/JETT/9(1)84

Adsorption of Chromium from Aqueous Solution by

Lignocellulosic Biomass (Pinus palustris): Studies on

Equilibrium Isotherm, and Kinetics

Narendrakumar G *, Senthil kumar P

Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu,

Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu,

India

Received: 16/05/2020

Accepted: 13/10/2020

Published: 20/03/2020

Abstract

Different methods to convert biomass into useful materials and products without generating pollutants will be useful for global

environmental protection. The present study deals with the preparation of adsorbent from a suitable lignocellulosic biomass, Pinus palustris

seeds. The adsorbent thus prepared will be used for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Factors influencing the adsorption

characteristics under batch conditions were studied for chromium concentrations in range of 30 – 150 ppm. The studies were conducted to

optimize the size of the adsorbent, temperature and contact time. The maximum adsorption is attained at a pH of 6.5 and a dosage of 3g. The

effective temperature for the reaction was at 37 C. The removal percentage increase when the optimized condition of different parameters

such as size, temperature, contact time, concentration, pH and dosage. The adsorption isotherms showed that the Freundlich Isotherm is a

better adsorption model and the characteristic parameters were determined. The results of the kinetic models showed that the pseudo second

order kinetics was found to correlate with the experimental data. The present analysis, the absorbent that is produced from Pinus palustris

seed has an efficient adsorption for chromium.

Keywords: Lignocellulose, adsorption, isotherms, kinetics

aqueous wastewater is one of the most important environmental

Introduction

issues (9). Even though this issue has been studied for several

years, effective and precise treatment methods are still scanty due

to its low adsorption capacity, high chemical oxygen demand

Lignocellulosic biomass sources range from forestry to

agricultural residues. Banana plant, cotton stalk, bamboo and

cotton gin waste are agricultural residues that are not currently

used as industrial raw materials on a larger scale (1, 2). They

contain cellulose, and hemicellulose, which could be used as a

source of monomeric sugars for fermentation to produce high-

value products. Long ago, these materials were used as firewood,

building materials and animal feed. Nowadays, lignocellulosic

materials have expanded its application from pulp and paper

products to second-generation biofuel (3). The development of

industrial methods to convert biomass into useful materials and

products without generating pollutants such as waste gas,

wastewater and solid waste material will be useful for global

environmental protection (4-5). The adsorbent which we have

made is economically feasible and also locally available and has

an ability to absorb chromium in higher concentration (6). Once

the absorption is completed, it is easy to dispose of the adsorbent

by composting, compaction, incineration, ashing, pyrolysis,

direct disposal, liquid extraction (7,8). The adsorbent was

obtained from pine plant seeds that were powdered and activated.

Currently, the removal of heavy metal contaminants from

(

COD) and biological chemical demand (BOD) as well as total

organic carbon (TOC) due to release of soluble organic

compounds contained in the plant materials (10). Excessive toxic

heavy metals are often discharged by several industries, like

battery manufacturing and tanneries and they are not

biodegradable and can lead to accumulation in living organisms,

causing various diseases such as cancer, dermatological issues

and disorders like itai-itai disease. Monitoring and subsequent

removal of toxic heavy metals from industrial wastewater have

been made mandatory before their discharge into the environment

(

11). Chromium, one of the heavy metals, is a widely used

industrial metal for electroplating, tannery, leather industry and

wood processing industries and the permissible amount

chromium is 0.1 mg/l (12).

Conventional methods applied to remove toxic heavy metals

from effluents include chemical precipitation (13), ion exchange

(

14), carbon adsorption (15) and membrane separation process

(

16). Among all kinds of adsorption materials, activated carbon

Corresponding author: Narendrakumar G, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute

of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, Indiagnaren22@gmail.com

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 77-84

adsorption has been regarded as an efficient and major

technology, but the process is expensive (17). Some main

limitations are existent in these alternatives, such as expensive

cost, labor – intensive operation, and low efficiency. Therefore,

more approaches have been investigated for the development of

low-cost adsorbates with a good sorption capacity to remove

heavy metal ions from wastewater (18). In recent years,

considerable attention has been devoted to the study of

application of lignocellulosic biomass as adsorbents (19). Natural

materials have an advantage of availability in large quantities, low

cost, and good sorption capacity. These are unutilized materials,

but they have high potential to be used as adsorbents for heavy

metals removal. Adsorption is a versatile treatment technique

practiced widely in fine chemical and process industries for

wastewater and waste gas treatment (20). The usefulness of the

adsorption process lies in the operational simplicity and reuse

potential of adsorbents during long term applications (21).

At present, adsorption is widely accepted in environmental

treatment applications throughout the world compared with the

other methods. The aim of this paper is to use adsorbent obtained

by processing of Pinus palustris seeds, and to evaluate its

effective removal of chromium from industrial effluents.

sodium sulphite solution followed by acidifying with 1 ml of 2.5

M sulphuric acid, and then boiling for 2 min to remove excess

solution was diluted to obtain the working standard. To find the

concentration of chromium, the solutions was

and diluting with water to 100 ml. A suitable volume of this

spectrophotometrically analysis and from the absorbance value

concentrations of the solutions were calculated (24).

2.4 Optimization of Chromium concentration with adsorbent,

absorbent size and contact time

A sample of volume 10 ml of 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 ppm of

the chromium solutions were taken and 0.5g of the powder

ranging from .075–0.150 mm was mixed with the solutions. The

solutions were kept for 10min and then the solutions were filtered.

The filtrate was given for spectrophotometry analysis. 30ml of the

solution with the optimized concentration was taken in different

beakers and to it 1.5g of the adsorbent of sizes pan and mesh no

25 and 52 are added, respectively. These solutions were mixed

thoroughly for 30 minutes and filtered and then given for

spectrophotometry analysis. 30ml of the solution containing the

optimized concentration and 1.5g of the optimized sizes were

taken in different beakers. They were kept for time durations of

30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. The solutions were filtered and

spectrophotometry analysis was performed (25)

Materials Required

.1 Chemicals and materials

.5 Optimization of temperature

To optimize the temperature 1.5g of the optimum sized

Potassium dichromate (K

2 2 3

), Potassium iodide (KI)(1

M), Sodium thio-sulphate (Na S O ) (1M), 1N and 0.1N

Hydrochloric acid (HCl), starch solution, Sodium hydroxide

NaOH (1M), Pinus palustris seeds

adsorbent was taken and heated in an incubator for 2 hours at

different temperatures, 32°C, 37°C and 45°C. The adsorbent was

added to 30ml of the solution of optimum concentration and kept

for an optimum time (26).

.2 Methodology

The sample Pinus palustris seeds (Figure 1) was collected

.6 Optimization of pH

To optimize the pH, 30ml of the solution with optimum

from Chennai and thoroughly washed using tap water. It was then

dried in the sun. The further drying of the seeds was done in the

dryer at a temperature of 70°C. When the seeds are completely

dried, it was crushed in the blender. This was done until the seeds

are crushed into fine particles. The crushed seeds are then sieved

into three sizes namely mesh numbers 25 and 52, and pan (22,

concentration is maintained with different pH, namely 2, 4, 6, 8

and 10. To maintain the acidic pH of 2, 4 and 6 0.01N HCl was

added and to maintain the alkaline pH of 8 and 10 1M NaOH was

used. 1.5g of the optimized size adsorbent was taken and heated

at the optimized temperature and added to the solutions and kept

for the optimum contact time (27).

3).

.7 Optimization of dosage

To optimize the dosage, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 g to 30 ml of the

solution with optimized concentration was maintained at

optimum pH. The adsorbent with optimum size was heated at

optimum temperature and added to the solution. These solutions

were mixed thoroughly and kept for an optimum contact time

(

28).

2.8 Models for adsorption isotherms



Langmuir isotherm (Model 1)

The theory for Langmuir isotherms assumes monolayer

Figure 1: Seeds of Pinus palustris

coverage of adsorbate over a homogenous adsorbent surface.

Therefore at equilibrium, a saturation point is reached where no

further adsorption can occur adsorption takes place at specific

homogeneous sites within the adsorbent by the following

equation (21).

.3 Estimation of chromium

A stock solution of chromium (IV) solution (1000 µg ml ^-¹

)

2 2 7

was prepared by dissolving 0.2829 g of K Cr O in 100 ml of

deionised double distilled water . The stock solution was further

diluted as needed. A stock solution of chromium (III) (1000 µg

abCe

(1)

-1

ml ) was prepared by dissolving 0.2829 g of K

2 7

in 50 ml

1+aCe

of deionised double distilled water, adding 1 ml of saturated

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 77-84

Alternate equation

= B

lnK

+ B

lnC

(8)

× +

where KT (L/g) is the Temkin isotherm constant, bT (J/mol) is a

constant related to heat of sorption, R is the ideal gas constant

(2)

(

8.314 J/mol K), and T is absolute temperature (K).

where C /m is adsorbed per unit mass of the adsorbent and the

concentration of color remaining in the in the solution after

adsorption is complete (Ce) by a relation. where a and b are

constants representing bond energy and adsorption capacity,

respectively.



.9 Models of sorption kinetics

Pseudo First Order Kinetics

The pseudo first order equation (Lagergren’s Equation)

describes adsorption in solid liquid system based on the sorption

capacity of solid. In the following equation:



Freundlich isotherm (Model 2)

The theory for Freundlich isotherms describes a monolayer

dqt

ꢅ (ꢉ ꢊ ꢉ )

(9)

ꢇ

ꢈ

and multilayer coverage of adsorption over a heterogeneous

surface area adsorbent (22). An adsorption isotherm is an

empirical relation between the concentrations of solute on to the

surface of an adsorbent to the concentration of the solute in the

liquid with which it is contact. In following equation

dꢈ

Alternate equation

Kꢌ

log(ꢉ ꢊ ꢉ ) = lꢋgꢉ ꢊ

ꢎ

(10)

ꢇ

ꢈ

ꢇ

.3ꢍ3

KC¹^/ⁿ

(3)

where qe and qt refer to the adsorption capacities at equilibrium

and time t, respectively, in mg/g and k1 is the pseudo-first-order

rate constant. Plotting the log (qe - qt) against t provides the slope

and the intercept as -k1/2.303 and log (qe), respectively.

Alternate equation

log = logk + logC

(4)



Pseudo Second Order Kinetics

The pseudo second order rate expression has been applied for

where X/M is loading, is the amount of impurity adsorbed (X) per

unit weight of carbon (M); C is equilibrium concentration after

adsorption; and k, n are constants.

analyzing chemisorptions kinetics from liquid solutions. In the

following equation:

dqt

ꢈ

ꢅ (ꢉ ꢊ ꢉ )

(11)

ꢇ



BET (Brunauer- Emmett -Teller) isotherm (Model 3)

dꢈ

This isotherm describes the physical adsorption of adsorbent on

a solid surface and serves as the basis for an important analysis

technique for the measurement of the specific surface area of a

material (29). In following equation.

Alternate equation

ꢈ

ꢂ

ꢎ

(12)

Kꢏ

푞푚×KB×Ce×Qo

= ₍

(5)

where k is the pseudo-second-order rate constant. Plotting the

t/qt against t provides the slope and the intercept as (1/qe) and

/k qe, respectively

C −C_e){1+(K_B−1)ꢀ

⁄

ꢁ}

^Cs

Alternate equation

KB−1

C_s

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Influence of concentration

ꢂ

(6)

(

C −C_e)q_e

K_B×Q₀

The experiment was carried out with 0.5 g of the adsorbent

which is added to 10 ml of different concentrations (30, 60, 90,

120 and 150 ppm) and the filtered solutions were given for

spectrophotometry analysis. The result showed that percentage

adsorption increases with lower concentration. Therefore, the

optimum concentration is 30ppm (Figure -2a). The adsorption of

chromium on bioabsorbent, was given by Khazaei et al., 2011,

(27) they also shows a similar kind of adsorption pattern on the

basis of initial concentration and 0.5ppm shows the maximum

adsorption.

where qe is the amount adsorbed at equilibrium (mg/g) which can

be found by qe = {(Cs-Ce)V}/W where Cs and Ce are initial and

final concentration, respectively; qm is maximum adsorption; and

KB is BET coefficient or equilibrium distribution coefficient and

presenting adsorption intensity.



Tempkin Isotherm (Model 4)

This isotherm describes the effects of some indirect

adsorbate/adsorbate interactions on adsorption isotherms

suggested that the heat of adsorption of all the molecules in the

layer would decrease linearly with coverage due to these

interactions. In the following equation:

3.2 Influence of size

Three different sizes of adsorbent have been taken, i.e. pan

and mesh nos. 52 and 25. 0.5g of the adsorbent of different sizes

was kept in 10 ml of the optimized concentration (30ppm) for 10

min. The filtered solutions were given for spectrophotometry

analysis. The adsorption concentration of chromium increases as

the size of the adsorbent decreases. This is because as the size

=_b_ꢃ× lꢄ(ꢅ ꢆ )

(7)

ꢇ

Alternate equation

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 77-84

becomes smaller the surface area increases. Therefore, it was

concluded that pan size of adsorbent is the optimum size since it

shows the highest adsorption percentage (Figure-2b). The

adsorption of chromium on almond and apricot shells occurs at

the smallest size (100 to 150 µm), given by the Khazaei et al.,

is not increasing and its remain same. Therefore, after 90 min the

absorption ceases. Therefore, the 90 minutes is the optimum

contact time at determined optimum loading of the adsorbent

(Figure -2c). A comparative study, done by the Hamdi et al.,2001

(31), of Cu , Pb , Cd and Ni adsorption onto chitin and

chitosan biopolymers was performed. To attain equilibrium Cu

2+ 2+

011 (27) which is similar to this experiment.

has taken 480 min, Pb has taken 360min, Cd has taken 240

.3 Influence of contact time

The experiment was carried out with the different time

min and Ni has taken 480 min., but the chromium adsorption on

Pinus palsturis seeds has only taken 90 min, which is very much

lesser. The almond shells took 40 min to reach equilibrium and

the apricot shells takes 30 min to reach equilibrium, which was

optimized by Khazaei et al., 2011 (27), but it has only lower

periods, i.e. 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. 0.5g of the pan size

adsorbent is added to 10ml of optimum concentration; 30ppm of

chromium solution. These solutions are kept at different time

intervals and filtered and stirred in magnetic stirrer. Then the

obtained filtrate was then analyzed by spectrophotometric method

and the adsorption percentage was calculated. It was found that as

the time increases adsorption percentage increases but after a

certain time there is no change in the adsorption percentage.

Because after a certain time the adsorption capacity of adsorbent

removal of Cr (60%). The Cr adsorption on Pinus palsturis

seeds takes 90 min which is more than the almond and apricot

shells, but Pinus palsturis seeds have a removal capacity of 90%

which is more than the former.

(

(b)

(

(d)

(f)

Fig. 2: (a) Influence of size on Cr(VI) removal; (b) Influence of temperature on Cr (VI) removal; (c) Influence of contact time on Cr(VI) removal; (d)

Influence of concentration on the adsorption; (e) Influence of pH on Cr(VI) removal; and (f) Influence of dosage on Cr (VI) removal

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 77-84

.4 Influence of temperature

2011 (27), compared to the Pinus palsturis seeds adsorption

The experiment was carried out at three different temperature

i.e. 32, 37 and 45 °C. 1.5g of the pan size of adsorbent was dried

in an incubator for 2 hours at different temperatures to remove the

moisture. The heated adsorbent was kept in 30ml solution of 30

ppm concentration for 90 minutes (32). The filtered solutions

were given for spectrophotometry analysis and the adsorption

percentage was calculated. It was found that as the temperature

increases the adsorption percentage also increases but after 37oC

temperature it decreases. This is because after a certain

temperature, degradation of adsorbent starts. Therefore, it was

concluded that among the tested temperature, 37 °C is the

optimum temperature for adsorption (Figure 2d). Adsorption

study of chromium on MgO, showed a similar observation in the

case of temperature. The maximum adsorption occurs at around

occurs at better dosage (Table 1).

3.6 Adsorption Isotherms



Langmuir isotherm (Model 1) (Figure -3a)

퐶_ꢍ

푀

푎푏퐶_푒

ꢐ ꢂ 푎퐶_푒

퐶_ꢍ

푀

57.4ꢐꢑ6퐶_푒

ꢐ ꢊ ꢑ.44퐶_푒

a = -3.44 b = -16.69



Freundlich Isotherm (Model 2) (Figure – 3b)

0°C for MgO which was given by Mahmood et al., 2010 (31),

and the Pinus palsturis seeds take 37°C for maximum adsorption.

The maximum adsorption of Cr on almond is at 45°C and apricot

is 50°C which is given by Khazaei et al., 2011 (27), compared to

the Pinus palsturis seeds adsorption occurs at higher temperature.

This is because the Pinus palsturis seeds get decayed at high

temperature.

푥

KC¹^/ⁿ

ꢒ

푥

= 46.5C^-⁰^.⁶⁶²⁸⁰

ꢒ

K = 46.5

n = -1.508

.5 Influence of pH

To optimize the pH the experiment was carried out with the



BET Isotherm (Model 3) (Figure -3c)

different pH values, i.e. 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10. The pH 2, 4, and 6 are

maintained by adding few drops of 0.1N HCl and pH of 8 and 10

are maintained by adding few drops of 1M NaOH. 1.5g of pan

size of adsorbent was heated at 37°C in the incubator for 2 hours.

The heated adsorbent was kept in 30ml solution of 30ppm

concentration for 90 min. The filtered solutions were given for

spectrophotometry analysis and adsorption percentage was

calculated. It was found that as the pH increases adsorption

percentage also increases but after a certain pH it decreases. It was

determined from experimental data and it is shown on the graph

the influence of pH on adsorption (Figure -2e).

퐾퐵×ꢓꢔ×푄표

ꢓꢔ

(ꢓ −ꢓ ){1+(퐾_퐵−1)ꢀ

⁄ ꢁ}

ꢓ_푠

푠

ꢔ

1.99×1ꢍꢕꢓ

ꢔ

⁼(

ꢓꢔ

ꢌꢌ₋₁₎_ꢀ

⁄

1323ꢍꢍ

1323ꢍꢍ−ꢓ ){1+(3.ꢖꢗꢖ∗1ꢍ

ꢁ}

ꢔ

Cs = 132300

= 3.646*10

-6

= 5.485*10

Temkin Isotherm (Model 4) (Figure -3d)



.5 Influence of dosage

The experiment was carried out for different dosage of the pan

푅푇

× lꢄ(ꢚ 퐶 )

푇

푒

ꢘ_ꢙ

size adsorbent, i.e. 1.5, 3 and 4.5g. Different weights of the

adsorbent were kept in the incubator at 37 °C for 2 hours. The

heated adsorbent was kept in 30ml solution of 30ppm

concentration with 6.5 pH for 90min.The filtered solution were

given for spectrophotometry analysis and the adsorption

percentage was calculated. It was found that as the weight

increases the adsorption percentage also increases but after a

certain dosage it decreases (32). This is because adsorptive force

between the adsorbent and chromium gets week at higher dosage.

So it was concluded that 3g of adsorbent is the optimum dosage

for adsorption (Figure 2f).

The study of Boehmite nano powder on Chromium uses 2.5g

of the powder for maximum adsorption i.e. 60%, given by

Sharawy et al., 2013 (33), whereas in this study the Pinus

palsturis seeds uses 3g and the adsorption percentage is 98.25%

in absorbing chromium. The maximum adsorption of chromium

on almond and apricot is at 6g, which showed by Khazaei et al.,

=7ꢛ.8ꢑꢜꢑ × 푙푛(ꢝ.4ꢜ7ꢜ퐶_푒)

= 72.8393

= 0.4979

Table: 1 Adsorption Isotherms with R values

Isotherms

Langmuir Isotherm

Freundlich Isotherm

BET Isotherm

R value

0.9857

0.9961

0.9172

0.9316

Temkin Isotherm

Table 1 shows that the Freundlich isotherm is the most

suitable isotherm for the experiment, since the R value of the

Freundlich isotherm is 0.9961 which is closer to linearity.

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 77-84

Fig. 3: (a) Langmuir Isotherm; (b) Freundlich Isotherm; (c) BET Isotherm; and (d) Temkin Isotherm

.7 Adsorption Kinetics



Pseudo first order kinetics (Figure -4a)

푑푞푡

푑ꢞ

ꢚ (ꢟ ꢊ ꢟ )

1 푒 ꢞ

ꢠꢟ_ꢞ

ꢠꢡ

ꢝ.ꢝ6ꢐꢜ(ꢐꢐ8.7ꢐꢑ ꢊ ꢟ_ꢞ)

= 118.73 mg/g

= 0.0619 min^-¹



Pseudo second order kinetics (Figure -4b)

푑푞푡

푑ꢞ

ꢚ (ꢟ ꢊ ꢟ )

2 푒 ꢞ

ꢠꢟ_ꢞ

ꢠꢡ

ꢝ.ꢝꢐꢜꢐ5(7ꢜ.ꢑ6 ꢊ ꢟ_ꢞ)²

-1

= 0.01915 g mg min

q = 79.36 mg/g

Table 2 shows that the Pseudo second order is the most

suitable kinetics for the experiment, since the R value of the

Pseudo second order is 0.9961 which is closer to linearity.

Table 2: Adsorptions Kinetics with R value

Kinetics

Pseudo first order

Pseudo second order

0.8616

0.9534

Fig. 4: (a) Pseudo first order and (b) Pseudo second order

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 77-84

The analysis of the adsorbent under the influence of different

parameters was concluded as the adsorption isotherms and

adsorption kinetics were studied on these parameters.

Instrumental analysis was done for the adsorbent to study its

characteristics. The studied showed that the adsorption takes

place more at lower concentration, so the further studies were

done on 30 ppm concentration. Using this concentration value,

the size of the adsorbent particle was found. The fine particles

have more adsorption, since the surface area increases as the size

decreases. So this concluded that pan size is having more

adsorption capacity. According to these concentration and size, a

study was done on the contact time. It was found that after 90 min

there was no adsorption occurring. So this is the optimum time

for the adsorption process. By the above characteristics, a study

was done based on temperature. The maximum adsorption was

determined at 37°C.

A pH of 6.5 was found to be the optimum when a study was

conducted on different pH. The adsorbent dosage of 3g per 30ml

was found to be the optimum concentration for adsorption. The

different isotherms were done, and the regression parameter

showed that Freundlich isotherm has the best fit among tested

equations used for adsorption models (34, 35). Furthermore, the

studies showed that this adsorption follows the pseudo second

order kinetics (Fig 3b).

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determined. The results of the kinetic models showed that the

pseudo second order kinetics was established to be related with

the experimental data. The biosorption process was endothermic

and non-spontaneous. Results suggest that Pinus palustris seeds

is an effective low-cost biosorbent with high biosorption capacity

to remove Chromium from aqueous solutions.

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Acknowledgment

Facilities provided by Sathyabama Institute of Science and

Technology to carry out the study are gratefully acknowledged.

7. Singarea, P.U, Dhabarde, S.S., 2014, Toxic metals pollution due to

industrial effluents released along Dombivali Industrial Belt of

Mumbai. European Journal of Environmental and Safety Sciences.

(1).5-11.

Competing interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that

would prejudice the impartiality of this scientific work.

8. Hajeetha T.K. Vijayalakshmi, T, Gomathi, Sudha, P.N., 2013,

Removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) using cellulose extracted from sisal

fiber and cellulose-g-acrylic acid copolymer. International Journal of

Biological Macromolecules, 62.59– 65.

9. Song, Z., Williams, C.J, Edyvan, R.G.L., 2004, Treatment of tannery

wastewater by chemical coagulation. Desalination. 164(3).249-259.

0. Shajahan Siraj, Md. Monarul Islam, Prokash Chandra Das, Shah Md.

Masum, Ismet Ara Jahan, Md. Aminul Ahsan and Md. Shajahan.,

Authors’ contribution

All authors of this study have a complete contribution for data

collection, data analyses and manuscript writing

012., Removal of Chromium from Tannery effluent using Chitosan-

Charcoal Composite. Journal Of Bangladesh Chemical Society..

5(1).53-61.

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