Adsorptive Removal of Dyes onto Cost Effective Biomaterials

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 218-223

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

https://doi.org/10.47277/JETT/9(1)223

Adsorptive Removal of Dyes onto Cost Effective

Biomaterials – A Review

Mary Jency I , Gowrisankar L , Krishnaveni J , Renugadevi. N

Department of Chemistry, Karpagam College of Engineering, Coimbatore. Tamilnadu, India

Department of Chemistry, Suguna college of Engineering, Coimbatore. Tamilnadu, India

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Avinashilingham University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India

Received: 25/06/2020

Accepted: 13/10/2020

Published: 20/03/2021

Abstract

A higher percentage of dyes from the industrial waste water are being released into aquatic ecosystems and polluted the natural

ecosystem. An abundance of technologies available for removal of Dyes from the industrial waste water are expensive and ineffective.

Many of these processes are economically not viable for small and medium scale industries due to large scale applications.Recent

Investigational researches have proved that the successful elimination of dyes is obtained using numerous economically available non-

conventional adsorbents also. Several experimental investigations on adsorption provedthattremendous treatment for dye removal and

can be obtained using cheaply available non-conventional adsorbent.This review is mainly focused to the systematic study on utilizing

low cost absorbent of dye removal from the effluents discharged from the industries. The data on economically cheap adsorbents and its

properties for removing dyes resulted from the recent literature survey are summarized. Therefore, this review provides the various

methods to treat the wastewater using low-price natural sources of adsorption materials, non-viable biomaterials.

Keywords: Classification of dye, Dye removal method, Adsorption, Industrial effluents, Biomass

.1.1Dye Removal Methods

Selection of dye, uses and its application were not given

Introduction

With growing technology and science, global has reached

great importance with regard to environmental impact before

few decades earlier. Many information is available in the last

few years regarding the effects of using the dyestuff in the

environment. Control measures to treat the dye wastewater are

done by government, users and the dye manufacturers.

According to physical, chemical and biological process some

treatment methods can be done i.e., shown in Table 2.

to a very fresh horizon. Dyes are highly objectionable pollutant

leads to the issues such as sensitization of skin, eye and skin

irritation and dyes are highly carcinogenic nature. Due to

demand on economical source and space to install the facilities

of on-site treatment, the major donors of industrial effluents are

the enterprises of small and medium size. The essential and

environment challenge in recent years are the wastewater dye

removal process that should be cheap and efficient. Most of the

industries used to treat the effluent before discharging them to

the environment, they are recycling off-site and diluted to

decrease the toxicity that have proven to be highly economic

and ultimately unsustainable. Therefore, it is required to create

an effective process that can efficiently remove color is now at

an utmost priority, one out of them is adsorption using activated

carbon. Many investigations on adsorption reveal that the

process is effective for the colour removal from the dye

effluents. Commercial activated charcoal (carbon) is found to

be effective but expensive one. Thus, it is necessary to find an

adsorbent which is abundant, cheap and also effective (63).

.1.2 Adsorption Process

Generally, the process of adsorption is used for removing

the colour and for the treatment of wastewater (10). Among all

the methods available for removal of dye from industrial waste

waters, the adsorption process only proved as possible method

for removal of dye in waste water treatment. Hippocrates and

Pliny the Elder studied the carbon adsorption of porous for

medicinal purpose and earlier the adsorption on carbon method

was studied in an ancient Egyptian Papyrus. The quantity of

absorbate that gather on the outer layer of the absorbent that

commonly contains high surface area and porous structure are

the significant properties to be noticed. The important point to

consider is that the time required for achieving adsorption

equilibrium should be as short as possible; therefore it is used

for removing the dye from waste in shorter time. The physical

and chemical methods are the two basic activation methods that

are known to be the oldest for activated carbon adsorbent which

is prepared from coal, lignite, wool and coconut shells. The

formation of product is porous in nature along with a surface

Classification of Dye

Based on the application mode, dyes are generally

classified according to their structure. It is virtue to point that

the principal system adopted to classify by its applications are

Color Index (C.I) with its five-digit number and hue (51) shown

in Table 1.

area ranges from 500m /g to 2000m /g which is large. As a

result, many researchers attempted to develop an alternate

Corresponding author:Krishnaveni J, Department of Chemistry, Suguna college of Engineering, Coimbatore. Tamilnadu, India. E-

mail: trustfulmejency@gmail.com

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 218-223

cheap adsorbent and for controlling the pollution that may

replace the available commercial activated carbon by

Adsorption process.

Therefore, adsorption processes are more advantageous over

the available process due to its low capital cost, operation cost

and also for simpler design. Absorbents which are naturally

available, wastes and by products obtained from industries and

synthetic products which are economical are called low price

adsorbents. Researchers suggest and adopt this concept

according to the various discussions on forming, using and

applying the low-price adsorbents. The low-price adsorbents

studied on the based on their availability as follows: (a) natural

available materials; (b) industrial/ Domestic/ Agricultural

Table 1: Classification of Dyes

Types

Solubility

Sources

Ink jet printing, nylon, paper,

Soluble in water leather modified acrylic, wool,

food and cosmetics.

Acid

Dyes

Polyesters that modified,

wastes and

(biomass).

by-products; and (c) synthesized products

Basic

Dyes

medicine, nylons, polyethylene

terephthalate of dyeing cation,

Soluble in water

paper and polyacrylonitrile.

Insoluble in

water

Cellulosic fibers, cotton, rayon

and wool.

2.2.1 Naturally available Materials

The naturally available materials are used as cost

Vat Dyes

low adsorbents which exist in natural environment and are used

as such or with small treatment. The bark of the Eucalyptus can

be used as an absorbent without any minor treatment for dye

removal. Wood is used for the acid removal and basic dye

removal to overcome the economic drawback of activated

charcoal. Coal which exists naturally is used for removing both

acid and basic dye. For the removal of Triazo direct dye, coal-

based adsorbents like lignite coal, bituminous coal and char

fines have been used. Peat is another adsorbent which is

naturally available and used for the various pollutants and dyes

by most of the researchers. Ramakrishna and Viraraghavan (46,

Solvent

Dyes

Insoluble in

water

Gasoline, waxes, oils, petrol and

lubricants.

Direct

Dyes

Anionic dyes

which are

soluble in water

Nylon, cotton dyeing, rayon,

leather and paper.

Reactive

Dyes

Disperse

Dyes

Cotton, other cellulosic, nylon and

wool.

Nylon, polyester, cellulose and

fiber acrylics.

Soluble in water

Water-insoluble

non-ionic dyes

.2 Low cost Adsorbents

Physical methods like ion exchange and reverse osmosis

48) identified the potential of adsorbent such as peat, bentonite

clay, fly ash and slag for removing the acid, base and disperse

dye. Of many naturally available materials, clay occupies a

very good place in being cheap, abundant and possessing

excellent property of adsorption. Sepiolite were used for the

removing the reactive blue 221.

were used for the removal of dyes form the industrial waste

water. However, due to their high capital and operational costs,

these methods restrict the use in large scale level in the

industries. Among all the process that are available for treating

the effluents, adsorption method shows possible treatment to

remove the organic pollutant from industrial wastewater.

Table 2: Methods of Dye Removal

Methods

Types

Drawback

Advantages

Economically attractive. Good

removal efficiency Cost

intensive regeneration process,

Regeneration with low loss of

adsorbents, Good sorption for

specific colourant, Effective

removal for a wide range of

colourants at low volumes (6).

Effective for both soluble and

insoluble colourants, Capable

of decolourizing wide variety

of wastes, Short detention time

and low capital costs, Good

removal efficiencies (6, 59,

Sedimentation process, Reverse

Osmosis, microfiltration,

ultrafiltration, nanofiltration

Life span of membrane is short, membrane

is costly, energy consumption is high and

high pressure on working (61).

Physical

Treatment

Coagulation, Flocculation Process,

Oxidation process (H O2, Cl, Fenton’s The pH range less than 3.5 shows sludge

reagent, KMnO and O

Chemical

Treatment

), Ozonation

formation, long reaction time (2, 22, 33,

49, 60, 68).

process, Photo catalysis, Advanced

Oxidation Process.

67).

Colour removal is facilitated

along with COD removal,

Resistant to wide variety of

complex colourants. Bio gas

produced is used for steam

generation, Good removal

efficiency for low volumes and

concentrations. Very effective

for specific colourant removal

Conditions like Anaerobic, Aerobic

or both anaerobic–aerobic

Bacteria and fungi such as

Large landscape is required, longer times,

cost-effective, biodegradability is low,

flexibility is low in design and operation

(4, 11, 13, 44, 50, 52).

Biological Phanerochaetechrysosporium,

Treatment Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas

aerogenosia, Bacillus species, and

various microorganisms of

Klebsiellaspecies.

(

6, 59, 67).

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 218-223

Besides

smectites,diatomite and alunite clays are also used as adsorbent

for dye removal. TiO nanoparticles are used for the removal of

methyl violet and Zeolite is the adsorbent which is microporous

in nature utilized mainly for eliminating pollutants and dyes

these,

montmorillonite,

kaolinite,

The possibility of using palm oil ash as a low-price adsorbent

for the successfully removed the Two commercial dyes i.e.

disperse blue and disperse red dyes (26). Attempt has been

made to utilize the boiler bottom ash, saw dust ash, rice husk

ash and wood coal with impregnation of an adsorbent for the

removing the dye of basic nature (58). Shale oil ash was used

as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes. Red mud, a by-product

of aluminium industry has been investigated (37) for the

removal of various dyes such as fast green, rhodamine B,

methylene blue, congo red and also by diatomite. Another

productive investigation was also done with the various basic

dyes on process of adsorption and also onto Microporous

activated carbon prepared from Euphorbia antiquorum L was

impregnated with polyvinyl alcohol (62, 69).

(

39, 42). Beach sand coated with polyaniline were used as an

efficient green adsorbent for removing dye from aqueous

solution (7).It has proved that beach sand has extremely cost-

effective substrate for coating with polyaniline in order to be

used as efficient adsorbent for dye removal from aqueous

solutions.

The removal of the anionic dyes using natural sepiolite and

bentonite are related with the activated carbon was studied

(

17). A surfactant removal of 90% was achieved in within 15

min due to the more affinity between adsorbent and surfactant.

Natural bentonite activated with 0.5 M H2SO4 was proved that

the most successful adsorbent for ethoxylatednonylphenol.

During the combustion of liquid fuel in fertilizer plants,

carbon slurry waste is generated and it has been transformed

into activated carbon which is inexpensive. Generally, Sewage

sludge is used to develop the material which is carbonaceous

with the help of chemical activation. This material was utilized

to remove dyes and phenol along with the wastes of blast

furnaces slag, sludge and dust from the steel industries. To

control the environment impact and to improve the low- price

concept, an attempt was made to eliminate the dyes such as

Methylene Orange and Methyl Blue by alginate beads that has

activated carbon and carbon nanotubes(55).They showed the

better results in The dye removal using 40 g L-1 of CNTs was

above 90% and also the amount of dye adsorption improved

with increasing the initial concentration of the dye, CNTs

dosage, and temperature.

.2.2 Industrial/ Domestic/Agricultural wastes and its by-

Products

Besides many naturally available materials, numerous

wastes from agricultural and its by-products were explored to

be an adsorbent for eliminating the pollutants by a bunch of

workers. Sawdust, almond shells, walnut and poplar has been

studied for removing the acid red 183 and green 25 dyes from

the aqueous solution. Some cheap adsorbents such as walnut

sawdust, pitch pine, cherry, oak and ground hazelnut materials

were carried out to remove the Acid Blue and Methylene Blue

dyes from the effluents (19). To remove basic and direct dyes,

Sunflower stalks and cotton stalk were studied as adsorbent

Many materials like polymer materials, bottom ash, waste

tyre rubber, de-oiled soya (34), double layered hydroxides,

pyrite, black tea leaves and artificial iron sulphide, impregnated

alum activated alumina, sorel’s cement, rosacanina and

calcined alunite seeds was studied as an adsorbent and proved

as a effective removal efficiency percentage onto to the dyes.

Utilization of waste peels of potato and activated orange (35),

husk of potato (43), peels of mandarin and yellow passion fruit,

Brazilian pine fruit shell, coffee bean, babassu, cupuassu

related to cocoa, tree leaves, wood shavings (12), powders of

different plant leaves (57) were investigated and showed the

better results in efficiency of dye removal percentage in

different pH range and high removal dye at 333K. The powder

of orange peel (18,29) was also used as an adsorbent and

proved to be cheap and economical. Adsorbent like Mehagoni

leaf and Neem is used for dye removal from the effluents

discharged in textiles (9, 56). The efficiency for Neem leaf was

found Blue BFG 50.5%, Orange MERL 66.02%, Red

EV8V5(dye) 57%, and for Mahagoni leaf Red EV8V5(dye)

77%, Blue BFG 67.77%, Orange MERL 60%, respectively.

The adsorption of metals by different materials namely

used tyres carbon, phosphate treated sawdust, olive cake/stone

and pine needles, moss, risk husk carbon, cactus, maize cob,

sphagnum moss peat, sugar beet pulp, cane bagasse, cow dung

carbon, waste slurry, rice straw, quaternised wood, carbon

slurry and hen feathers. Activated groundnut husk carbon, husk

of coconut, ground nut shell, coconut shell, leaf mould, palm

pressed fibers, wood and coconut juice carbon and coconut

fiber (16, 23, 32). From the above investigations proved that

Activated Rice Husk, at 500 mg/L the highest of 62%, 68% and

65% elimination of Zn (II), Cu(II) and Cr(VI) were obtained

respectively, but in Activated Coconut Fiber, at 500 mg/L the

greatest of 64%, 67% and 72% removal of Zn(II), Cu(II) and

Cr(VI) were obtained respectively.

(

15). Subha and Namasivayam, 2009, studied on coir pith

which is an agriculture residue as a good adsorbent for

adsorptionof Rhodamine B and Acid Violet dyes that proved.

The adsorption capacity was found to be 2.6mg/g of acid violet

dyes (64). An attempt of removing industrial dye using dried

green seaweeds was carried out (47). The maximum removal

percentage and efficiency was 100mg fine biomass of green

seaweeds 100 mg/L dye solution. Another appealing

agriculture waste is the sawdust, mainly used for removing

heavy metals and dyes (38). The study was also carried out with

timber sawdust for the methyl violet dye biosorption and dye

adsorption dependency by other workers (40) the chemically

tailored adsorbent behaves proficiently in a extensive pH range

throughout the consistent and quick sorption process.

The wastes and the by-products which are formed from

steel, sugar, metal, thermal power planta and industrial

fertilizer has been used as an adsorbent. From the bamboo pulp

mill by-product spherical sulphonic lignin was prepared and

Lignin was prepared from the paper mills discharge waste and

by-product reviewed (24, 25). They also highlighted the

utilization of Lignin adsorbent and its effective

removalperformance and recovery of cationic dyes.

Coal based thermal power plant discharges high amount of

fly ash and by-product materials. Fly ash as a cheap adsorbent

were studied to remove cationic dye such as crystal violet and

rosaniline hydrochloride. Dye removal such as acid yellow,

disperse blue and direct yellowcan be done utilizing the fly ash

adsorbent (5). By-products and wastes of steel plants

discharges wastes and by-products such as blast furnaces slag,

sludge and dusts wasstudied for the dye removal. Different dye

removal like disperse red and acid red was achieved by fly ash

adsorbent compare with other three adsorbents like peat,

bentonite clay, and steel plant slag were suggested by other

workers (31,46).

Orange peel is used for the removing acid violet dye from

aqueous solution and resulted in the maximum removal of 87%

was proved at pH 2.0 for an adsorbent dose of 60 g/50 ml of 1

Rice mills contains waste residues of rice husk ash, were

used as an adsorbent for removing the dye of acidic in nature.

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 218-223

g/L dye concentration (45). Banana pith is utilized for the

process of adsorption of basic violet dyes from the waste water

and Bagasse pith is used to eliminate the dyes which are acidic

and basic nature. Another adsorbent such as husks of barley,

corncobs and wheat straw was used for the adsorption of

Cibacron Red, Blue and Yellow and Remazol Red, Black and

palm fruit bunch was explored for the adsorption method to

remove the Basic Red, Basic Yellow and Basic Blueby

Robinson et al., 2001. Agricultural waste rice straw as

adsorbent was employed to remove Malachite green (30), it

was effectively removed more than 87% at concentration of 5

g/L and at pH 8.

on Spirogyra Rhizopus. The monolayeradsorption capacity of

S. rhizopus was found to be 1356.6 for AB 290 and 367.0 mg/g

for AB 324 dyes. The biosorption data of AB 290 and AB 324

dye best fits with Koble-Corrigan and the Redlich-Peterson

models. The thermodynamic parameters such as entropy,

enthalpy and free energy change shows reversible and

exothermic nature of the biosorption of the dyes by Spirogyra

Rhizopus (41).

Algae such as Oscillatorialimosaand Nostoc commune are

used for phycoremediation (8). This investigation showed that

both algal species are effective for the degradation of several

nutrients, chlorides and Electrical conductance from the

wastewater. On all the selected algae Oscillatoriahasbest

potential and act better for the large-scale treatment. Both the

species have good performance for nitrogen fixation and the

biomass produces act as bioresource for cultivation of paddy.

Phycoremoval of nutrients, chlorides etc was found to be in

lower concentration of wastewater and can be a sustainable

method for wastewater treatment.

.2.3 Biomass as an Adsorbent

Microorganisms such as Bacteria, Fungi and Algae have

great potential for degradation of dyes and has tendency to

absorb the dyes from industrial effluents and also from aqueous

solution. Many live microbial organisms namely Yeast, Fungi,

Algae and Bacteria were investigated to confer the capability

to uptake massive amount of dyes and heavy metals. Biomass

is abundant and available at low cost that drives huge attraction

in dye wastewater treatment. From Water Hyacinth having dry

roots and are non-living, biomass can be produced as an

adsorbent for removing dyes. Hydrillaverticillata has been

reported as an absorbent for the elimination of Basic dye, Basic

Violet and Methylene Blue (53). This Hydrillaverticillata plant

was exposed to different dye concentrations under the

hydroponic culture medium. The plant growth was normal at

low concentration of dye and found to greater dye removal

efficiency. The rate of removal efficiency decreased with

increase in dye concentration. Studies like Langmuir and

Freundlich isotherm, SEM, FTIR data were found to fit well.

The investigation concluded that H. Verticillate can be used as

biosorption for waste water effluent management.

A massive potential and physicochemical property were

identified in biomass adsorbent. By Fu and ViraRaghavan(21)

investigation on biosorption using Aspergillusniger fungus

from the discharged wastewater of textile industry by using

Spirogyra species, a fresh water green algae removes dyes such

as Congo Red, Disperse Red, Basic Blue 9 & Acid Blue 29.

The different functional groups present in the biosorbents are

capable of biodegrading and biosorbing the dye from the

wastewater and becomes more selective. Alternative to old

treatment, biosorbent emerges as a best one on various research

studies. Biomasses of Algae and fungi shows the excellent

capability to discoloration (21). Using industrial fermentation

processes, fungal biomass can be obtained economically for the

adsorption of dyes and also which is a non-pathogenic material

to human and animals. Spirogyra majuscule has high capability

for binary uptake of dyes from the aqueous solution and this

species has huge potential and could be very effective for the

treatment of textile wastewater in industrial scale. The species

could be a natural adsorbent without high cost. All these fungal

biomasses can be used in the treatment dye contaminated

effluent (1). Fomitopsisfeei and Spirogyra majuscula are the

low-price fungal biomasses, which have been used as

adsorbents for removing dyes (1, 14, 27, 65). The most

promising biosorbent was identified to be Algae due to its

abundance in salt water and fresh water. The potential of Algae

biosorption is widely used because of their excellent binding

affinity, huge surface area and the properties of cell wall

contains functional groups of carboxylates, amino, hydroxyl

and phosphate. This property is responsible for removal of dye.

Spirogyra rhizopus may have the property of accumulating the

dyes on the outer surface of Algal Biopolymers (41). The

kinetic and equilibrium studies of biosorption were carried out

Recent studies showed that among all the unicellular algae

species,

Rhizocloniumspecies,

Dinoflagellates) of

heterogeneous

Diatoms,

fresh

species

(Microsporaspecies,

Lyngbyaspecies

water algae

and

Chlamydomonasreinhardtii has added huge interest in the

treatment of dye pollutant in aqueous solution (20). The result

of this investigation reveals the process of metal ion binding is

due to the biosorption. The Chlamydomonasreinhardtii best fit

for removing copper and lead (II) ions from the aqueous

solution. The conditions like medium, pH, biomass

preparation, metal – ion and biomass concentration have

greater effect on copper and lead uptake. Regularizing these

conditions increased the affinity of algal cells for the metals.

The species are found to be efficient and economic biomaterials

for removing the heavy metals from metal – contaminated

wastewater (20). Marine green algae, Ulva lactuca and

Sargassum are relatively large in surface area used for the

removal of dye. Biosorption experiments were carried out for

the removal of Methylene Blue onto dried Enteromorpha,

Mediterranean green alga, onto Posidoniaoceanicafibers, a

marine lignocellulosic biomass (38,66). The experimental data

shows a chemisorption process. The P. Oceanicafibres

indicates that the experimented Mediterranean biomass,

revealed a high biosorption towards basic dye (36). Natural

biosorbentulvalactuca and sargassum species reveals

potential adsorption capacity rather than commercial adsorbent

alumina. This Biosorbent shows 96% removal. All these were

concluded by the adsorption models and shows spontaneous

behavior (66). Mousavi et al., were investigated for the removal

of Pb (II) ion in the aqueous solution by using the

KombuchaScoby and GO/Fe

adsorption efficiencies for GO/Fe O

were found to be 98.08 and 99.73%.

adsorbent (36). The maximum

and KombuchaScoby

Although Biosorption& Biomass acts as an excellent

process replacing the non-renewable method for removing the

dyes, there is only limited information available on the

interactions and more studies are needed to confirm the

interactions (3, 50, 54). To change the biosorption process

economical wise, it is necessary to regenerate the spent

adsorbent in multiple sorption cycles. Several methods are

investigated in the literature about the regeneration of organic

pollutant loaded biomass. But detailed study is needed on spent

biosorbent regeneration (3).

Conclusion

The review article highlighted the different methods that

are usingthe easily available and cheap adsorbents for removal

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 218-223

of dyes from the effluents.It is also identifiedthat many

researchers use adsorption method to remove the organic and

inorganic contaminants from the industrial effluents. Non-

viable biomaterials are found to be effective, easier and have

the capability to remove the color excellently. It is reviewed

that the research on biomaterials reveals that they emerge to be

a promising alternative to conventional treatment system. It’s

evidently proved that adsorption method hasmany natural

biomaterials are available for removal of dyes from effluents.

Many of these natural bio materials have excellent potentials

for the dye removal from the effluents.

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RB, Alencar WS, Pereira SFP. Application of Cupassu shell as

biosorbent for the removal of textiles dyes from aqueous solution.

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[14]Demir G, Ozcan K, Tufekci N, Borat M. Decolorization of

Remazol Yellow RR Gran by white

rot

fungus

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15]Deng H, Lu J, Li G, Zhang G, Wang X. Adsorption of methylene

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Dyes removal from textile wastewater using orange peels.

Ethical issue

Authors are aware of, and comply with, best practice in

publication ethics specifically with regard to authorship

(

avoidance of guest authorship), dual submission, manipulation

of figures, competing interests and compliance with policies on

research ethics. Authors adhere to publication requirements

that submitted work is original and has not been published

elsewhere in any language.

International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research.

(2013) 47-50.

[19]Ferrero F. Dye removal by low cost adsorbents: hazelnut shells in

comparison with wood sawdust. J. Hazard. Mater. 142 (2007) 144–

Competing interests

52.

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that

would prejudice the impartiality of this scientific work.

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20]Flouty R, Estephane G. Bioaccumulation and biosorption of

copper and lead by a unicellular algae Chlamydomonasreinhardtii

in single and binary metal systems: A comparative study. Journal

of Environmental Management. 111(2012) 106 – 114.

21]Fu YZ, Viraraghavan T. Fungal decolorization of dye wastewaters:

a review. Bioresour. Technol. 79 (2001): 251–262.

Authors’ contribution

All authors of this study have a complete contribution for

data collection, data analyses and manuscript writing.

[

22]Ghorai TK, Biswas SK, Dalai S, Pramanik P. Photooxidation of

different organic dyes using Fe (III)- doped TiO nanophotocatalyst

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