Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 164-171

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

https://doi.org/10.47277/JETT/9(1)171

Effect of Temperature and Pyrolysis Time in Liquid

Smoke Production from Dried Water Hyacinth

2,4

3,4

Rita Dwi Ratnani *, Hadiyanto and Widiyanto

Chemical Engineering Department, Wahid Hasyim University, Semarang – Indonesia

Chemical Engineering Department, Diponegoro University, Semarang – Indonesia

Animal Husbandry Department, Diponegoro University, Semarang – Indonesia

School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang – Indonesia

Received: 16/07/2020

Accepted: 22/10/2020

Published: 20/03/2020

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the use of water hyacinth to produce liquid smoke. The study observes the temperature and time variables

of yield, pH, density, and refractive index in the production of liquid smoke from water hyacinth. The sequence of the work is as follows:

first, water hyacinth was cut into 5 cm sections and then sun-dried for 2–3 d, depending on the weather. Next, 550 g of dried water hyacinth

was added to the pyrolysis reactor. The temperature variations were 200°C, 400°C, and 600°C, and the time variations were 1, 4, and 7 h. As

a result, liquid smoke was produced with varying yield, pH, densities, and refractive indices. The best results in this research are liquid smoke

pyrolysis at a temperature of 400°C and 4 h with the acquisition of a yield of 93 mL, pH 2–4, a density of 1.080,8 gr/mL, and a refractive

index of 1.339,6, with chemical component 41.45% total acid, 2.44% phenol and 56.10% carbonyl.

Keywords: Influence of temperature and time, liquid smoke, pyrolysis, water hyacinth

capacity and water quality. Some handling efforts that have been

made have not shown significant results [1].

Introduction

A strategy that can be used to manage the lake ecosystem is

the use of water hyacinth. The utilization of water hyacinth to

create a product that is beneficial to Lake RawaPening is

expected. RawaPening is currently dominated by water hyacinth

(

Eichornia crassipes), although it has a fairly high biodiversity.

Water hyacinth grows at an increasing speed. Its distribution is

expanding from year to year, thus resulting in the occurrence of

sedimentation in RawaPening. This very high sedimentation rate

has caused siltation in RawaPening. In 2020 Lake RawaPening is

estimated to contain more than 4,752,961.04 tons of sediment.

Sedimentation that occurred in Lake RawaPening as shown in

Figure 1. The amount of sediment caused by the breeding of

water hyacinth reached 187,839.45 tons. The sedimentation rate

in Lake RawaPening increased after 3 years. In 2008, the

maximum depth of the swamp had reached 18.4 m around the

Bukitcinta ecotourism. Based on the sedimentation rates, Lake

RawaPening in 2017 only had a depth of around 5–8 m. With the

effective efforts to control the breeding of water hyacinth which

can be simulated in 2020, the depth will remain. However, if the

breeding is not controlled, the sedimentation rate will continue to

increase. It is estimated that Lake RawaPening Lake in 2020 will

only have a depth of 2–5 m. With effective treatment, the spread

of water hyacinth in Lake RawaPening will decrease, but will not

be significant in 2020. The problem faced by Lake RawaPening

is the rapid increase in sedimentation rate and growth of water

hyacinth, which has an impact on the reduction of storage

Figure 1. Simulation of the distribution of water hyacinth with control

(a) and (b) without control in 2020 [2]

The process of water hyacinth pyrolysis takes place very

quickly so that it can offset its growth. One alternative is to

produce liquid smoke through pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is

“

destructive distillation” or dry distillation process. It is an

irregular decomposition process of organic materials caused by

heating without contact with the outside air. During pyrolysis,

heat energy induces oxidation, resulting in the breakdown of

complex carbon molecules, mostly into carbon or charcoal.

Pyrolysis is one of the thermochemical technologies. Converting

Corresponding author: Rita Dwi Ratnani, (a) Chemical Engineering Department, Wahid Hasyim University, Semarang – Indonesia and

b) School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang – Indonesia. E-mail: ritadwiratnani@unwahas.ac.id

(

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2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 164-171

biomass into energy and chemical products consisting of liquid,

biochar and gas [2, 3, 4, 5].

During pyrolysis, three types of products are produced: (1)

The gases released in the carbonization process, which are mostly

in the form of CO gas and partly in the form of flammable gases,

Table 1: Comparison of water hyacinth components with other

Material

Chemical

components

No Biomass type

% (d.b)

Hemicellulose

36.26

such as CO, CH

, H, and other low-level hydrocarbons. (2)

Water hyacinth

Softwood

Cellulose

Lignin

20.64

Distillate in the form of liquid smoke and tar. The main

compositions of the product stored are methanol and acetic acid.

The minor components include total phenol, methyl acetate,

formic acid, butyric acid, and others. (3) Residue in the form of

carbon. Wood has almost the same components and the pyrolysis

process results in the decomposition of woods constituent

compounds. The constituent compounds of liquid smoke are

formed via pyrolysis of three wood components, namely,

cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. These chemical components

include (1) acids which can affect the taste, pH, and shelf life of

smoked products; (2) carbonyl which reacts with proteins and

forms chocolate staining; and (3) phenols which mainly produce

aroma and exhibit antioxidant activity [6, 7, 8, 9]. Pyrolysis is

the process of heating a substance without oxygen at

temperatures above 150°C. It is generally performed on

wood. During the pyrolysis process, wood components

decompose into hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. Based

on the test results of the components of the wood

constituents that have been carried out on water hyacinth

and compared with other wood materials can be seen in

Table 1. Pyrolysis produces substances, namely, charcoal,

liquid smoke, and liquid gas. Liquid smoke formed by the

hemicellulose pyrolysis process produces furfural, which is

a furan derivative, as well as a long series of carboxylic

acids, acetic acids, and homologues at temperatures of

7.32

Hemicellulose

Cellulose

Lignin

21–25

54–58

26–29

Hemicellulose

Cellulose

Lignin

28–31

Hardwood

43–53

18–24

Hemicellulose

Cellulose

Lignin

5.26–20.54

28.26–32.52

27.27–36.51

29.33–30.46

44.01–48.01

15.39–15.98

Coconut shell

Cassava stems

Hemicellulose

Cellulose

Lignin

2.2 Pyrolysis Equipment

Figure 2 presents the tools used for the pyrolysis process.

Pyrolysis is performed in a reactor made of SS-304 plates that are

mm thick. The chancellor was designed so that it can carry 10

kg of dried water hyacinth stems cut into 5-cm sections as much

as 550 g. because water hyacinth is very light so that the mass is

sufficient for the process. The tool was connected to the

condenser by a ¼ SS pipe. The condenser was equipped with a

spiral pipe so that it can condense the smoke generated by the

pyrolysis reactor. The length of the spiral pipe influences the yield

of condensation. The longer the pipe, the longer the residence

time in the condenser, so that the condensation process becomes

more maximal. The length of the spiral pipe on this condenser is

00°C–250°C. Pyrolysis of cellulose at a temperature of

80°C-320°C will produce acetic acid and a small amount

of furan and phenol. Lignin pyrolysis produces phenols and

phenol ethers at 400°C. Liquid smoke is a liquid produced

from condensation of wood smoke through the pyrolysis

process. The components of liquid smoke containing acids

can affect the taste, pH, and shelf life of smoked products.

The carbonyl component reacts with protein and turns into

a chocolate color. The phenol component is the main

constituent of aromas and exhibits antioxidant activity. In

addition to acid, carbonyl, and phenol, liquid smoke also

contains water, tar, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

m. The heating process is performed using heater to reach the

temperature of 600°C. To maintain the desired temperature, a

temperature control device was installed using a control valve so

that a maximum temperature of 1000°C can be reached

(PAH), such as benzo(a)pyrene, which are known as

carcinogens, thus harmful to health [10, 11, 12]. This

research aimed to produce liquid smoke from water hyacinth and

examine the effect of temperature and time of pyrolysis on the

quality of the resulting liquid smoke in terms of yield, pH, density,

and refractive index.

Materials Methods

.1 Material Preparation

Figure 2: Equipment: (a) pyrolysis, (b) condenser, (c) valve control, (d)

tar valve, (e) liquid smoke valve, and (f) heater

The material used was water hyacinth obtained from Lake

RawaPening, specifically at Rowoboni hamlet, Banyubiru

District, Semarang. The stems of the water hyacinth were

separated from their leaves and roots. Then, the stems were sun

dried for 2–3 d until they turned brown. The water hyacinth stems

were cut into 5 cm sections for ease of use during pyrolysis.

2.3 Pyrolysis Water Hyacinth

Water hyacinth was obtained from Lake RawaPening, and

only the stem was taken. The stems were then cut into 5 cm

sections and then sun dried until water content was around 15%.

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2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 164-171

The dried water hyacinth stem where then into the reactor

pyrolysis as much as 550 g. After adding all the ingredients, the

pyrolysis reactor was covered so that no oxygen can enter.

Subsequently, determine the temperature and time of the

pyrolysis until the alarm sounds "check" on the control valve to

the next heater ignited and the pyrolysis time was started. The

temperature variations were 200°C, 400°C, and 600°C, and the

time variations were 1, 4, and 7 h, which were set using the control

valve. By determining the temperature and time according to the

research variable, the smoke generated during the pyrolysis

process passed through a condenser which then change smoke

into liquid. The resulting liquid was then collected in an

Erlenmeyer, and the yield of the liquid smoke produced and the

pH, density, and refractive index were measured. More analysis

of the chemical components produced via Gas Chromatography

Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) was conducted

recorded. (e) The specific mass of liquid smoke is calculated

using the show equation [19].

2.4.4 Determination of Bias Index of Liquid Smoke

The refractive index is determined using a refractometer

(Optic Ivymen System Abbe). A refractometer is used as follows.

First, it is cleaned with a tissue. Next, use a pipette to fill the space

between the two prisms, such as distilled water or 5% NaCl

solution. Third, the refractometer is gently closed by returning the

plate to its original position. Fourth, the number that appears on

the screen is observed and then recorded. The usual index is the

ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a

substance. The refractive index of a substance is the measure of

the speed of light in a liquid compared with when the substance

is in the air. Measuring the refractive index enables the

determination physical parameters, such as concentration,

temperature, and pressure. Moreover, refractive index is

measured to determine the purity level of the substance and its

expiration [20, 21].

.4 Procedure of Analysis

The liquid smoke produced by the pyrolysis process and its

quality were then analyzed by looking at the parameters, such as

the amount of the product, the degree of its acidity (pH), its

density, and its refractive index. Analysis was also conducted in

order to determine the overall chemical component of the product

via GCMS.

2.4.5 GCMS Analysis

The compound content of liquid smoke produced via

pyrolysis is analyzed using Shimadzu GCMS-QP 2010S.

Analysis used column type DB 624, length column 30 m, ID 0.25

mm, 0.25 µm film. Detector is Ionization Polarity Positive, 70

electron scan range 40–400 m/z (EI model). Helium as carrier gas

is used. Its flow speed is set to 0.55 mL/min, injection is carried

out for 1 minute at 250°C. The programmed column temperature

of 50°C is held for 5 min, with an average increase of 5°C per

minute to a temperature of 210°C, which is then held for 13 min.

Liquid smoke is filtered through a filter paper and then injected

into GCMS in the amount of 0.2 μL, so that it is chromatographed.

Furthermore, the chromatogram peak’s spectrum of the sample

will be matched to the spectrum in the GCMS Library, which

stores various types of compounds [22].

.4.1 Yield Liquid Smoke

The heating rate has a significant effect on product yield and

distribution. The water hyacinth biomass pyrolysis product

promises to produce valuable chemicals, fuels, and energy from

renewable resources. Fast pyrolysis technology was chosen to

maximize the yield of liquid products. The yield to liquid products

can be as high as 75% (mass fraction with respect to the raw

material fed in). This is characterized by a short residence time

for solids and steam, a very high heating rate. The operating

temperatures are usually in the range of 160°C–550°C. However,

there have been successful cases of fast pyrolysis technology

utilization at a full scale, thus producing chemicals or energy [13,

Results

4, 15].

.1 Effect of Temperature and Time Changes on Liquid Smoke

Yield

Figures 3. present the difference in liquid smoke in the

.4.2 pH Value

pH value is measured using a pH meter (Nutron Tech PH-

09-A Pen Type). Before its use, the pH meter is calibrated with

temperature and time variations of the yield of liquid smoke

produced, respectively. The Higher temperature and longer time

of pyrolysis, the higher the increase of the resulting yield. This

result is in line with those of previous studies. The best results

were obtained at 600°C, and within 7 h, the yield was 119 mL of

liquid smoke/550 g of water hyacinth. At 400°C and within 7 h,

a buffer solution. Measurement is performed by first dipping the

electrodes into the distilled water and then wiping with tissue.

Furthermore, the electrodes are inserted into the liquid smoke

sample, and the pH value that appears on the screen is recorded.

The acidity level or pH is measured to determine the acidity of the

liquid smoke. The liquid smoke produced via pyrolysis is

generally acidic, with a pH value in the range of 2–4, mainly in

the form of acetic acid and formic acid [16, 17, 18].

115 mL of liquid smoke/550 g of water hyacinth was obtained.

However, the high temperature and time can damage the tool and

can thus make the obtained results insignificant, namely, 115 mL

at 400°C and 119 mL at 600°C at 7 h, as presented in Figure 3(a).

Thus, the temperature of 400°C and 4 h are used as references in

subsequent studies in which the yield was 93 mL of liquid

smoke/550 g of water hyacinth, as described in Figure 3 (b). The

results are almost the same as research conducted by several

similar researchers [23,24, 25]

.4.3 Determination of Density Liquid Smoke

Determination of liquid smoke density using Pycnometer 10

mL brand Pyrex. The procedure for determining specific mass is

as follows: (a) Pycnometer that is cleaned and dried is carefully

weighed and its mass is recorded. (b) Insert the distilled water into

the pycnometer until the calibration mark and its mass are

recorded. (c) The distilled water was then discarded, and then the

pycnometer was dried again. (d) Then liquid smoke is introduced

into the pycnometer until the calibration mark and its mass are

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2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 164-171

quality of a solution. Liquid smoke is golden yellow to dark

brown in color. Light brown or a clear color is much preferred for

food preservatives. The effect of temperature and time variations

on the change in the refractive index can be seen in Figures 6. The

refractive index is measured using a refractometer. Refractive

index testing is also performed to determine the level of purity.

The refractive index of this research is in the range 1.342,2-

1.347,0 of the temperature variable. The time variable is in the

range 1.339,5-1.341,9. The highest refractive index were 1.347 at

Figure 3: Effect of temperature (a) and time (b) on liquid smoke yield

200°C and 1.3419 at 400°C for1 h.

.2 Effect of Temperature and Time on pH

Figures 4 the effect of temperature and time changes on pH

of the liquid smoke produced pH. The Measurement the liquid

smoke of pH this research in the range 2–4. The pH value

indicates that the liquid smoke yield is acidic. The pH value will

decrease with the increase in temperature and pyrolysis time. It is

possible that more and more elements in the water hyacinth break

down and form acidic chemical compounds. This acid content can

also be observed via GCMS, in which it can be determined that

the total acid contents produced at a temperature of 400°C for 1.4

and 7 h are 30.21%, 41.45%, and 23.43%. The acid component of

Figure 6: Changes in temperature (a) and time (b) against refractive

index

0.21% causes the pH of the liquid smoke results of this research

to be at range 2-4.

3.5 Observation of the Best Results via GCMS

Chemical components were observed via GCMS. The best

chemical component of dried water hyacinth smoke at 400°C for

h can be seen in Figure 7. The best liquid smoke yield obtained

was 93 mL/550 g of dried water hyacinth. Chemical components

of water hyacinth liquid smoke through GCMS, obtained 41.45%

total acid, 2.44% phenol, and 56.10% carbonyl as shown in Table

2. From Figure 7, the GCMS data show that the water hyacinth

liquid smoke does not contain benzo(a)pyrene PAH, so it is safe

to use as a food additive. This water hyacinth pyrolysis study

gives results that are close to the pyrolysis process in coconut

shells, palm oil starch waste, and durian waste as described in

Table 2. In Table 2, the acquisition of phenol is different from that

of the liquid smoke produced from oil palm empty fruit bunches,

while the acid content is almost the same. An inversely

proportional result is obtained by pyrolysis of the candlenut shell

Figure 4: Change in temperature (a) and time (b) versus pH

.3 Effects of Changes in Temperature and Time against

Density

The results of the study on the effect of temperature and time

of pyrolysis on density are presented in Figures 5. The results

indicate that if the temperature and time are high, then the density

will decrease or smaller in the range of numbers 0.824–1.0875

g/mL with 550 g of raw material. This shows that the density of

liquid molecular bonds at higher temperatures results in smaller

densities.

[26, 27].

Table 2: Comparison of acid, phenol, and carbonyl content of

various raw materials

Total acid

Total phenol

(%)

Carbonyl

(%)

Ingredients

(%)

Coconut shell

39.57–58.76

44.70

0.59–0.67

30.68

3.71

Empty fruit bunches

Cashew nuts

12.37

7.1

18.8

36.6

Candlenut shells

Water hyacinth

3.65–7.87

41.45

42.47–57,63

2.44

34.5–53.88

56.10

In Figure 7 about observational data with GCMS, the peak

components that exist are as shown in Table 3. The dominant

chemical component is acetic acid as much as 41.45%. The

desired dominant peak liquid smoke water hyacinth has been

reached, which contains acids in the form of acetic acid, butanoic

acid which is at the peak 4–9 and 40. Other compounds expected

from this study include phenols observed at peaks 33, 38, 44, and

Figure 5: Effect of temperature (a) and time (b) changes on density

.4 Effects of Changes in Temperature and Time Against the

Refractive Index

Refractive index is the ratio between the speed of light which

is an electromagnetic wave in a vacuum and the speed of light in

a medium. The refractive index can also be used to determine the

45. Carbonyl compounds are observed at peaks 10.11,12,21,34,

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2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 164-171

and 43 in the form of propanone, cyclopentane, furan, and

pentanal. Figure 7 is marked with red, green and blue circles. The

carbonyl.

hydrocarbon chains from the polymer in the water hyacinth, so

that the amount of liquid smoke produced will be different at each

temperature increase. The increase in pyrolysis temperature

causes the greater elements in the water hyacinth to decompose

and condense into liquid smoke. Previous research also found a

relationship between temperature and time of pyrolysis of liquid

smoke products from sawdust producing yields that were almost

similar to those obtained in this study which were 75 mL, while

this study was 93 mL. The condensation process can work well.

This is what causes all the smoke to form and convert to liquid

smoke [28, 29, 30].

Liquid smoke results of this research to be at range 2-4. The

pH value indicates that the liquid smoke product is acidic. The pH

value will decrease with the increase in temperature and pyrolysis

time. This is due to the increasing number of elements in wood

that break down and form acidic chemical compounds. The

lowest pH value, which is 2.08 was observed in liquid smoke

produced via pyrolysis at 350°C for 30 min, indicating that in this

operating condition numerous chemical compounds are acidic.

Another study investigated the production of liquid smoke from

organic waste, which produced at pH of 3.8-4.8 [31, 32, 33, 34].

Research conducted out in harmony with several other

studies. Research by the best liquid smoke obtained from

pyrolysis liquid smoke at 250°C for 90 min, obtained liquid

smoke with a pH value of 2.6 with a yield of 20.69% from the raw

material 500 g of oil palm fronds with size 32-50 mesh. The pH

value of pyrolysis liquid also ranges from 2 to 3 due to the high

amount of volatile acids, especially acetic acid and formic acid.

This acid is produced via pyrolysis of hardwood, soft wood, and

straw where it plays a role in tool corrosion [35, 36].

Figure 7: Observations with GCMS

Table 3: Chemical composition of liquid water hyacinth smoke

at 400°C for 4 h

The temperature and time are high, then the density will

decrease or smaller in the range of numbers 0.824–1.0875 g/mL

with 550 g of raw material water hyacinth. It is suspected that at

high temperatures, the bonds between the compound molecules

in the fluid will be far apart. The study was conducted on a walnut

bark at a temperature of 300°C–700°C for 2.6 s, and the density

was found to be 0.0021 g/mL with a raw material of 10 g [37].

Density is the ratio between the weight of a sample and its

yield. In the physical properties of liquid smoke, density is not

directly related to the high or low quality of liquid smoke.

However, density can indicate the number of components in

liquid smoke. The results of observations of the density of liquid

smoke fraction over time ranged from 0.9536–1.8072 g/mL. The

results were almost the same in the study of the effect of time on

the density of liquid cinnamon smoke with a density of 1,017

g/mL

The density measurement data in previous studies also show

results that are almost identical. The density of liquid smoke

results from an increase in temperature although the increase is

small. The highest density of liquid smoke ever obtained in liquid

smoke products from coconut shells. The temperature of the

pyrolysis process carried out was 350°C-450°C, with a density

gain between 1.086-1.101 g/mL. The results of this study support

research on the acquisition of liquid smoke density from water

hyacinth in the range 0.824-1.0875 g/mL [19, 38].

Refraction or refraction is an event of deflection in the

direction of propagation of light because it passes through a

medium based on differences in density. The ratio of the speed of

light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a substance is called the

refractive index. The refractive index of a substance is a measure

of the speed of light in a liquid compared to that of a substance in

Discussion

In this research, the highest yield of liquid smoke was

obtained at 600°C for 7 h. This is because the higher the

temperature and the longer the time of the water hyacinth

pyrolysis, the more elements break down and condense into liquid

smoke. It is also known that the liquid smoke making temperature

is a determining factor in the yield of liquid smoke produced. The

effect of pyrolysis temperature and time on the yield of liquid

smoke indicates that the yield of liquid smoke products continues

to increase along with the increase in pyrolysis time. When

pyrolysis time increases, the condensation process runs longer, so

that the smoke products will multiply. During pyrolysis, the

decomposition process involves the breaking and forming of new

bonds. Pyrolysis temperature affects the breakdown of the

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2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 164-171

air. Refractive index measurement in industry can be used to find

physical parameters such as concentration, temperature and

pressure. Refractive index can also be used to determine the

quality of a solution. Refractive index testing is an important

criterion that can be used to determine the purity of liquid smoke.

The longer the carbon chain and the more double bonds, the

greater the refractive index. Refractometer The most common is

the Abbe (AR) Refractometer which is based on the principle of

total reflection. The advantage of AR is high precision, and it can

read refractive index values directly from the dial screen. The

refractive index of liquid smoke from water hyacinth is in the

range of 1.3395 - 1.3470. The best results at a temperature of 400

and 1 hour were obtained 1.3419. The results are almost the same

as the refractive index of liquid smoke from coconut shell and

cinnamyl which was in the range 1.344 - 1.357. The lowest

refractive index is 1.344, while the highest is liquid smoke residue

of 1.673 [19, 39, 40].

Acknowledgment

The author wishes to thank the Directorate General of Higher

Education Republic of Indonesia Government, the Ministry of

Education and Culture for providing scholarship support in

conducting this research. We declare that there are no competing

interests in this study. All authors of this study have a complete

contribution for data collection, data analyses and manuscript

writing.

Ethical issue

Authors are aware of, and comply with, best practice in

publication ethics specifically with regard to authorship

(

avoidance of guest authorship), dual submission, manipulation

of figures, competing interests and compliance with policies on

research ethics. Authors adhere to publication requirements that

submitted work is original and has not been published elsewhere

in any language.

The total phenol content of liquid smoke does not depend on

the moisture content of the raw material and the percentage of

yield produced; rather, it highly depends on the chemical content

characteristics of the raw material used and the temperature

reached during the pyrolysis process. The content or phenol

content of liquid smoke is influenced by the lignin content of the

material and the pyrolysis temperature. Lignin is very stable and

difficult to separate; it has also various forms, so it only

decomposes at high temperatures. Lignin is basically a phenol

that results from the breakdown of lignin in the pyrolysis process

at 300°C–500°C. Liquid smoke from water hyacinth contains a

low phenol, which is equal to 2.44%. In contrast to liquid smoke

from cashew nut shells, the highest phenol in liquid smoke of

cashew nuts is obtained at 400°C with total phenol of 36.6%.

Phenol content is influenced by lignin content in wood. The

degradation of lignin to phenol occurs in two stages, namely, at

an initial temperature of 300°C, which causes breakdown of the

phenol ring from lignin, and at temperatures of more than 300°C,

which results in polymerization to guaiacol (2-methoxyphenols),

as well as other compounds, such as methanol, acetone, and acetic

acid. Lignin decomposition results in the production of phenolic

compounds. Cashew nut skin containing 16.42% lignin, while

lignin in water hyacinth only 7.32%. So, it is natural that the liquid

phenol content of water hyacinth is lower than the liquid smoke

phenol of cashew nuts [41, 42].

Competing interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that

would prejudice the impartiality of this scientific work.

Authors’ contribution

All authors of this study have a complete contribution for data

collection, data analyses and manuscript writing.

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pyrolysis process produces furfural, a furan derivative, as well as

a long series of carboxylic acids, acetic acids, and homologues at

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00°C–250°C. Cellulose pyrolysis produces acetic acid and its

homologues and a small amount of furan and phenol at 280°C–

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50°C. Lignin pyrolysis produces phenols and phenol ethers at

00°C

Conclusion

In this study, it can be concluded that temperature and time

greatly affect the yield, pH, density, and refractive index of the

produced liquid smoke. Liquid smoke produced from water

hyacinth plays a role in overcoming the rapid growth of water

hyacinth in Lake RawaPening. It can help solve the

environmental problems there. The best liquid smoke is obtained

under the pyrolysis reactor operating condition of 400°C for 4 h.

The produced liquid smoke has 2.44% phenolic compound, which

is very suitable for food preservation.

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Author Profile

Rita Dwi Ratnani, ST., M.Eng

Doctoral

student

the

Environmental

Science

Postgraduate School. Currently,

Rita is a teaching staff at the

Departement

Chemical

Engineering at Wahid Hasyim

University with her expertise in

waste management.

0. Saloko S, Darmadji P, Setiaji B. Pranoto, Y. Antioxidative and

antimicrobial activities of liquid smoke nanocapsules using chitosan

and maltodextrin and its application on tuna fish preservation. Food

Bioscience. 2014; 7: 71–79.

Prof. Dr. Hadiyanto, ST.,

M.Sc

Teaches at the Department of

Chemical Engineering and the

Environmental Science at the

1. Berhimpon S, Montolalu RI, Dien HA., Mentang F Meko AUI.

Concentration and application methods of liquid smoke for exotic

smoked Skipjack (Katsuwonuspelamis L.). International Food

Research Journal.2018; 25(1):864–1869

Postgraduate

School

Diponegoro University.

170