Sustainable Management Modeling of Mangrove Ecosystem to Support the Local Economy in Small Islands, South Sulawesi Indonesia

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 296-304

J. Environ. Treat. Tech.

ISSN: 2309-1185

Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com

https://doi.org/10.47277/JETT/9(1)304

Sustainable Management Modeling of Mangrove

Ecosystem to Support the Local Economy in Small

Islands, South Sulawesi Indonesia

Amal ARFAN , Wahidah SANUSI1 , Muhammad RAKIB , Nur Anny Suryaningsih

TUUFIEQ , Nur Fatimah BASRAM

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia

Faculty of Economic, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia

Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia

Received: 19/09/2020

Accepted: 22/11/2020

Published: 20/03/2021

Abstract

The model starts with the formation of groups of fishermen/farmers /mangroves/women. The group produces something from

mangrove forest that comes from creativity and ability to create something new as well as utilizing their members based on their

abilities. After the formation of productive, creative and innovative groups of fishermen/ farmers / mangroves, the values are assessed

and provided some benefits. Before going to the next stage, reflection on the groups formed is under the goals and objectives of the

group formation. After reflection, it conducts a study of the suitability of the business sector that is carried out in the mangrove forest

area. The suitability of the business sector must be based on environmentally friendly systems and mangrove conservation. It is called

cultivation with the silvofishery system (integrating shrimp/fish cultivation with mangroves) and the use of environmentally friendly

fishing tools. The next step is to formulate academic methods, then lay down the urgency and management paradigm of putting

something important and the main patterns and models in the management of mangrove forests. After that phase, fixing management

problems of mangrove forest. Mangrove forest management involves local communities and other stakeholders meanwhile the

government, in this case, acting as a motivator and facilitator because of its understanding of the A. formosa growth and dynamics in

the tropical coral reef ecosystems.

Keywords: Community; Mangrove ecosystem; Modelling; Small islands; Sustainable management

and subtropical latitudes [15]. Mangrove forest has high

Introduction

adaptability, to survive extreme tidal conditions [16], high

temperature [17], high salinity [18] and tropical storms [19].

As a result, mangrove forest forms productive ecosystems

Mangrove is one of the marine ecosystems which has the

most productive ecological function of the earth because it

provides a unique habitat for a variety of species [1].

Mangrove forest provides essential services throughout the

world including goods and services which are important for

[20, 21]. As one of the biggest archipelago countries,

Indonesia has massive potential in marine resources. This

biggest asset can be applied to enhance the Indonesian’s life

quality. One of the marine sources that have massive

potential is the mangrove ecosystem. It estimated that

mangrove has value around $ 200.000 – $ 900.000 per

hectare and uses it as a prime livelihood [22]. Furthermore,

many people rely on their life on mangrove ecosystem

especially in tropical areas [23]. In addition, mangrove can

create a habitat in which various species either flora or fauna

may live there and apply it as shelter and nesting [24-26].

Mangroves are also important for people, for various

purposes, including fisheries, agriculture, forestry, material

sourcing, protection against marine erosion, and typhoons,

absorption of pollution, as well as to support the fishing

industry, coastal, nursery habitat, spawning and breeding for

birds, mammals, fish, crustaceans, shellfish and reptile [27-

_h_u_m_a_n_s_w_o_r_t_h_U_S_$₁₉₄_,₀₀₀_h_a_y_e_a_r-1 [2, 3]. Mangrove forest

ha many functions and benefits which plays an important role

in the occupant's life for biological, ecological, physical and

socioeconomic [4-8]. Mangrove area as a protected area used

to be a source of raw materials for the daily life of local

people that can serve as a tourism facility, a cultural and

spiritual identity, and provide ecological services to the

surrounding environment [9-14]. Generally grow in wet soil,

saltwater and periodically submerged by tidal currents along

the coast are protected, estuaries and river areas in tropical

Corresponding author: Amal ARFAN, Faculty of

Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri

Makassar, Indonesia. E-mail: amalarfan@unm.ac.id

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 296-304

2]. Proper management and utilization of the mangrove

ecosystem will have a direct impact on the communities

around the mangrove area. [33] revealed that there are four

types of suitable management in mangrove forest areas that

can be directly be benefited concerning the communities such

as the utilization of mullet fishing, the utilization of

aquaculture/milkfish ponds and tiger shrimp, the utilization

of mangrove seeds, and the utilization of mangrove fruit.

Furthermore, [34] stated that sustainable mangrove forest

management is the best activity in order to be applied in land

use and forest products in coastal areas. Good management of

mangrove forests by prioritizing fast action consisted of

utilizing opportunities and maintaining strength (growth-

oriented strategy). In addition, [35] revealed that the

sustainability status of mangrove ecosystem management is

largely determined by the quality of the environment. Poor

environmental quality led by anthropogenic activities will

affect the entire mangrove ecosystem. Another benefit that

can also be obtained from the mangrove ecosystem is

implementing ecotourism. [36] stated that the development of

mangrove ecotourism from the social aspect can provide

convenience activities and improving environmental

conditions as well as welfare while in economic aspects, it

can create job opportunities and in agribusiness aspect, it can

support communities to make syrup and chips from

mangrove fruits. Most people, in order to fulfill their life

necessity and several other factors, culled the mangrove

forests.

suitable mangrove ecosystem management in order to

enhance the economic values in several small islands. This

research took place in some small islands consisting of

Lakkang Island (Makassar), Pannikiang Island (Barru),

Tanahkeke Island (Takalar), Bangko-Bangkoang Island

(Pangkep). The locations can be seen in the following

figures. The main objective of this study is to determine a

model for sustainable mangrove forest management in small

islands in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Research Method

All populations in this study are people aged 20 - 60

years old who live in the small islands. The sampling

technique is done by purposive sampling. Village officials,

heads of fishermen groups and NGOs were also sampled in

this study. In order to acquire accurate data from all samples,

a depth interview conducted to obtain information from

respondents by questioning face to face and using interview

guidelines. To find out more about the situation, potential and

specific problem (felt need) of the communities, the

Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approach carried out.

Interview underwent with the relevant agencies, village

officials, chairman of fishermen groups and NGOs. The data

collected in this study consists of primary and secondary

data. Primary data collected from the informants and

respondents through direct interviews and field observation,

discussions and FGD (Focus Group Discussion) while the

secondary data obtained from books and journals. To collect

the information, on the model of sustainable mangrove forest

management and economic value in each island, interviews

were conducted to village administrations, local authorities,

community leaders and NGOs. Discussions with informal

groups such as fisherman and farmer groups with a total of

four meetings were conducted in each island. In Addition,

some people of these islands who have extensive experience

of mangrove forest management were also interviewed in-

depth. Interview, discussion, and FGD (Focus Group

Discussion) are done with the PRA (Participatory Rural

Appraisal) approach. Based on the cycle of the PRA phases,

sequentially, the stages carried out in the Interview,

discussion and FGD (Focus Group Discussion) focus on:

The Mangrove forest is also threatened as a result of

industry and agriculture aquaculture [37], extraction of salt

[38], heavy metal contamination [39], oil pollution [40, 41].

Meanwhile, the mangrove forest is contributing to the

economy that can improve the welfare of the community

independently and sustainably. Economic assessment of the

mangrove ecosystems has been carried out in several

mangrove forests. At the Gulf of Thailand, services are

provided in the form of fisheries worth US$ 33-110 ha year

[

42], Ras Mohammad National Park, Egypt services

provided in the form of socio-economic services (income,

employment, etc. worth US$ 91,000ha year [43], in Miani

Hor Pakistan the services provided were in the form of

fisheries worth US$ 1,287 ha year [44], Southeast Asia

services provided were Fisheries, firewood, coastal protection

worth US$ 239– 4,185 ha year [45], Can Gio, Vietnam

services provided are Fisheries, forest products, aesthetics

and recreation and climate change mitigation worth US$

-1

Potential natural resources of mangrove forests and small

islands that can be utilized

Priority of management and utilization of mangrove

forest resources

Patterns of management and utilization of mangrove

forests which have been carried out so far by the

community

-1

358–503 million TEV [46], Sundarbans Reserve Forest,

Bangladesh / India services provided Wood, fuel wood, wild

food, cultural services valued at US$ 744,000 year^-¹[47],

Bontang City (Indonesia), the total benefits provided by

mangrove forests are US$ 351,801.67 year^-[48], Sinjai

The community habits in managing and utilizing each

type of mangrove forest resources

Types of fishing gear / equipment used, in the mangrove

(

Indonesia) the total value of economic benefits of mangrove

forest area

is US$ 1,016,581.04 while the total value of benefits per ha is

US$ 1,690.12 year [49], Banggai (Indonesia) with

mangrove forest ecosystem ± 167 ha, has a total economic

benefit value of 1,969,766.07 year [50]. Based on the facts

that mangrove ecosystems can bring massive profits not only

to humans but also to the environment especially for the

marine environment. This study attempts to create a model of

Local rules, which apply in the community, regarding the

management and utilization of mangrove forests

Possibilities of conflict of interest

Evaluation and follow-up plans as a result of interviews,

discussions, and FGD (Focus Group Discussion)

-1

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 296-304

the weekend. Generally, there are several ways to utilize and

manage the mangrove ecosystem in Lakkang Island such as:

Results and Discussion

.1 Mangrove ecosystem resource management

technique.

) Using fishing nets, traps, iron hooks to catch prawn and

crab

) Developing mangrove nurseries with the extraction

system from its fruit

) Utilization of mangrove ecosystems as a place to enlarge

crab cultivation

) Planting on the edge of the embankment of the pond

especially those facing directly to the river

a. Lakkang island

The mangroves in Lakkang Island are spread along rivers

and estuaries. Mangroves are also found in pond

embankments and behind residents. Nypa sp and Rhizophora

mucronata are the most dominant species. In addition, other

species can be found such as Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora

apiculata, Achantus sp, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and

Avicennia marina. The area of mangrove forest in Lakkang

Island is about 9.8 hectare. The mangrove forest is utilized by

the communities to catch fish, prawn, and crab around the

mangrove forest area and distributed to the market nearby

until Makassar City as a nearby city. In addition, Mangrove

species such as nypa sp leaves can be used for material to

produce traditional house roofs. Many people also visit this

island to enjoy the view of Mangrove landscape especially on

b. Pannikiang Island

Mangroves grow and develop with a fairly high density

and distribute along the coast of Pannikiang Island. Most

mangrove species are Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Sonneratia

alba, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and

Avicennia marina. People in Pannikiang Island utilize

mangrove forests to catch fish by using gill nets. The gill nets

are installed when the water recedes and it is pulled when the

tidewater rises.

Figure 1: Lakkang Island and activities around the mangrove ecosystem in Indonesia

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 296-304

Mostly fishes that are caught are snapper, grouper and

sometimes there are also crab and prawn. Around the

mangrove forest area, there are also floating cages used to

cultivate groupers and also utilized as a fishing spot. There

are around 30 species of mangroves consisting of 17 species

of true mangrove species and 13 other species of mangroves

mangrove forest on this island grows well and has beautiful

form. Due to its beauty, this area becomes one of the coastal

tourist destinations in Barru Regency. Generally, there are

several ways to utilize and manage the mangrove ecosystem

in Pannikiang Island such as:

1) Using gill nets and fishing rods

(

associations). The true mangrove ecosystem in this island

2) Using floating net cages around the mangrove forest area

to cultivate fish

3) Using an iron hook and put a crab trap catching the crab

4) Utilizing the mangrove ecosystems as a place for crab

cultivation in ponds

consist of Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora

apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Avicennia marina,

Ceriops decandra, Ceriops tagal, and Lumnitzera racemosa.

Whereas, the additional mangroves from the true mangroves

consist of Aegiceras corniculatum, Excoecaria agallocha,

Xylocarpus granatum, and Xylocarpus moluccensis. The

5) Catching bats that are found in mangrove forests by using

nets.

Figure 2: Lakkang Island and activities around the mangrove ecosystem in Indonesia

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 296-304

) The local government should arrange a long gap that can

divide the mangrove forest as a place for visiting tourists

and for fishery

mangrove ecosystem. Furthermore, People in Tanakeke

Island also utilize mangrove wood to make wood charcoal,

then distribute it to Makassar City. [51] revealed that the

process involved in mangrove wood becoming wood

charcoal takes approximately a month which consists of three

stages such as the preparation stage, the production stage, and

the marketing stage. The preparation stage consists of

logging, transporting and drying wood. Mangrove wood raw

materials can be obtained from the island people’s own land

or they bought from other people or suppliers. This pattern of

cooperation between suppliers and mangrove wood

craftsmens is commonly called "Ponggawa-Sawi".

Ponggawa is interpreted as the owner of the capital while

Sawi is interpreted as a craftsman. Charcoal craftsmen are

given money by people for raw materials. The component of

this raw material is the largest component that must be issued

by charcoal craftsmen because the price per hectare of

mangrove ranges from 10-30 million IDR depending on the

size of the stem and the density of the tree. With the high

price of the mangrove wood, Ponggawa lent money to

craftsmen in order to purchase the raw materials from the

communities. Craftsmen and Ponggawa make agreement to

return the loans at certain interest rates. In addition, charcoal

craftsmen may not sell their wood charcoal to other parties.

) The local government can make gazebos and towers in

the middle of the mangrove forest area so that the visitors

can rest and climb the tower to see the entire stretch of

mangrove forest on Pannikiang Island

) Cultivation of silvofishery combines fish/ shrimp

cultivation with mangroves.

c. Tanahkeke Island

The mangroves in Tanakeke Island are generally

dominated by Rhizophora mucronata, Lumnitzera sp, and

Sonneratia alba species while the other species such as

Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia sp,

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza can also be found. These kinds of

Mangrove mostly located around residents area. Fishermen

and aquaculture farmer utilize mangrove forest by catching

fish, shrimp, shellfish, crab as well as harvesting mangrove

fruits and mangrove wood. [51][52] stated that mangrove

assets on Tanakeke Island is the largest mangrove ecosystem

in South Sulawesi Province and it is covering 20% area of the

total mangrove ecosystem in South Sulawesi Province. Due

to this potential, a lot of people rely on their life on the

Figure 3: Lakkang Island and activities around the mangrove ecosystem in Indonesia

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 296-304

After the charcoal is harvested, the craftsmen pay off the

debt to the Ponggawa both the principal and the interest.

Although Ponggawa often buy wood charcoal below the

market price standards, wood charcoal craftsmen already

consider it as a common and mutual benefit. Generally, there

are several ways to utilize and manage the mangrove

ecosystem in Tanakeke Island such as:

Sonneratia alba and Avicennia marina. This mangrove

ecosystem grows on the coastal area and is also found

growing in the ponds scattered which can give benefits to

people by providing fish, prawn, crab and firewood. Fish

resources around the mangrove forest area are obtained by

fishing and using gill nets. Fish species that can be caught are

small white snapper, small red snapper, and small grouper.

The fish that is caught then sold to the collectors. Meanwhile,

shrimp resources are generally obtained by cultivating them

in ponds in the mangrove forest area with traditional

cultivation techniques. Aquaculture farming usually produces

when the rainy season comes because at that time, the water

has low salinity. Generally, there are several ways to utilize

and manage the mangrove ecosystem in Bangko-bangkoang

Island such as:

) Using gill nets and fishing rods

) Using an iron hook and put a crab trap known as a

rakkang in local language for catching the crab

) Utilization of mangrove ecosystems as a place for

cultivating crab in ponds

) Cultivation of ponds by converting mangrove land into

ponds (mangrove clearing system which is used as

cultivated area)

5) Utilizing mangrove fruit (Rhizophora sp.) to be used as

1) Using gill nets and fishing rods

seedlings and to be produced into snack and dessert

2) Using an iron hook and put a crab trap known as a

rakkang in local language for catching crab Utilization in

mangrove ecosystems as a place for crab cultivation

3) Cultivation of ponds created by converting mangrove

land into ponds (mangrove clearing system which is used

as cultivation)

(

Bruguiera sp)

) Utilizing mangrove wood into wood charcoal and

firewood

) Utilizing mangrove wood as a house pole

d. Bangko-bangkoang Island

4) Utilizing firewood mangrove wood

The mangrove species are located in Bangkobangkoang

Island such as Rhizophora stylosa, R.apiculata, R.mucronata,

5) Utilizing mangrove wood as a house pole

Figure 4: Bangko-bangkoang Island and activities around the mangrove ecosystem in Indonesia

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 296-304

Planning

Action

Establish fishermen, farmers,

women communities

bottom up

Making cooperative

Creative

communities

business

Fixing

management

Evaluation

Mangrove profit

benefit

Sustainable

Management and

Economic Value

Management

method

Evaluation

Conservation

Paradigm

Reflection

Studying suitable

business

Formulate academic

methods

bottom up

wanamina cultivation and use of

friendly fishing tools

Monitoring

Conservation

Figure 5: Sustainable management and economic value model

The sustainable and profitable management model of

mangrove ecosystem resources consisted of 4 factors such as;

mangrove forests management. Then, fixing management

access, and the last, forming a cooperative or jointly owned

business entity.

1) studying the analysis of mangrove forest benefits; 2)

patterns and methods of management; 3) the concept of

conservation; 4) evaluation. In addition to the

implementation, the government acts as a motivator as well

as a facilitator and bottom-up approach system to conduct the

planning, implementing, exploring and supervising the

management of mangrove ecosystem resources. The model of

sustainable and profitable management of mangrove

ecosystem resources in small islands starts to establish

fishermen, aquaculture farmers, women communities

consisting of 10-15 people that are able to produce products

from mangrove forest. Therefore, these communities must

have creativity because the business depends on the

availability of mangrove resources. After building the

communities, the next step is to profit from mangrove

products. Besides, important to form academic methods to

put the urgency and management paradigm of establishing

important matters and the main patterns and models for the

Conclusions

The model starts with the formation of groups of

fishermen/farmers /mangroves/women. The group produces

something from mangrove forest that comes from creativity

and ability to create something new as well as utilizing their

members based on their abilities. After the formation of

productive, creative and innovative groups of fishermen/

farmers / mangroves, the values and provided benefits are

assessed. Before going to the next stage, reflection on the

groups formed is under the goals and objectives of the group

formation. After reflection, it conducts a study of the

suitability of the business sector that is carried out in the

mangrove forest area. The suitability of the business sector

must be based on environmentally friendly systems and

mangrove conservation. It is called cultivation with the

silvofishery system (integrating shrimp/fish cultivation with

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques

2021, Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages: 296-304

mangroves) and the use of environmentally friendly fishing

tools. The next step is to formulate academic methods, then

lay down the urgency and management paradigm of putting

something important and the main patterns and models in the

management of mangrove forests. After that phase, fixing

management problems of mangrove forest. Mangrove forest

management involves local communities and other

stakeholders meanwhile the government, in this case, acting

as a motivator and facilitator.

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Acknowledgements

The Authors express their gratitude to the Kemenristek-

Dikti who have given research grants (Grant Number:

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