Eco-Friendly Approach to Control Mosquitos (A. stephensi, C. quinquefasciatus, and A. aegypti) Using Silver Nanoparticle

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 203-210

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

https://doi.org/10.47277/JETT/9(2)210

Eco-Friendly Approach to Control Mosquitos (A.

stephensi, C. quinquefasciatus, and A. aegypti) Using

Silver Nanoparticle

Jimmandiyur Madhappan Murugan , Mathiyazhagan Narayanan , Muthugoundar

Subramanian Shivakumar , Govindaraju Ramkumar

PG and Research Centre in Biotechnology, MGR College, Adhiyamaan Educational Research Institute, Hosur, Krishnagiri, Tamilnadu, India

Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India

Department of Entomology, Indian council of Agriculture Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China

Received: 15/10/2020

Accepted: 03/11/2020

Published: 20/03/2021

Abstract

The available controlling agents for mosquito vectors are chemical insecticides and the frequent usage of these insecticides creating

resistance among mosquito vectors and environmental pollutions. Thus, the study was designed to synthesize and characterize the Ag

nanoparticles (AgNPs) through a methanol leaf extract of Ocimum canum and find the larvicidal prospective of the AgNPs on the 4

instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes aegypti. The obtained outcomes show that the methanol leaf

extract of O. canum was effectively reduced the silver ions and produce constant silver nanoparticles. It was characterized and confirmed

by various scientific techniques such as UV-vis spectrum, XRD, SEM, FT-IR and EDaX. Various concentrations (10, 50, 150, 200, and

50 ppm) of characterized nanoparticles were tested for larvicidal activity. The premier larval death was observed at 24 h of treatment

on A. aegypti with LC50= 17.03 ppm, followed by C. quinquefasciatus with LC50= 14.89 ppm of methanol extract of O. canum and no

death was noticed on A. stephensi. The LD90 value for A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus were 24.18 & 20.65 ppm respectively. Hence,

the Ag nanoparticles produced from methanol leaf extract of O. canum retains efficiency to control A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus.

Thus, it might support partially to replace the chemical insecticide which used against these vectors and might contribute to reduce

environmental pollution.

Keywords: O. canum, methanol extract, Biodegradable AgNPs, larvicidal activity, mosquito vectors

and lymphatic filariasis on more than 50 lakhs people in India

Introduction

[16-18]. This caused an annual financial defeat of 15 million

The frequent usage of chemical insecticides and pesticides

US dollars [19-21]. The most active vector control is usually

counted on the synthetic pesticide practices pointing larvae of

mosquito vector [22-24]. The recurrent usage of these synthetic

pesticides promotes numerous ecological threats and develops

resistance among insects, pests, and toxic effects on non-target

organisms [25-27].

Recently researchers are focused on nanoparticles based

resolution for this foresaid disputes. The potentiality and

possible utilization of this modern material science completely

rely on their morphological nature, such as size and shape [28-

(

pyrethroid) is creating severe environmental pollutions such as

soil and water pollutions [1-5]. In growing countries like India,

the management of mosquitos and other insect vectors are still

depends on chemical insecticides [6-9]. Thus, it might create

environmental pollution and creates insecticide resistance

among mosquitos. Since the mosquitos are the most significant

insect which acts as a notable vector to cause several kinds of

virus-borne infections in many countries, transmit disease

approximately seven hundred lakhs people in each year in the

entire globe and it crossing more than 40 lakhs people in each

year in India [10-12]. Among several mosquito species,

Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes

aegypti are the responsible vector for causing filariasis, dengue

fever, malaria, chikungunya, zika virus infection, etc. in

numerous Asian countries [13-15]. In India, mosquito routed

diseases happen more frequently with some common vectors

such as, A. aegypti acts as a vector, which can cause yellow

fever, dengue, chikungunya, etc. A. subpictus and C.

quinquefasciatus are respectively acted as a vector for malaria

30]. It has been related to the chemical structure and physical

nature of mother chemicals considered for nanoparticle

fabrication [31, 32]. These nanoparticles (NPs) are having

multiple-face, thus can be used in numerous areas of biological

(

antimicrobials, biosensors, drug delivery, bioplastics, etc.) and

material sciences (catalysts, chemical sensors, etc.) field [33,

3]. The metal-based nanoparticles are extensively utilized in

the medical field to deliver the drug exactly the targeted place

and without the interaction of adjacent healthy cells and

surprisingly, in recent years researchers are focused to diminish

Corresponding author: Dr. Mathiyazhagan Narayanan, PG and Research Centre in Biotechnology, MGR College, Adhiyamaan

Educational Research Institute, Hosur, Krishnagiri, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail: mathimicro@gmail.com and Dr. Shivakumar

Muthugoundar Subramanian, Molecular Entomology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India.

E-mail: skentomol@gmail.com

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 203-210

the spreading of disease through mosquitos vector by

nanoparticles synthesized by plant extracts and microbes

2.3.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)

analysis

[

7, 18]. The plant-based nanoparticle production is more

The FT-IR analysis was achieved to find promising useful

groups accountable for the reduction of AgNO3 into AgNPs.

The powdered AgNPs were studied using FT-IR (FT-IR-Model

- 400, Japan) with potassium bromide pellets as a contextual

comfortable than other biological procedures for huge scale

production in a short duration [8, 19]. Even though, the

production of AgNPs with larvicidal efficiency and adult

mosquito slaughter efficiency is still a challenge [9]. The

phytochemical contents of plants have the prospective to break

the complexed material to a simple form, it could be useful to

various biological-based usages in multiple fields.

The oxidation and reduction approaches are routinely

engaged in Ag and other metals-based nanoparticles production

through reducing chemical agents [2, 20, 21, 33]. However,

these chemical-based approaches have some hinders and toxic

nature on the regular consumption of nanoparticles in

biological applications. Thus this research work was designed

to reveal the green fabrication of biodegradable AgNPs through

methanol leaf extract of O. canum and assess their larvicidal

and adult slaughter potential on A. Aegypti, A. stephensi, and C.

quinquefasciatus.

-1

over the choice of 400–4000 cm .

2.3.4 SEM-EDaX analysis

The size and external morphology of the AgNPs was

detected by SEM (JEOL- JSM 6390). The size and morphology

of the AgNPs sample were observed through 25 µL of AgNPs

was coated on a copper stub device, worked at hastening energy

at 15 kV. The EDaX examination was performed by added the

dried AgNPs particles on a copper grid coated with carbon and

executed on an SEM device with Thermo-EDaX (FEI-Quanta

250) supplement.

2.4 Mosquito culture

The most problematic mosquito vectors, such as A. Aegypti,

C. quinquefasciatus, and A. stephensi were chosen for this

study. The mosquito larvae were acquired from the Institute for

Vector Control and Zoonosis, Hosur, Tamil Nadu, India. The

procured cultures were successfully retained and raised under

laboratory conditions [13]. The larvae were raised in clean

platters comprising clean water and presented at 28 ± 1°C, with

Materials and Methods

.1 Preparation of methanol leaf extract from O. canum

As per the previous study [34], the O. canum was chosen

for this work. The leaf of O. canum was used for the extraction

process with methanol solvent as per the protocol of Minjas and

Sarda [35] with minor alterations. About 10 g of fresh leaves of

O. canum sample was thoroughly washed with Tween -20 for

70–80% of humidity and light and dark photoperiod of 14:10

ratio. Further 3:1 rate of dog biscuit and yeast powder was used

as feed for larvae growth.

–4 times. The rinsed leaves were sliced into adequate

quantities and heated with 100 mL of methanol solvent in 250

mL conical flask at 60°C for 5 min. The final extract was sieved

through Whatman filter paper (No. 1) and preserved at -20°C

for supplementary analyses.

.5 Larvicidal Bioassay

The WHO [40] protocol was followed to achieve larvicidal

bioassay. Briefly, 25 number of 4 instar larvae were used to

individual repeats in 249 mL of water and 1.0 mL of methanol

extract of O. canum with various concentrations (10, 50, 100,

.2 Synthesis of Ag nanoparticles

The AgNPs were produced from O. canum as per the

150, and 200 ppm) and kept for 24 h in multi vial tray. The

same concentrations and setup were performed with

Synthesized AgNP. Cypermethrin and water are used for

positive and negative control. Control (AgNO and distilled

water separately) was maintained with triplicates of each

dosage. After the treatment, the numbers of dead larvae of A.

Aegypti, A. stephensi, and C. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes

methodology of Huang et al. [36], concisely 10 mL of methanol

extract of O. canum was treated with 90 mL of 1 mM AgNO3

in 250 mL flask and retained at chamber temperature for 12

mins and perceived the blackish-brown to yellowish-orange

color development, it primarily confirms the production of

AgNPs.

(

acute toxicity) were computed the percentage of mortality was

calculated.

.3 Analyses of AgNPs

The reduction and structural elucidation of filtered AgNPs

was performed by following the methodology of Parthiban et

al. [37] and Minjas and Sarda [35] with some modifications.

.6 CDC Bottle Bioassay

The CDC Bioassay was achieved by following the protocol

of Rahuman et al. [38] with some modifications. About 250 mL

glass tubes were coated with the produced AgNPs with various

concentrations (10, 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm). About 20

numbers of each mosquito were introduced by aspiration into

the CDC bottle. Knock-down was recorded at 10-minute

intervals for three hours. After the treatment, knock-down and

alive mosquitoes were removed and separated from the bottles

and kept in discrete paper cups filled with 10% sucrose solution

and kept at insectary for 24 hours. After, 10% sucrose

treatment, adult mosquitos were confirmed and scored as alive

or dead. The identified functional dosage level could be useful

to study the potential on the field population.

.3.1 UV-Visible Spectrophotometer analysis

The absorption maxima of reduced AgNPs produced from

O. canum was examined through a UV-Vis spectrophotometer

Shimadzu-UV2600I, Japan) at 300-700 nm and functioned at

(

a resolution of 1 nm at diverse time breaks (2, 4, 6, & 8 hr).

Briefly, 0.2 mL of a diluted small aliquot of the sample was

spun at 8,000 rpm for 15 min and the pellet was filtered

(

0.40µm) and dissolved in distilled water for further

characterization study.

.3.2 XRD analysis

The dried nanoparticles were taken for XRD analysis by

.7 Probity Analysis

The obtained typical larvae and mosquitos' death results

coated on the grid of XRD [39]. The spectra were documented

using Phillips PW 1830 operated at 30 mA and 40 kV current

with CuKα1 radiation (XRD-LYNXEYE-T detector, Rigaku,

Japan).

were exposed to probity study for computing LC50, LC90 at 95

confidence bounds of upper confidence limit (UCL) and

lower confidence limit (LCL) values, and chi-square tests were

analyzed with SPSS 13.0.

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2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 203-210

The conceivable band existing in the biomolecule was

accountable for the peaks and suitable for capping and

competence in stabilizing AgNPs produced by methanol leaf

extract of O. canum. The spectra showed a strong peak at

Results

.2 Synthesis of silver nanoparticle- UV- Spec. analysis

The eco-friendly synthesis of AgNPs from AgNO3 with

methanol leaf extract of O. canum was evaluated and confirmed

by UV–Vis spectra studies with 300 to 700 nm wavelength

range. The color was changed from blackish brown to

yellowish-orange (Fig. 1A) which initially confirm the

production of AgNPs i.e. reduction of Ag salt through methanol

leaf extract of O. canum. The maximum absorption spectrum

-1

646.24 cm allotted to N-H stretching of 2555.46 with OH

-1

clusters, and the spectra showed an intense peak at 3449 cm

consigned to C-H stretching binding of R–COOH. The fragile

-1

band was found at 576.16 cm resembles to C=C and C-N

stretching with the alkenes group (Fig. 3).

was observed at 453 nm at 8 hour analysis (Fig. 1B). This

.5 SEM analysis

The image of SEM analysis of these AgNPs revealed that

confirms that the methanol leaf extract of O. canum has silver

reducing phytochemical ingredients that enhancing the

reduction of silver salt.

the particles accumulate over the exterior due to the

collaboration of hydrogen with electrostatic bonding among the

carbon-based capping particles destined to the AgNPs. The

produced AgNPs were in size stretching from 32.75 nm - 78.

.3 XRD analysis

The crystalline size and nanostructure of green synthesized

88 nm, with most of them were spherical, and remains were

AgNPs were observed by employing an X-ray powder

diffraction device. The analysis was demonstrated and

confirmed through characteristic peaks observed at 2θ values

of 38.08° (111) in XRD image (Fig. 2). The developed broaden

of Bragg's peaks indicates the formation and confirmation of

nanoparticles.

elongated in shape (Fig. 4).

.6 EDaX analysis

According to the bio-reduction process, energy-dispersive

micro and element investigation was performed to gain further

perception of the AgNPs employing EDaX techniques. The

binding energies of AgNPs were observed at peaks around

.4 FT-IR analysis

72.64. The findings specify that the response product exists in

the pure form of silver nanoparticles (Fig. 5).

.000

300.00

400.00

500.00

nm.

600.00

700.00

Figure 1: UV–Vis spectra of AgNPs synthesized by methanol extract of O. canum: A) Visible color change it’s indicated that synthesized silver

nanoparticle and B) AgNPs producing a peak at 453nm at different time interval

Figure 2: XRD pattern of AgNPs synthesized by methanol extract of O. canum

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2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 203-210

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

Wavenumber cm-1

Figure 3: FTIR spectrum of AgNPs synthesized by methanol extract of O. canum

followed by C. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 14.89 with LCL =

1.721 & UCL = 18. 0621 ppm) than methanol extract alone

A. aegypti: LC50 = 52.04 with LCL = 49.77 & UCL = 54.32

ppm and C. quinquefasciatus: LC50 = 47.19 with LCL = 41.22

UCL = 53.17 ppm) and aqueous AgNO3 alone (A. aegypti:

LC50=43.33 with LCL=41.11 45.55 ppm and C.

quinquefasciatus: LC50=56.10 with LCL=52.80 & 59.47 ppm)

Table 1 and 2). There was no noticeable larvicidal activity on

(

A. stephensi by synthesized AgNPs. The LC90 results were also

significant to the results of LC50 larvicidal efficacy of AgNPs

synthesized from methanol extract of O. canum.

Figure 4: SEM micrographic image of AgNPs synthesized by

methanol extract of O. canum (Image magnification ×20,000)

.7 Assessment of Larvicidal activity by bioassay

The death proportion was perceived in the initial 4 instars

of A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus with five diverse dosages

10, 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm) AgNPs synthesized from

(

methanol leaf extract of O. canum to assess the extent larvicidal

potential. The findings declared that the maximum larval death

was recorded in AgNPs than positive control against A. aegypti

Figure 5: EDaX images of AgNPs derived from O. canum methanolic

extract

(

LC50 = 17.03with LCL = 14.448 & UCL = 19.6286 ppm),

Table I: Larvicidal activity of methanol extract synthesized AgNPs against fourth instar larvae of A. aegypti

LC90

(ppm)

Name of

mosquito

LC50

(ppm)

95% confidence limit (ppm)

Sample

LCL

UCL

LCL

UCL

AgNPs

Methanol

extract

375

17.03±0.42

52.04±2.54

14.44±0.82

19.62±0.86

24.18±0.15

65.17±0.12

15.15±0.51

33. 21±1.5

49.77±2.21

54.32±2.11

45.55±2.11

61.35±4.7

69.0±3.01

64.32±5.1

A. aegypti

Aqueous

43.33±1.71

20.85±2.28

41.119±2.15

62.07±3.9

59.82±3.62

AgNO

Positive

375

27.98±2.31

Legend: n - means Number of larvae (triplicates: 25×3×5conc.), LC50 - Lethal concentration 50% mortality, LC90- Lethal concentration 90% mortality,

LCL- lower confidence limits, UCL- upper confidence limits, df - degrees of freedom

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2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 203-210

Table 2: Larvicidal activity of methanol extract synthesized AgNPs against fourth instar larvae of C. quinquefasitasis

Name of

mosquit

LC90

(ppm)

LC50

95% confidence limit (ppm)

Sample

(ppm)

LCL

UCL

LCL

UCL

AgNPs

375

14.89±0.34

47.19±0.86

11.72±0.11

18. 06±0.21

20.65±1.66

82.37±5.9

14.39±0.11

26.91±1.32

Methanol

extract

Aqueous

AgNO3

Positive

41.22±4.39

52.80±3.11

53.17±4.72

59.41±2.63

78.23±2.14

78.00±5.65

86.51±5.1

quinquef

asitasis

56.10±0.31

18.18±3.78

87.67±7.24

25.21±3.11

97.35±8.12

375

Legend: n - means Number of larvae (triplicates: 25×3×5conc.), LC50 - Lethal concentration 50% mortality, LC90- Lethal concentration 90% mortality,

LCL- lower confidence limits, UCL- upper confidence limits, df - degrees of freedom

Table 3: CDC Bottle Bioassay: Efficiency of methanol leaf extract synthesized AgNPs against A. aegypti

LC90

(ppm)

Name of

mosquito

LC50

(ppm)

95% confidence limit (ppm)

Sample

LCL

UCL

LCL

UCL

AgNPs

Methanol

extract

300

18.79±1.01

54.91±1.21

15.84±0.60

21.74±1.21

26.16±0.89

64.57±1.24

16.21±0.42

36.11±2.5

51.62±3.01

42.21±1.56

58.21±4.23

49.61±3.23

60.95±5.13

62.14±4.35

68.2±4.31

A. aegypti

Aqueous

45.91±1.32

22.68±2.47

63.76±2.70

28.54±2.68

65.38±4.21

AgNO

Positive

300

Legend: n - means Number of larvae (triplicates: 20×3×5conc.), LC50 - Lethal concentration 50% mortality, LC90- Lethal concentration 90% mortality,

LCL- lower confidence limits, UCL- upper confidence limits, df - degrees of freedom

Table 4: CDC Bottle Bioassay: Efficiency of methanol leaf extract synthesized AgNPs against C. quinquefasitasis

LC90

(ppm)

95% confidence limit

(ppm)

Name of

mosquito

LC50

(ppm)

95% confidence limit (ppm)

Sample

LCL

UCL

LCL

UCL

AgNPs

Methanol

extract

300

16.02±0.34

48.39±0.86

12.89±0.45

19.16±0.56

20.85±1.66

81.56±5.9

16.41±0.58

25.29±2.10

42.14±3.79

49.45±2.31

54.65±3.21

58.22±1.45

77.51±3.31

76.21±4.29

85.62±4.1

quinquefasitasis

Aqueous

53.83±0.86

85.71±7.24

22.58±2.41

95.22±4.23

AgNO

Positive

300

19.24±1.41

Legend: n - means Number of larvae (triplicates: 20×3×5conc.), LC50 - Lethal concentration 50% mortality, LC90- Lethal concentration 90% mortality,

LCL- lower confidence limits, UCL- upper confidence limits, df - degrees of freedom

.8 CDC Bottle Bioassay

The lethal dosage of synthesized AgNPs against adult

yellowish-orange due to the reduction of AgNO3 by methanol

leaf extract of O. canum. The present findings declared that the

AgNPs produced from methanol leaf extract of O.canum was

analyzed using a spectrophotometer (300 to 700 nm) and

noticed one strong peak curve at 453 nm, suggesting the

mosquitos (A. stephensi, A. aegypti, and C. quinquefasciatus)

were studied in the CDC bottle with different dosage range

from 10-200 ppm (10, 50,100, 150, & 200 ppm) at 10 minutes

to 3 hours interval. The results obtained are perfectly correlated

synthesis of AgNPs at the time interval of 8 hours. The

with the lethal activity of AgNPs on 4 instar larvae. The LC50

obtained peaks of silver nanoparticles might be related to the

surface plasmon vibration of AgNO3 reduction [19, 27, 28].

The outcome of the XRD specifies the occurrence of clear

bands of Bragg peaks at 38.08° (111) indicates Bragg's

reflection, it could be related to the Face Centred Cubic (FCC)

structure of AgNPs [2]. This might support the steadiness of the

nanoparticles produced from methanol extract of O. canaum,

and hence endorsing the crystallization of the organic phase

present on the external of AgNPs [44, 45]. The conceivable

relations between silver and bioactive molecules were analyzed

by FT-IR and them accountable for the reduction and

maintenance of AgNPs, indicates the occurrence of the group

of hydroxyl, carboxylic, alkyl halide, and benzene ring

correspondingly. The FT-IR noticeable peaks confirmed the

and LC90 values of AgNPs against A. aegypti and C.

quinquefasitasis were 18.79 & 26.16 ppm and 16.02 & 20.85

ppm respectively than the positive control, methanol extract,

and aqueous AgNO3. The absence of lethal activity was

recorded on A. stephensi (Tables 3 and 4).

Discussion

Even though the chemical insecticide application is greatly

active on mosquitoes, it faces some risk due to the raising of

insecticide resistance and negative impacts on non-target

organisms [41]. The development of insecticide resistance

among mosquitos could lead to health threats worldwide,

including developing and developed nations. Frequent changes

in the insecticide for mosquito vector control practices lead to

severe resistance mechanisms among mosquitoes [42]. Though

the development of resistance among mosquitoes, frequent use

of chemical insecticides has raised diverse environmental and

ecological issues, such as distraction of regular biological

regulator systems and adverse impacts on non-target beings and

raising health issues human being [42].

-1

occurrence of amide group [46]. The 1646.24 cm allotted to

N-H stretching (2555.45) with OH groups. The fragile band at

-1

576.16 cm parallels to C=C section in the C H2n group. The

obtained peaks correlate with the average peak value of certain

phytochemical components [47, 48]. Therefore, the terpenoids

of plant extracts are previously reported as they have possible

action to renovate the ―CHO into R–COOH in nanoparticle

[31, 32].

The synthesis of AgNPs was preliminarily identified by the

development of color changes from darkish brown to

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2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 203-210

The SEM analysis report clearly states that the shape of

synthesized AgNPs as spherical and elongated in appearance

and size ranges from 32.75 to 78 nm with the uniform surface

distribution. Similar kinds of results were reported by Suganya

et al. [47]. They produced AgNPs using Nelumbo nucifera leaf

extract with shape like triangle, spherical and truncated

triangles with 25 to 80 nm in size. The EDaX peak about 72.64

to the binding energies, and it confirms the untainted form of

AgNPs. The EDaX verified AgNPs produced from methanol

extracts exhibited a solid signal of silver from 3 keV. The X-

ray discharge might be derived from biomolecules like

carbohydrates, enzymes, etc. which exists in the leaves of O.

canaum. Tian et al. [45] have considered the flavonoids

component of lotus leaves for silver nanoparticle synthesis.

Biological components play a significant part in reducing

corresponding metal nanoparticles as like silver [47, 48].

Hence, the present study result confirms that the phytochemical

contents of O. canum could play the most significant role

reduction of AgNO3 to AgNPs. Therefore, in addition to the

existing vector control measures, AgNPs synthesized from

plant extracts could play an important role in controlling

mosquito vector-borne diseases such as malaria and filariasis.

The larvae mortality potential of synthesized AgNPs on larvae

of A. aegypti, A. stephensi, and C. quinquefasciatus were

studied. There was no lethal activity against larvae of A.

stephensi. The very low LC50 and LC90 values were noted for

A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus as 17.03 & 24.18 ppm and

Authors' contributions

The author JMM planned the outline of the research work,

carried out the research, NM prepared the manuscript. GR and

SK support result analysis and manuscript editing, MSS

supervise the research work. The authors have read and

approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgment

The first and third authors are thankful to the PG and

Research Centre in Biotechnology, MGR College, Hosur,

Tamilnadu, India, and the third author is thank full to Molecular

Entomology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar

University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India for offering

sophisticated lab facility for successful completion of this

study.

Declarations

The authors declare the following consent

Funding

Not applicable

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest

regarding the publication of this manuscript.

4.89 & 20.65 ppm respectively than the positive control

Ethics approval

(

Table 3 & 4). Similarly, it shows better activity on adult

Not applicable

mosquitos' namely A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus with

minimum LC50 values (Table 3 & 4). Our results are partially

correlated with the report of Suganya et al. [47] they produced

NPs from Leucas aspera revealed prospective larvicidal action

on A. aegypti larvae with LC50 and LC90 22.21 & 27.32 ppm.

Further, Parthiban et al. [37] reported green synthesized

silver nanoparticles from aqueous leaf extract of Annona

reticulata and which possess excellent larvicidal activity on

larvae of Aedes aegypti. The mortality of larvae and adult

mosquito by AgNPs might be the due to the disintegration of

sulfur or phosphorous components of biomolecules. This

resulting failing enzymes activities leads to decrease in ATP

synthesis and condenses the cellular membrane permeability

which origins the loss of the cell metabolisms and leads to cell

lysis [25, 8, 36]. For the environmental protection and mosquito

control management, the green synthesis based AgNPs, which

have potential mortality against mosquito vectors, could be

suitable for pest management and to minimize the mosquito

vector-borne diseases.

Consent to/for publication

Not applicable

Availability of data and materials

The detailed methodology and analytical data of the present

findings are available from the corresponding author on

reasonable request.

Code availability

Not applicable

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The overall results conclude that the AgNPs were fruitfully

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synthesized using methanol leaf extract of O. canaum. The

synthesized AgNPs are characterized and confirmed through

the UV-Vis spectrum, XRD, SEM, EDaX, and FTIR. The low

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