Removal of TDS and TSS from Industrial Wastewater using Fly Ash

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 289-296

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

https://doi.org/10.47277/JETT/296

Removal of TDS and TSS from Industrial

Wastewater using Fly Ash

Nehal M. Ashour , Mohamed Bassyouni ²^,³*, Mamdouh Y. Saleh ¹

Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt

Materials Science Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October, Giza 12578,

Egypt

Received: 15/09/2020

Accepted: 17/11/2020

Published: 20/03/2021

Abstract

Fly ash is one of the most abundant waste materials; its major components make it a potential agent for the adsorption of pollutants

contaminants in water and wastewaters. In this study, fly ash obtained from burning of mazut was dried and sieved into different fractions

(

600, 300, 150, 75µm). A pilot plant with an industrial discharge flow of 200L/hr was designed for reducing total Dissolved Solids (TDS),

total suspended solids (TSS), conductivity and pH from industrial wastewater. The concentrations of (TDS), (TSS), conductivity and pH in

industrial discharge flow had an average range of 80000, 750, 120000 mg/L and 13 respectively. The optimization of the treatment process

using 5, 8, 12, 15 g/L fly ash dosage had succeeded in improving the removal efficiency of (TDS), (TSS), conductivity and pH to 90%,

2.3%, 90% and 93.5% respectively.

Keywords: Adsorbent; Wastewater; Fly ash, Low cost

properties of fly ash differ according to the type of coal from

which this ash was issued, as there are four different types of coal

whose properties depend on the chemical composition,

temperature, ash content and the origin of geological coal.

Lignite, anthracite, sub-bituminous and bituminous are the most

common type of coal. The composition of fly ash from burning

bituminous is mostly calcium, magnesium and silica.

Introduction

Industry contributes to the emission of large quantities of

pollutants and increases the concentration of elements that cause

water pollution and that harm living organisms [1]. Several

methods are applied for the treatment of wastewater and water [2-

0]. Adsorption is considered the most flexible technique among

many methods used for the treatment of water and waste water.

Scientists have found that the most used material for water and

wastewater treatment is active carbon because it is highly

effective for adsorption. [11]. If it is possible to convert some

solid waste and agricultural waste into valuable applications such

as absorbent materials used in treating sewage and water from

pollutants, then it is one of the important and beneficial uses of

that waste [12]. Given the solid waste as low-cost adsorbents can

be used, emission controls can have a double-fold benefit. First,

the amount of waste materials might be partially reduced, and

second, if created, the low cost adsorbent might minimize

wastewater pollution at economic cost. In order to extract

different types of contaminants from water and wastewater,

various industrial waste such as slag, fly ash, sludge and red mud

are investigated as adsorbents.

Fly ash contains boron, selenium, manganese, arsenic,

chromium, vanadium, sodium and cadmium in abundant

Figure 1: Lignite, anthracite coal and bituminous Chemical composition

2 3 3 2 3 2 2 2

quantities [13]. Fe O ,SO , CaO, Al O , MgO, Na O, SiO , TiO ,

and K O are the most important constituents of fly ash[14]. The

Corresponding author: Mohamed Bassyouni, (a) Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University, Port

Said 42526, Egypt and (b) Materials Science Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology,

October Gardens, 6th of October, Giza 12578, Egypt. E-mail: migb2000@hotmail.com ; Tel.: +2-011-596-75357

289

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 289-296

The extent to which fly ash contains calcium, silica, ammonia,

and iron oxide defines the fly ash category, and they are two class

classes f and c, as it is the main difference between the two

categories [15-16]. Fig. 1 displays the chemical composition of

anthracite, bituminous, and lignite ash from coal. Fly ash can be

used to separate heavy metals from wastewater as an adsorption

method. [17-20]. The adsorption processes can be regulated using

mass transfer, particle diffusion, chemical reactions and methods

amounts of each negative and positive charge remain equivalent.

This means that while water conductivity increases with added

ions, electrically neutral conductivity remains [40]. pH is similar

to temperature; each of them has a specific value. The pH value

ranges from 0 to 14. As the number 7 expresses that water is

neutral. The lower the number than 7 is an indication of the acidity

of the water, and the higher the number than 7, the more alkaline

the water is [41, 42]. The reason for the decrease in the pH below

number 7 is due to the presence of hydrogen ions and the reason

for the increase in the pH above number 7 due to the presence of

hydroxyl ions. In neutral waters, the concentration of both

[

21]. The key components in fly ash are SiO and Al O , where

2 2 3

SiO material is more susceptible to heavy metal adsorption

because of complex lone pair hybridization [22] or lone pair

electron. Because of its high removal of different contaminants,

such as many heavy metal elements, fly ash has demonstrated to

scientists its high efficacy in the treatment of industrial and waste

water, and scientists are currently looking to use effective

methods to enhance the surface properties of fly ash to make it

more capable and effective in removing pollutants. Chemical

treatments using acid or alkali as well as physical methods such

as laser, ultrasonic, microwave, or plasma therapy are among

these methods. The mazut fly ash (MFA) is a combustion product

produced by the burning of mazut at power stations. This fuel is

a heavy residual oil of the petroleum refineries distillation or

cracking units. MFA is obtained from flue gas purification

machines. MFA is generally known as toxic waste; however,

certain studies indicate that MFA inorganic matter can be of

industrial value to recover useful elements, including V and Ni

-7

hydrogen and hydroxyl ions is 10 M. For example, if the

hydrogen concentration increases, the hydroxyl concentration

decreases with it, and vice versa, so that their sum does not exceed

-14

10 [43]. pH is very important for the life of living things in the

water, as all of them will die if the pH drops or increases to a high

degree. The pH has an effect on the presence of heavy and toxic

metals in the water and their solubility in it. The best pH number

suitable for living organisms in the water ranges between 6.5 and

9 [44-47].

Materials and Methods

.1 Aim of Study

Industries in developed countries have seen rapid growth in

recent years. These factories discharge wastewater that carries

high levels of dissolved solids and demand for chemical oxygen.

These effluents, which comply with the regulations imposed on

industrial sectors, should be handled for safe disposal. This

research aims to improve the efficiency of TSS, TDS,

Conductivity and pH removal of industrial wastewater by adding

an inexpensive adsorbent such as fly ash.

[22–28]. In fact, the carbonaceous fraction of MFA can be used

as a black pigment for cementitious content production [29].

The composite composition of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

is a mixture of both organic and inorganic compounds in a

suspended chemical, ionized or micro-granular (colloidal) form.

In general, the practical meaning is that the solids (often

abbreviated TDS) must be low enough to withstand filtration by

a two micrometer sieve size [30]. Complete hardness, organic

ions, bicarbonate, alkalinity, sulphate, sodium, calcium, nitrate,

magnesium, phosphate, iron, chloride and carbonate can be used.

For aquatic life, a certain level of those ions is necessary in water.

Changes in concentrations of TDS can be harmful. The flow of

water into and out of an organism's cells is determined by water

density. In industrial wastewater, steel production,

pharmaceutical manufacturing, mining activities, oil and gas

exploration, and food processing facilities are major sources of

TDS. Furthermore, salts used for road deicing may make a major

contribution to the charging of water sources by TDS.

Concentrations of TDS in water vary in various geographical

regions due to varying mineral solubility. Total solids values

range between 30, 65 and 195: 1100 mg/l for water in contact with

granite, rocky areas and sedimentary areas. [31-34]. The

concentration of ions in the water gives it the ability to pass

electric flow, and this property is expressed by electrical

conductivity [35-36]. There is a strong direct relationship

between the presence of ions in the water and between the

conductivity, for example, water that contains a small number of

ions has a weak conductivity, so we find that the distillate will not

be used as an electrical insulator [37]. In contrast, water that

contains a large number of ions is highly conductive, as is sea

water, which is characterized by its high conductivity [38].

On account of their negative and positive charges, ions bear

power [39]. They break into particles which are negatively

charged (cation) and positively charged (anion) as electrolytes

dissolve in water. As the dissolved compounds break in water, the

.2 Preparation of adsorbent

Raw fly ash was collected as a solid waste material from

mazut burning, which used in one of the brick factories in Giza,

Egypt. For the adsorption of contaminants from the industrial

wastewater effluent, FA was used. FA collected from burning of

mazut was dried and sieved into various fractions (600, 300, 150,

75µm) using test sieve shaker (Endecott EF1) in soil and

foundations laboratory, faculty of engineering, portsaid

university, Egypt. The size fractions were preserved in glass

bottles for use as an adsorbent. Fly ash with particle size of 300–

600 µm was used in all the experiments.

2.3 Model Description and Operation

The work was performed on a scaled pilot plant in this

research. Four tanks were composed of the model system used.

Tank 1 is a Chemical feed unit made of galvanized tin sheets with

capacity of 27 L (30*30*30 cm). Tank 2 is a circular mixing tank

made of galvanized tin sheets (50cm diameter and 10cm depth).

A motor was used for mixing with 100 rpm in speed. Tank 3 is a

circular sedimentation tank (100 cm diameter and 15 cm depth)

made of galvanized tin sheets. The settled fly ash was natural

scared slowly to the bottom of the settling tank. Tank 4 is a glass

tank with flow rate = 0.5 m3 / m2 / hr. The designed filter is (35

35 * 80 cm3) tank perforated at the bottom with 9 holes 0.5 cm

in diameter for each. It was made from glass and contains a

filtration media of two layers; a bottom layer of 20 cm in depth of

gravel with gradation between 3mm to 20mm lays under a layer

of sand with 30 cm in depth.

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Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 289-296

Figure 2. Flow chart of Pilot plant for the model

The mixing tank's total volume was 20L with a detention time

of 40 minutes. The volume of sedimentation tank is 120 L. The

water stays for an hour in this tank. With a constant temperature,

the water flow was 200 L / hr as shown in Figure 2.

2.3.3. Conductivity

The conductivity electrode was used to determine the quantity

of the dissolved solids in the influent wastewater to the mixing

tank and the effluent from the filter.

.4. Sample Collection Points

The pilot plant had two collection points for the samples. To

2.3.4. pH-value

The pH-value is the acid or base intensity measured on a scale

from 0.0 to 14.0. Technically it is the logarithm equivalent of the

concentration of hydrogen ions. The pH-value was measured for

the influent to the mixing tank without chemicals addition and the

effluent from the filter. The pH-value was measured using the

analyze the characteristics of wastewater, those points were very

significant. The positions were first, the pilot plant influential;

second, the downstream pilot plant effluent from the filtration

unit.

"Digital pH meter" For pH-value determinations the meter was

calibrated using buffers of 4.0, 6.86 and 9.18.

Experimentation

.1. Experimental Work

The dosages of FA used, in mixing tank, ranged from 5 g/L

4 Results and Discussion

to 15 g/L followed by 40 minutes of shaking with speed of 100

rpm. After shaking of the samples they were subjected to analysis.

After that stage of mixing with adsorbent goes to the filtration

unit. The experimental work was divided into four groups using

FA (with dosages of 5, 8, 12 and 15 g/L) each group was carried

out in 8 days and samples were collected 3 times each day.

4.1 Effect of FA dose

As shown in Figure 3, the percent removal of pollutants

increased with the increase in the adsorbent dosage due to the

increase in the area of the adsorbent surface. At the 15 g / l

adsorbent concentration for TDS, TSS, conductivity and pH, the

maximum average removal rate of 88.6, 91.44, 88, 90.08 percent

occurred.

.2. Analysis of Wastewater

In this research, the parameters of the industrial wastewater

Conductivity Efficiency

pH efficiency

00.00%

8.00%

96.00%

were measured before being treated and entered into the pilot

plant, and the influential water produced after the treatment

process was also measured. Water samples coming out of this

model were collected over a 24-hour period and mixed well

before measure. The samples were taken at 9.00 a.m. three times

a day, at 11.00 a.m. at daily intervals. And, at 1.00 p.m., the peak

time was contaminated.

TDS efficiency

4.00%

2.00%

0.00%

8.00%

6.00%

TSS efficiency

.3.1. Total dissolved solids (TDS)

Dissolved solids are considered the solids found in the filtrate

that passes through a filter with a nominal pore size of 2μm or

less. The conductivity electrode was used to assess the quantity of

the dissolved solids in the influential wastewater from the filter to

the mixing tank and the effluent, and calculated by ppm.

84.00%

2.00%

0.00%

FA DOSAGE GM/L

.3.2. Total suspended solids (TSS)

This test used to measure the quantity of the suspended solids

Figure 3: Effect of FA dose on pollutants removal

in the influent wastewater to the mixing tank and the effluent from

the filter. The theory of this test is the residue that is ignited to

4.1.1 TDS

50 + 50 ° C from the filtered sample. The remaining solids are

The total dissolved solids (TDS) of the influent during the 8

days ranged from 29110 mg/l to 90210 g/l with average of 62366

mg/l. After treatment, the TDS of the effluent ranged from 4321

the stable suspended solids while the volatile solids are the weight

lost after ignition.

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mg/l to 10110 mg/l with average of 7094 mg/l and maximum

efficiency of removal equals to 90.25% occurs at max TDS

influent with 15 g/l FA dose. These results prove that FA is very

effective in removing TDS due to accumulation of atoms on the

surface area of the adsorbent (FA) and concentration of these

materials. Figure 4. Shows difference between TDS concentration

values in influent and effluent for the different FA doses. Figure

g/l

8 g/l

12 g/l

15g/l

100.00%

8.00%

6.00%

4.00%

92.00%

90.00%

. Shows difference between TDS removal efficiency for the

different FA doses. Figure 6. Shows difference between q mg/g

values for the different FA doses.

8.00%

6.00%

4.00%

2.00%

g/l

8 g/l

12 g/l

15g/l

inffluent

RENTRATION TIME (DAY)

Figure 5: TDS removal efficiency for the different FA doses

8000

6000

5g/l

8 g/l

12g/l

15g/l

0000

14000

2000

0000

000

RENTRATION TIME (DAY)

Figure 6: q mg/g values for the different FA doses

g/l

8 g/l

12 g/l

5g/l

inffluent

000

RETENTION TIME (DAY)

Figure 4: TDS concentration values in influent and effluent for the

different FA doses

.1.2 TSS

The total suspended solids (TSS) of the influent during the 8

days ranged from 310 mg/l to 750 g/l with average of 572 mg/l.

After treatment, the TDS of the effluent ranged from 35 mg/l to

2 mg/l with average of 51 mg/l and maximum efficiency of

removal equals to 92.62% occurs at 15 g/l FA dose. These results

prove that FA is very effective in removing TSS due to

accumulation of atoms on the surface area of the adsorbent (FA)

and concentration of these materials. Figure 7. Shows difference

between TSS concentration values in influent and effluent for the

different FA doses. Figure 8. Shows difference between TSS

removal efficiency for the different FA doses. Figure 9. Shows

difference between q mg/g values for the different FA doses.

RENTRATION TIME (DAY)

Figure 7: TSS concentration values in influent and effluent for the

different FA doses

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2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 289-296

g/l

8 g/l

12 g/l

15g/l

inffluent

00.00%

5g/l

2 g/l

8 g/l

8.00%

6.00%

4.00%

2.00%

0.00%

8.00%

6.00%

15g/l

0000

RENTRATION TIME (DAY)

Figure 8: TSS removal efficiency for the different FA doses

5000

RENTRATION TIME (DAY)

g/l

8 g/l

12 g/l

15g/l

Figure 10: Conductivity values in influent and effluent for the different

FA doses

00.00%

g/l

8 g/l

12 g/l

15g/l

8.00%

6.00%

94.00%

92.00%

0.00%

8.00%

RENTRATION TIME (DAY)

Figure 9: q mg/g values for the different FA doses

86.00%

84.00%

82.00%

0.00%

.1.3 Conductivity

The Conductivity of the influent during the 8 days ranged

RENTRATION TIME (DAY)

from 45500 to 130700 g/l with average of 90863. After treatment,

the Conductivity of the effluent ranged from 14990 to 2660 with

average of 11837 and maximum efficiency of removal equals to

Figure 11: Conductivity removal efficiency for the different FA doses

.1.4 pH

0.49% occurs at 15 g/l FA dose. These results prove that FA is

pH of the influent during the 8 days ranged from 10.8 to 12.8

very effective in reducing conductivity due to accumulation of

atoms on the surface area of the adsorbent (FA) and concentration

of these materials. The fly ash adsorbed heavy metals from

industrial wastewater, reducing the electrical conductivity. Figure

with average of 11.8. After treatment, the pH of the effluent

ranged from 7.3 to 8.1 with average of 7.6 and maximum

efficiency of removal equals to 93.5% occurs at 15 g/l FA dose.

These results prove that FA is very effective in removing pH due

to accumulation of atoms on the surface area of the adsorbent

0. Shows difference between Conductivity values in influent and

effluent for the different FA doses. Figure 11. Shows difference

between Conductivity removal efficiency for the different FA

doses.

(

FA) and concentration of these materials. Figure 12. Shows

difference between pH values in influent and effluent for the

different FA doses. Figure 13. Shows difference between pH

removal efficiency for the different FA doses.

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2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 289-296

Ethical issue

Authors are aware of, and comply with, best practice in

publication ethics specifically with regard to authorship

g/l

8 g/l

12 g/l

15g/l

inffluent

(

avoidance of guest authorship), dual submission, manipulation

of figures, competing interests and compliance with policies on

research ethics. Authors adhere to publication requirements that

submitted work is original and has not been published elsewhere

in any language.

Competing interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that

would prejudice the impartiality of this scientific work.

Authors’ contribution

All authors of this study have a complete contribution for data

collection, data analyses and manuscript writing.

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RENTRATION TIME (DAY)

Figure 12: pH values in influent and effluent for the different FA doses

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Author Profile

(1996) J. Korea Solid Wastes Engineering Society, 13, No 2, 236–

Nehal Ashour is a teaching assistant in the

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of

Engineering, Port Said University, Port Said,

Egypt.

46.

Vassileva CG, Daher DF, Vassilev SV. Chemical and phase-mineral

composition of mazut fly ash and slag generated from a Syrian power

plant. Comptes rendus de l’Académie bulgare des Sciences. 2015 Jan

;68(10).

Vitolo S, Seggiani M, Falaschi F. Recovery of vanadium from a

previously burned heavy oil fly ash. Hydrometallurgy. 2001 Dec

Mohamed Bassyouni is

a Professor of

;62(3):145-50.

Chemical Engineering. He has completed a

postdoctoral at TU-Clausthal, Germany in the

area of materials processing. He holds a Ph.D.

in Chemical Engineering, Cairo University. He

received his master degree in Environmental

Engineering from TU-HH, Germany. He

obtained his undergraduate degree in Chemical

Engineering. He is a member of the Editorial

Board of International Institute of Chemical,

Biological and Environmental Engineering and

the journal of Engineering-Port Said

University. He won the 2014 Dr. Venice

Kamel Award (Academic of Scientific

Research and Technology) for Scientific

Creativity for Young Researchers in the field

of materials science and its applications.

Amer AM. Processing of Egyptian boiler-ash for extraction of

vanadium and nickel. Waste Management. 2002 Aug 1;22(5):515-20.

Vassileva CG, Daher DF, Vassilev SV. Chemical and phase-mineral

composition of mazut fly ash and slag generated from a Syrian power

plant. Comptes rendus de l’Académie bulgare des Sciences. 2015 Jan

;68(10).

Reijnders L. Disposal, uses and treatments of combustion ashes: a

review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2005 Feb

Al-Ghouti MA, Al-Degs YS, Ghrair A, Khoury H, Ziedan M.

Extraction and separation of vanadium and nickel from fly ash

produced in heavy fuel power plants. Chemical Engineering Journal.

;43(3):313-36.

011 Sep 1;173(1):191-7.

Vassileva CG, Daher DF, Vassilev SV. Chemical and phase-mineral

composition of mazut fly ash and slag generated from a Syrian power

plant. Comptes rendus de l’Académie bulgare des Sciences. 2015 Jan

;68(10).

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