JETT- Volume 9, Issue 2 (2021)

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Volume 9, Issue 2, (2021)

Impacts of Heavy Metal Enriched Tailings of Magnesite Mine on Surrounding Water Reservoirs

Gajendiran Kandasamy, Yuvaraj Ragunath Singh, Mathiyazhagan Narayanan

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 521-527 | PDF

Abstract: The prime aim of this study was to assess the physicochemical properties of water reservoirs from magnesite mine surrounding four sites (each direction) on three seasons such as summer, winter, and rainy season. The results attained from the physicochemical analysis states that all the surrounding water reservoir samples have been severely polluted by both essential and non-essential elements. Predominantly the water sample taken from the site I of three seasons has been severely affected by the metal pollutants. The site I water sample unacceptable (mg L^-1) physicochemical properties such as turbidity (16.20±1.3; 15.23±1.8; 18.29±1.5), conductivity (2742.30±2.7; 2652.24±2.1; 2785.25±2.1), TDS (2085.13±4.3; 2024.15±2.1; 2113.10±1.2), TSS (712.21±2.1; 692.31±1.12; 711.12±1.5), hardness (765.38±2.4; 738.65±2.1; 781.23±2.9), BOD (208.12±1.7; 201.31±1.2; 212.31±1.5), COD (312.74±0.98; 301.54±1.21; 307.721±1.51), DO (1.12±.39; 1.01±.28; 1.02±0.23), Ca (265.28±1.21; 252.14±1.34; 275.34±1.17), Mg (124.56±1.54; 117.32±1.28; 135.28±1.62), Cl (1248.64±2.69; 1203.17±2.18; 1351.21±1.34), Zn (75.61±1.85; 71.52±1.02; 78.32±1.21), Cd (24.54±0.84; 21.28±0.61; 26.25±0.71), Pb (11.52±0.95; 8.2±0.52; 12.35±0.52), and Cr (3.1±0.054; 2.9±0.063; 3.5±0.21) contents of summer, winter, and the rainy season correspondingly. Among these three seasons, the water sample collected during rainy season possesses more quantity metals than other seasons. These results confirmed that the metal contamination has been spreading from the abandoned magnesite mine tailing. These unacceptable physicochemical properties could cause severe ecological damage to the water ecosystem.

Keywords: Mine tailing, water reservoir, metal pollution, spreading, permissible limit

A Systematic Review on Advancements in Drinking Water Disinfection Technologies: A Sustainable Development Perspective

Sapna R. Shinde, Sayali Apte

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 349-360 | PDF

Abstract: The Sustainable Development Goal 2015-30, which is the blueprint to achieve a better and sustainable future for all includes goal number six, aiming at the provision of clean water and sanitation by 2030 worldwide. But still the rural areas in developing nations are predominantly facing the scarcity of pathogen-free drinking water, which creates an urgent need for research in the area of water disinfection. The paper presents a systematic literature review of the conventional and novel water disinfection techniques supported by a bibliometric analysis based on the data from Scopus and Web of Science data from the year 1980 to 2020 for all the disinfection techniques. The novel and latest water disinfection technology in the literature studied by few researchers are also discussed and it can be concluded that the research related to these latest technologies is fewer and real-life usage is very scanty. The detailed literature review indicates the need for novel, decentralized, low-cost water disinfection technology for providing clean and pathogen-free water to all, overcoming the problems related to access of safe drinking water to rural communities. The paper also identifies the research gaps related to new technologies for water disinfection which needs to addressed in further studies.

Keywords: Drinking water disinfection, chlorination, ozonation, ultraviolet light, novel disinfection technology

Adsorption of Congo Red from Aqueous Solution using Typha australis Leaves as a Low Cost Adsorbent

Youssef Aoulad El Hadj Ali, Abdoulaye Demba N’diaye, Driss Fahmi, Mohamed Sid’Ahmed Kankou, Mostafa Stitou

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 534-539 | PDF

Abstract: The aim of present work was to study the application of natural monocotyledonous flowering plants to remove an anionic dye (Congo red, chosen as a pollutant model) from wastewater. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for the removal of Congo red from aqueous solutions using Typha australis leaf as a low cost adsorbent. The influence of contact time, solution pH, ionic strength, and initial adsorbate concentration was investigated. The experimental data fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm (R² = 0.95), yielding a maximum adsorption capacity of 24.23 mg/g at 40 C°. The adsorption kinetic data were analyzed using the Pseudo First Order (PFO) and Pseudo Second Order (PSO) models. The results showed that the PSO model is the best for describing the adsorption of Congo red by Typha australis leaves for all initial Congo red concentrations. The thermodynamic parameters have been studied, and it proved that, adsorption of Congo red using Typha australis leaves is exothermic and spontaneous. This study convinced that the naturally Typha australis leaves proved to be an alternative, attractive, effective, economic and environmentally friendly adsorbent for Congo red removal from aqueous solutions.

Keywords: Congo red, Adsorption, Typha australis leaves, Kinetics, Isotherms

Application of Electrocoagulation for the Removal of Color from Institutional Wastewater: Analysis with Response Surface Methodology

Million Ebba

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 470-479 | PDF

Abstract: The removal percentage of color from institutional wastewater was studied using an electrocoagulation process with different electrode combination at the anode and cathode. This was done by considering operational parameters such as pH at (3, 6 and 9), current at (0.03A, 0.06A and 0.09A) and reaction time at (20, 40 and 60 minutes). When electrode combined in the form of Al-Al (anode-Cathode/Cathode-Anode) and Fe-Fe (anode-Cathode/Cathode-Anode) the percentage removal of color was up to 95.50% and 97.24% respectively. On the other hand around 98.03% and 91.95% of color was removed when Al-Fe (Anode-Cathode) and Fe-Al (Anode-Cathode) combined at pH 9 and 60 minutes of reaction time respectively. Central composite design from response surface methodology was used up to analysis the statistical and mathematical data based on experimental results such as the model was significant for all electrode combinations. Similarly a quadratic model was used for further study of operational effects on the removal (%) of color from institutional wastewater. The value of coefficient of the determination (R²) also indicated the model was a good fit as well as optimization was done by Response Surface Methodology.

Keywords: Color, Electrocoagulation, Electrode, Institutional wastewater, RSM

Available Techniques of Wastewater Management Practices in Indian Tanneries: A Literature Review

Manali Bhaduri

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 491-498 | PDF

Abstract: Tanning is the process of turning animal hide into leather. The manufacturing process leads to the generation of wastewater, which must be treated before discharge. The treatment processes of this wastewater in India was examined. A systematic review based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines was carried out on the electronic database Google Scholar from 2010 to 2020. Wastewater treatment practices in Indian tanneries were looked for and 64 relevant reports and articles were shortlisted and studied. The results showed that coagulation with alum and ferric chloride gave the best results in primary treatment, aerobic and anaerobic processes gave the best results when combined, and tertiary treated water could be reused.

Keywords: Wastewater treatment, Indian tanneries, Primary treatment, Biological treatment, Tertiary treatment, Biosorption, Membrane processes, Activated sludge process

Biogas Production by Anaerobic Digestion of Cow Dung using Floating Type Fermenter

K. Elsawy, S. El-Kadi, Y. Elhenawy, A. Abdelmotalip, I.A. Ibrahim

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 446-451 | PDF

Abstract: Biogas is a clean conventional source of energy for the rural community. The anaerobic digestion is a technology used for recycling organic materials. In the present work, a floating type biogas digester is constructed and used to evaluate the quantity of produced gas, in addition, to determine its chemical composition. To examine Microbiological analysis, different samples are obtained from the floating type fermenter unite. Total solids, nitrogen carbon content and pH is determined from analysis of a cow dung samples. The obtained results show that, the total produced gas is found to be about 101.7 liters and the initial pH in fresh cow manure sample was 8.1, this value decreased during fermentation period until reached to 4.8 inside digester. The experiment is conducted at low temperatures range of ambient between 15°C and 23°C in a batch mode. Microbial load is determined also from the digested. Poured plate method, was used for counting total bacterial count, spore former count (aerobes or anaerobes), fungal count, Salmonella and Shegilla count, Proteolytic count, amylolytic count and lipolytic count. The most probable number (MPN) technique was used for counting Coliform, anaerobic spore formers producing H₂S count and cellulolytic microorganisms. The highest value was 97x10⁸ cfu/ml in total bacterial count in fresh samples and lowest number was in the case of Salmonella and Shegilla count in samples A, M and B was a same value being ND.

Keywords: Biomass, Biogas, Microbiology science, Anaerobic fermentation

Carbon Monoxide Gas Pollution Control Model Using Reducing Plants

Natsir Abduh, Andi Muhibuddin, Z. Zulkarnain, Rumpang Yusuf, Fikruddin Buraerah

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 428-434 | PDF

Abstract: Objectively, this study addresses several objectives, such as 1) identifying the existing vegetation conditions and the amount of CO concentration in the study location, 2) to investigate the ability to reduce plants to absorb CO, and 3) to projecting the absorption capacity of vegetation by CO through air prediction models. The research location was conducted at Veteran Selatan, Makassar City, Indonesia. The survey was conducted in Makassar City, Indonesia, as well as data available in the field. The research period from January to April 2020. From the analysis of the results and discussion, the conclusions drawn from this study are: 1) The CO concentration based on the calculation results is 1.186.52 µg / m3. While the CO concentration measured in the field is 2,290.39 µg / m3, so the difference between the calculation and measurement results is 1,103, (48.2%). The number of trees as vegetation, namely 189 trees, had an enormous average volume of cover, namely 2,673.01 m3. 2). The existing plants or vegetation on exsiting location can absorb CO of 1,889.8 tons/year. 3). A balance between CO pollutants and vegetation uptake can be achieved by applying a scenario of planting vegetation for trees, shrubs, and shrubs. Modeling and simulation results show that the total CO emissions will reach 3,184.6 tons/year in the next ten years. However, by applying the planting scenario, the total CO emission in the next ten years will only reach 2,761.9 tons/year, with an average percentage reduction of 8.93%.

Keywords: Air Pollution, Pollution Reduction Plant, Absorbing CO, Planting trees, Makassar City

Characterization and Quantification of Municipal Solid Waste in Fátima, Ecuadorian Amazon Parish

Karel Diéguez-Santana, Liliana Bárbara Sarduy-Pereira, María De Decker

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 392-401 | PDF

Abstract: Population growth and economic development have brought a high increase in the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW). The aim of this study is to determine the generation and characterization of solid waste in a rural parish of the Ecuadorian Amazon. A survey was applied and random sampling was carried out in 51 households. The results obtained in the study determined that the generation of waste is 0.51 kg cap-1 day-1 and the apparent density obtained was 191.86 kg m-3. The different types of waste generated were characterized, the percentages obtained were 66% organic matter, 9% plastic, 7% glass, 7% of paper, 1% metals, 3% hygienic waste, 3% wood, 1% textiles and 3% of other varied materials. In addition, a means analysis was performed with the nonparametric Wilcoxon Rank-sum test (Mann Whitney) using the STATA software version 12. The results showed no significant differences (p value> 0.05) in the daily generation in both periods (April / September 2015). The values of the surveys carried out highlight a strong community acceptance towards recycling programs and separation at source. In addition, they request greater involvement of the authorities for the improvement of the current management of waste in the parish. Finally, more studies are recommended in cities and rural communities of Ecuador on the determination of the amount and composition of the waste, since there are many limitations of information, which affects the creation of effective waste management and disposal systems.

Keywords: Solid waste; generation per capita per day; waste composition; recycling; characterization; rural communities

Chromium and Cadmium Removal from Synthetic Wastewater by Electrocoagulation Process

Hesham M. ELKaramany, Amro A. Elbaz, Rabab M.Wagdy, Islam S. Mohammed

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 375-382 | PDF

Abstract: Electrocoagulation (EC) is one of the efficient electrochemical approaches for industrial wastewater treatment. The present work aims to reach optimum conditions for achieving simultaneous removal of chromium and cadmium ions from synthetic wastewater by EC through assessment of different parameters like electrodes material, electrode configuration, initial pH, current density, initial temperature, and initial contaminate concentration. In addition, a comparison between chemical coagulation and EC efficiency for Chromium and cadmium removal was presented. Results showed that the (Fe-Al), an anode and cathode, achieved better removal efficiency than other electrodes configurations (Fe-Fe / Al-Fe / Al- Al). Also, the increase of initial temperature and current density enhanced the removal efficiency. In contrast, the increase in the initial concentration reduced the removal efficiency. The complete removal of Chromium achieved through the use of Fe-Al electrodes and current density was 12.50 mA/cm² with solution pH of 5.8, temperature was 25^oC and an initial concentration of 280 mg/L. On the other hand, Cadmium’s complete removal was achieved through the use of Fe-Allectrodes, at pH of 5.8, applied current 1.4 A and 60^oC. Therefore, EC was proved to be better approach than conventional coagulation in case of treatment of wastewater containing different types of heavy metals ions with high initial concentrations.

Keywords: Electrocoagulation, Industrial Wastewater, Heavy metals, Cadmium, Chromium, Chemical Coagulation

Comparison of the Histopathological Effects of Selenium Nanoparticles and Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles in Cadmium-intoxicated Rabbits

Shaghayegh Hajian Shahri, Mohammad Reza Hajinezhad, Abbas Jamshidian

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 528-533 | PDF

Abstract: This study compared the effects of selenium nanoparticles and cerium oxide nanoparticles on biochemical and histopathological changes of cadmium-intoxicated rabbits. Forty white New Zealand rabbits were equally distributed into four groups. The Control group received saline orally while the negative control group received six-week oral administrations of cadmium 5 mg/kg. The third group received oral administration of selenium nanoparticles (0.8 mg/kg) and cadmium (5mg/kg). The fourth group received cerium oxide nanoparticles (0.8 mg/kg) and cadmium (5mg/kg). After six weeks, serum was obtained by the conventional methods, and then rabbits were sacrificed to obtain liver, kidney, and testis tissues for histopathological examinations. The oral administrations of Cadmium 5 mg/kg caused significant elevations in serum liver enzyme levels, serum BUN, serum creatinine, and lipid peroxidation levels (P<0.05). The histopathological investigations showed necrosis and inflammations in the liver, kidney, and testis of rabbits. Selenium nanoparticles oral administrations at a dose of 0.8 mg/kg significantly reduced liver enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and histopathological changes. The cadmium intoxicated rats treated with Cerium oxide nanoparticles showed normal biochemical and histopathological parameters (P<0.05). The current study proved the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of selenium nanoparticles and cerium oxide nanoparticles in cadmium intoxicated rabbits; however, cerium oxide nanoparticles were more effective.

Keywords: Selenium, Nanoparticles, Liver, Kidney, Toxicity

Conformal Hamiltonian Mechanical Equations on Contact 9- Manifolds

Ibrahim Omer Ahmed Albudawe, Ibrahim Yousif .I. Abad Alrhman

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 410-415 | PDF

Abstract: In this study, we concluded the Hamiltonian equations on , being a model. Finally introduce, some geometrical and physical results on the related mechanic systems have been discussed. n classical mechanics we can describe the state of a system by specifying its Lagrangian as a function of the coordinates and their time rates of change. Hamilton realized that Lagrange’s equations of motion were equivalent to a variational principle.

Keywords: Differential geometry, Contact 9- Manifolds, Hamiltonian Dynamics

Debt Settlement through the Client of the Existence of Limited Partnership Business Entity as a Non-Legal Business Agency in Indonesia

Siti Mahmudah, Etty Susilowati, Yunanto, Siti Malikhatun Badriyah, Amiek Soemarmi, Kornelius Benuf

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 416-420 | PDF

Abstract: A limited partnership or CV is a non-legal entity that is widely used in running a company which can be declared bankrupt. This paper aims to investigate further regarding the consequences of the end of bankruptcy on the existence of CV as a non-legal entity company where there is no separation of assets between CV and its partners. The research method used is juridical normative, using secondary data consisting of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials, analyzed descriptively analytically. The results of the study reveal that in CV bankruptcy, CV, complementary and limited partners, as for the bankruptcy board, are CV's assets, allies 'original assets and allies' original assets if bound in marriage without a marriage agreement, and joint assets. CV can operate again if the bankruptcy ends in peace or insolvency followed by a grant of rehabilitation. It is based on the current procedure that bankruptcy against the debtor can end because of peace or insolvency which further entitles the debtor to rehabilitation through a process that does not regulate how long the process is and the requirements for a bankruptcy declaration can result in a solvent company being declared bankrupt resulting in general confiscation of the debtor's and debtor's assets no longer operational, it is very detrimental to the debtor. On the other hand, the existence of general confiscation of the debtor's assets which becomes a guarantee for the repayment of the creditors' receivables requires certainty about who can be requested to be declared bankrupt.

Keywords: CV, bankruptcy, debt settlement, business entity, existence

Determination of Deoxygenation Rate of Citarum River Water using Long Term Technique

Yonik M. Yustiani, Dinan F. Abror, Sri Wahyuni, Mia Nurkanti

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 505-509 | PDF

\Abstract: Citarum River is a large river located in West Java Province. The current condition of the Citarum River is highly polluted, especially in urban areas. Utilization of river water quality models is one of the popular methods to support river recovery. The deoxygenation rate is an important coefficient in the BOD-DO formula used in the water quality model. Usually, the deoxygenation rate is determined in laboratory in short term. A long term technique of laboratory test will likely gives better results. This study aims to determine the actual coefficient of the deoxygenation rate of the Citarum River water by using the long term technique. Sampling was carried out at 2 points which were considered to be able to represent the condition of the Citarum River. The laboratory analysis method used in the calculation of the deoxygenation rate uses the Thomas’ Slope Method and the empirical formula of Hydroscience. The results showed the value of the deoxygenation rate range using the Slope method as a whole that ranged from 0.33 to 0.56 per day. While the value of the deoxygenation rate ranges using the Empirical formula ranges from 0.37 to 0.46 per day. The overall BOD (La) range ranges from 44.03 to 55.03 mg/L. The value of the deoxygenation rate obtained from the long term technique give similar range to that of empirical formula result. It suggests that the long-term technique can improve the results of the short-term deoxygenation rate method.

Keywords: Citarum River, Deoxygenation rate, Long term technique, River water quality model

Eco-Friendly Approach to Control Mosquitos (A. stephensi, C. quinquefasciatus, and A. aegypti) Using Silver Nanoparticle

Jimmandiyur Madhappan Murugan, Mathiyazhagan Narayanan, Shivakumar Muthugoundar Subramanian, Ramkumar Govindaraju

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 452-459 | PDF

Abstract: The available controlling agents for mosquito vectors are chemical insecticides and the frequent usage of these insecticides creating resistance among mosquito vectors and environmental pollutions. Thus, the study was designed to synthesize and characterize the Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) through a methanol leaf extract of Ocimum canum and find the larvicidal prospective of the AgNPs on the 4^th instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes aegypti. The obtained outcomes show that the methanol leaf extract of O. canum was effectively reduced the silver ions and produce constant silver nanoparticles. It was characterized and confirmed by various scientific techniques such as UV-vis spectrum, XRD, SEM, FT-IR and EDaX. Various concentrations (10, 50, 150, 200, and 250 ppm) of characterized nanoparticles were tested for larvicidal activity. The premier larval death was observed at 24 h of treatment on A. aegypti with LC50= 17.03 ppm, followed by C. quinquefasciatus with LC50= 14.89 ppm of methanol extract of O. canum and no death was noticed on A. stephensi. The LD90 value for A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus were 24.18 & 20.65 ppm respectively. Hence, the Ag nanoparticles produced from methanol leaf extract of O. canum retains efficiency to control A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus. Thus, it might support partially to replace the chemical insecticide which used against these vectors and might contribute to reduce environmental pollution.

Keywords: O. canum, Methanol extract, Biodegradable AgNPs, Larvicidal activity, Mosquito vectors

Evaluating Visibility Range on Air Pollution using NARX Neural Network

Tohid Irani, Hamid Amiri, Hedieh Deyhim

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 452-459 | PDF

Abstract: Evaluating air visibility range is considered as one of the apparent criteria of air quality. Haze air as a conclusion of air pollution causes unpleasant breathing, psychological effects, and visibility restriction. In this study, NARX neural network applied to determine air visibility restriction factors. Data of air quality control station of Baghshomal, Rastebazar and Abresan in Tabriz City, Iran used which include PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, O₃ and CO for duration of four year since 2013 to 2017 that considered as independent variables. NARX neural network created to find each pollutant relation to visibility restriction and networks used for simulation to analysis network results in conspectuses condition. The results showed that PM₁₀ pollutant has the most influence on-air visibility with R=0.9 in the train, R=0.728 in test and R=0.75 in validation process. Also error results of the PM₁₀ obtained as MSE=0.054. Moreover simulation results demonstrated least area integral between curves according to ascending order for six pollutant factors and verified PM₁₀ accuracy in NARX network simulation. The total result as study conclusion verified NARX neural network efficiency to evaluate air visibility range while using air pollutant parameters.

Keywords: Visibility range, Air pollution, Air quality index

Experimental Investigation of the Helical Condenser for Humidification Dehumidification Desalination Unit Powered by Solar Energy

K. Elsawy, I.A. Ibrahim, A. Abdelmotalip, Y. Elhenawy

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 402-409 | PDF

Abstract: In this paper, built the water desalination unit based on the humidification dehumidification (HDH) process powered by solar energy was examined. The unit uses a humidifier of the packing type (HPT) and the dehumidifier (condenser) made a concentric helically tube and shell heat exchanger was investigated. The dehumidifier was used to condensate water vapor from humid air. The Nusselt number (Nu) inside the helical tube was discussed in many studies before, although it is not mentioned before the Nusselt number outside the helical tube for a mixture fluid. In the current study cold water in passing inside a concentric helical tube, while a hot humid air passing over the external surface of the concentric helical tube. The concentric helical tube is positioned inside an insulated shell. Different air flowrates were used, and the experimental results were used to induce a new empirical equation for the shell’s Nusselt number. The water desalination unit was examined by using the solar collectors as a heating source for the saline feed water and the introduced air to the humidifier, and it is found that the freshwater productivity was 8.60 kg/day and to reduce the carbon dioxide released by 4600 g/day.

Keywords: Humidification dehumidification process, Packing, Helical condenser, Solar energy, Desalination

Impacts of Heavy Metal Enriched Tailings of Magnesite Mine on Surrounding Water Reservoirs

Gajendiran Kandasamy, Yuvaraj Ragunath Singh, Mathiyazhagan Narayanan

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 521-527 | PDF

Keywords: Mine tailing, Water reservoir, Metal pollution, Spreading, Permissible limit

Inland Water Quality Study of Mount Lebanon Range in the Region of Middle East

Adnan Falah, Husein Yemendzhiev, Valentin Nenov

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 510-514 | PDF

Abstract: Lebanon is a country with several rivers and renewable water resources compared to other neighboring countries. Lebanon has several major rivers that are originating from mount Lebanon. Rivers in-fact entering to the Mediterranean Sea by passing about 20-30 km from their sources at mount Lebanon through the coastal zones (west of Lebanon). Sannine Aquifer at mountain district at an altitude of 1,500 m, is the major inland fresh water, groundwater, source for the coastal area and servicing many lands and cities. In this research, the quality of inland water, fresh-water resources of Mount Lebanon range in the Middle East region, were studied. Water samples were collected from different places among Lebanese mountains. The collected samples were analyzed to measure the average concentration of selected Physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, total hardness, magnesium, etc. Many other inland water sources (wells) are also existing, however, many of them are saline and are not suitable for direct domestic use or even for irrigation. The study approach water quality assessment and level of pollution and potential impact to seawater of Mediterranean basin since there is a direct connection with the Seawater at each range. The average of electrical conductivity value of fresh water found to be slightly high, TDS value were moderately high while phosphate recorded at high level. Other data assessment show that the quality of inland water has to be monitored since it is deteriorating due to uncontrolled usage.

Keywords: Inland water, Quality of water, Mount Lebanon, Middle East, Fresh water

Investigation of the Concentration of Heavy Metals in the Drinking Fountains of the Mountain Massif Shale and Bajgore in Kosovo

Sadija Kadriu, Milaim Sadiku, Mensur Kelmendi, Hana Mehmetaj

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 515-520 | PDF

Abstract: Taking in consideration that drinking water is a vital element without which the normal existence of humans and other living things in our planet cannot be thought of, we are motivated to research the wells and springs used for drinking in the villages of Bajgora, Kovacica and Kaqandoll. The suspicion that the waters of this mountain massif contain heavy metals due to the presence of mineral ores also prompted us to investigate the degree of presence or not of heavy metals in these waters. To assess the water quality of these wells, in the monitoring network that includes these three villages, we have pinpointed five monitoring points, determining the organoleptic, physic-chemical, and microbiological and heavy metal parameters. During the research process, in order to evaluate the water quality as accurately as possible, classical and instrumental methods of chemical analysis were applied. We have compared the results of the analysis with the standard values of AI16 / 2012- Administrative Instruction of Kosovo that has to do with the quality of water for human consumption and that is in full compliance with EU Directive 98/83 EC. The obtained results denote the presence with heavy metals of Pb, Zn, Cd and Ni, in four of the five samples taken for research. Therefore, we have come to the conclusion that the presence of these metals results as a consequence of the geological composition and ore-rich underground layers of this mountain massif.

Keywords: Drinking water, Water quality, Mountain massif, Bajgora and Shale, Heavy metals

Irrigation Water Susceptibility Indexing Method, Using Pesticide DRASTIC and Water Quality Index, for Basara Basin; Kurdistan Region-Iraq

Shwan A. Mohammed, Reza Attar Nejad, Dara Faeq Hamamin

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 435-445 | PDF

Abstract: The increasing use of chemical fertilizers, with spreading industrial and urbanization activities in the whole area of the Basara basin expected to affect the quantity and quality of water from these sources of pollutants. The main aim of this research revolves around the integration of the intrinsic vulnerability Index (VI) through applying the pesticide DRASTIC method, with the irrigation quality index, to assess the irrigation susceptibility Index (SI) for the basin. The quality of groundwater for its suitability for irrigation purposes was measured by its hydro-chemical parameters in this research. Thirty-one water samples were collected in the studied area during the post-monsoon period of the year 2018. Samples have been tested for both physical and chemical parameters. The Geographic Information System (GIS) has been used for this assessment. The results indicate that water movement directions of streams, the geological formation of aquifers, land slope, and contamination sources have a great impact on water quality, vulnerability, and susceptibility index. The pesticide DRASTIC map categorizes the basin into five classes as (very low, low, moderate, high, and very high). Results show that the most vulnerable area to pollution is those that used for intensive agricultural and industrial sectors, besides the areas with high permeability and lands with minimum surface slopes which are intensively used as cultivated areas. The results indicate that the incorporation of both hydrogeological and hydro-chemical datasets enables more realistic evaluations than those of an individual dataset to estimate the groundwater contamination susceptibility of an aquifer. This work offers the decision-makers a clear photo of the quality of irrigation water and the area most vulnerable to contamination. This will be used as the basis for future research to mitigate the effects of vulnerable areas and to establish a new groundwater management strategy in the basin.

Keywords: Water quality, Groundwater Contamination, Vulnerability Mapping, Pesticide DRASTIC

Mg-Cr Layered Double Hydroxide with Intercalated Oxalic Anion for Removal Cationic Dyes Rhodamine B and Methylene Blue

Arini Fousty Badri, Neza Rahayu Palapa, Risfidian Mohadi, Mardiyanto, Aldes Lesbani

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 383-391 | PDF

Abstract: A MgCr-based layered double hydroxide (LDH) was synthesized by a coprecipitation method, followed by an intercalation process using an oxalic anion. The materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, and pH pzc measurement. The materials were then applied as adsorbents for removal of methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) from aqueous solution. Pristine Mg/Cr LDH exhibited RhB adsorption capacity of 32.154 mg g⁻¹, whereas the use of intercalated Mg/Cr LDH caused an increase in the capacity (139.526 mg g⁻¹). Kinetic studies indicated that the dye adsorption using both LDHs followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model; the K₂ values of pristine and modified Mg/Cr LDH for RhB and MB were 6.970, 0.001, 0.426, and 2.056 g mg⁻¹ min⁻¹, respectively. The thermodynamic study identified that the adsorption of both dyes onto the LDHs was a spontaneous process and can be classified as physical adsorption with adsorption energies of <40 kJ/mol. Moreover, the desorption and regeneration experiments indicated the high economic feasibility and reusability of the LDHs. By using HCl as the optimal solvent, the LDHs could desorb as much as 98% of the dye and could be used as adsorbents with high adsorption capacity over three cycles.

Keywords: Layered double hydroxide, MgCr, rhodamine B, methylene blue, intercalation

Microbial Enzymes Based Technologies for Bioremediation of Pollutions

Gity Behbudi, Khadije Yousefi, Yasin Sadeghipour

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 463-469 | PDF

Abstract: Environmental pollution comes from a variety of sources. With the development of human civilization, the development of technology, and the increasing population, the world is now facing environmental pollution. Since environmental health has a direct effect on human health, therefore environmental protection is one of the most essential human problems. Removal of pollutants is a significant issue that, if not paid enough attention to, the next generation will face serious problems. Chemical and biological methods can be used to remove contaminants, but since the use of chemical methods will result in wastes that can cause contamination, the use of biological treatment methods such as bioremediation is a better and less dangerous to remove contaminants. In the bioremediation process, fungi or bacteria and their enzymes are used to clean and purify pollution. In this waste management technique living organisms or their enzymes uses to remove or neutralize contaminants. Mechanisms of enzymes that related bioremediation such as hydrolases and oxidoreductases have been widely studied. This chapter investigates information on the microbial enzymes from different microorganisms involved in the biodegradation of a broad range of pollutants.

Keywords: Microbial enzymes, Bioremediation, Pollution, Environment

Performance of Sand Filtration System with Different Sand Bed Depth for Polishing Wastewater Treatment

Yong Sin Sze, Azmi Aris, Nur Syamimi Zaidi, Muhammad Burhanuddin Bahrodin

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 452-457 | PDF

Abstract: Sand filtration is a polishing type of treatment system that is widely used as an efficient, cost-effective and simple treatment method. The efficiency of sand filtration relies mainly on the capacity of sand bed depth. Different sand bed depth affects the filtration rate and the contaminant removal differently. Hence, this study aims to investigate the effect of different sand media depth on the removal efficiency of the filtration process. An experimental sand filter with three design modifications of different sand bed depth, 30 cm, 60 cm, and 90 cm, was operated as polishing stage of an effluent from conventional activated sludge process. The highest filtration rate was recorded using sand depth of 30 cm. Higher filter bed depth result in lower filter rate which result in smaller filtrate volume. Highest E. Coli and COD removal, are 95.5% and 52.2%, respectively, recorded using 30 cm sand depth. Meanwhile, highest TSS and turbidity removal are 91.0% and 77.3%, respectively, with sand depth of 90 cm. Highest total coliform and BOD removal are 88.3% and 68.0% respectively by using sand depth of 60 cm. This study demonstrated that the sand filter is more efficient in removing suspended contaminants and coliforms compared to removing dissolved contaminants.

Keywords: Sand filtration; Sand bed depth; Polishing; Wastewater treatment; Coliform removal

Public Health Implications of Fungi-Aerosol Contamination around a Major Dumpsite in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Sylvester Chibueze Izah, Glory Richard and Ebinyo Rebecca Aseibai

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 458-462 | PDF

Abstract: Atmospheric pollution is a major global environmental issue. Improper waste management is among the leading cause of environment contamination in many cities in developing nations. Improper waste management leads to the release of bio-aerosol into the atmosphere. Some microbial air contaminants are known to cause diseases in human especially on immune-compromised individuals. This study evaluates the fungi-aerosol around waste dumpsite in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Triplicate Potatoes dextrose agar was exposed for 10 minutes around a major dumpsite in Bayelsa State at a height of 1meter. The fungi density and diversity were determined following standard microbiological procedures. Results showed that the total fungi-aerosol counts ranged from 0.0004 – 0.0094 CFU/min-m² in dry season and 0.0001 – 0.0036 CFU/min-m² in wet season. There were statistical variations (p<0.05) across months, distances, and interaction between months and distances. Of the 16 fungi diversity isolated, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium and Rhizopus species had the highest occurring frequency in both seasons of study. Again, the isolates showed that the diversity decreased with distance (200 ->1000 ft) away from the main dumpsite. Similarity interaction between each of the distances ranged from 42.86 – 88.89% and 36.36 – 82.35% for dry and wet seasons, respectively with index above critical level of significance (50%) in most cases. Some fungi species are known to produce toxins that cause diseases in humans. Hence, personal safety measures including effective treatment of waste by appropriate agencies before disposal to reduce exposure to bioaerosols to scavengers and others are needed.

Keywords: Air pollution, Bioaerosols, Dumpsite, Environmental Health, Fungi, Waste

Sustainable Use of Chemical in Agricultural Soils and Implications for Precision Agriculture

Olusola T. Kayode, Ahzegbobor P. Aizebeokhai, Abiodun M. Odukoya, Hilary I. Okagbue

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 361-367 | PDF

Abstract: This study characterized and assessed the geostatistical variations of some essential macronutrients (Ca, P, Fe, Na, K, Al, Mg and Ti) for further environmental monitoring, planning and remediation using geochemical analysis in two commercial farms. Twenty soil samples were collected at the depth of 50 cm to 70 cm below the subsurface from the study areas that is, Landmark university farm representing the northcentral and Covenant university farm representing southwest Nigeria, respectively. Inductively coupled plasma and mass spectrometry (ICPMS) was used to analyze the samples at the Acme laboratory, Canada. The statistical results indicate that the following pair of elements {Ca-Mg, P-Mg, Fe-P, Fe-Al, Ca-K, Mg-K, and Na-K} are significantly positively correlated at 0.05 significance in the areas. The mean and median test revealed that iron (Fe) and titanium (Ti) content are the same in both study areas. The findings among others imply that deficient essential nutrients can be applied as chemical fertilizers to farmland and thereby enhancing sustainable agricultural production.

Keywords: Geochemical analysis, geostatistics, macronutrients, precision agriculture, soil, sustainable agriculture

The Evolution of Green Cladding Technology for Architectural Facades and its Role in Achieving Environmental Integration

Noha Sayed Mohammed Afify

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 548-558 | PDF

Abstract: The world is currently witnessing interest in environmental issues and awareness of the environment, sustainable development systems and green buildings, with the aim of making the most of the environmental resources, rationalizing energy consumption, and obtaining a clean environment and the materials of cladding play a role in achieving this, where the materials of the cladding provide comfort to the residents and protection of the building in addition to achieving the aesthetic value of the interface. The goal of the research: To Spotlight on the development of technology and specifications in the building. The importance of green cladding materials and their role in achieving the integration of the building's façade with the environment. Provide a classification of the products of green facades and developed from them. Research methodology: The research is based on the theoretical approach in explaining the theoretical material provided and the experimental method in providing a technological idea for an experimental product of paint products and external cladding. Research structure: The research is divided into three parts related to the technology of materials and products of interface suppositions: building materials and traditional and upgraded cladding. Elements of the integration of the façade of the building with the environment (comfort, beauty, protection, and preservation of the safety of the environment). Attention to the complementary environmental elements, including (plants and trees) and the rationalization of the consumption of irrigation water.

Keywords: Tech Green Cladding, Building Waste Products, Environmental Chromatic Integration, Grey Water

The Impact of Polluting Sources on the Physical-Chemical Properties of Water in the Curved River in Kosovo

Sadija Kadriu, Milaim Sadiku, Mensur Kelmendi, Agron Shala

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 368-374 | PDF

Abstract: It has already become a tradition to research the pollution with heavy metals of surface and groundwater. Very few studies have been done to assess the ecological status of rivers in Kosovo, based on their assessment through physical-chemical parameters, such as: pH, OT, BOD₅, COD, N-NH₄, NO₃^-, NT, PO₄-P, PT. Although it is known that physical-chemical pollution of surface water is present in the flow of rivers, since in the impossibility of setting up plants for the treatment of industrial and urban wastewater, in all cases their discharge is done in a way free and uncontrolled. Therefore, our object of study consists in the real evidence of physical-chemical pollution of the waters of the Curved River (Kriva Reka), a segment of which crosses the industrial area of the Artana Mine, located in the northeastern part of Kosovo. During the research work we have identified six monitoring points: M₁ and M₆ represent the river waters outside the industrial zone, while the other four monitoring points reflect the industrial discharge waters and the polluted river waters in the industrial zone. Classical and instrumental methods of analytical chemistry have been applied to determine physical-chemical parameters. The results obtained after the analysis of water samples give the values of physical-chemical parameters, based on which we estimate that the Curved River is characterized by poor ecological status.

Keywords: Curved River, Pollution, Physical-chemical parameters, Ecological status, Mining

The Treatment of Wastewater Containing Pharmaceuticals

Kareem Fouad, Mohamed Bassyouni, Mohamed Gar Alalm, Mamdouh Y. Saleh

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 499-504 | PDF

Abstract: The massive production of pharmaceuticals and excessive consumption will lead to their leakage into various water sources. Conventional treatment methods have proven ineffective in the treatment of these contaminants. Thus, choosing the appropriate treatment method is extremely important to deal with these pollutants. This paper presents an overview of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and studies the difference between the conventional and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for pharmaceutical treatment. AOPs can be an ideal solution for the degradation of these contaminants. The factors that affect the removal efficiency for AOPs were discussed, such as type of catalyst, light intensity, initial concentration of contamination, catalyst dose, and pH of the solution. The degradation pathway for some pharmaceuticals has also been discussed.

Keywords: Pharmaceuticals; Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs); Antibiotics

Transformation of Public Administration of the Social and Economic Policy in Ukraine by the Example of the Healthcare Reformation

Natalia V. Tomchuk-Ponomarenko, Ganna M. Lozova, Lesia O. Pashniuk, Tetiana Krasnopolska

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 421-427 | PDF

Abstract: In the article, a problem is set regarding urgent transformation of the public administration of the social and economic policy of Ukraine under the healthcare reformation. The problem seems to be urgent because the Ukrainian national healthcare management system differs from similar systems in most developed countries due to a unique characteristic. The point is that at the highest legislative level, the state guarantees its citizens free medical care, although in practice, this provision remains partially declarative. And this should be a target of reformation. Today, the Ukrainian healthcare system, based on the centrally controlled principles, is facing a deep crisis, therefore the public administration model should be changed, and the healthcare system be radically reformed. Basing on modeling methods, expert survey, mathematical statistics, the following results have been obtained: a formulated list of problems, an offered model for the healthcare system management in Ukraine considering that the process should be transformed. These results can lay the groundwork for the development of a real strategic plan, when the task of "clearing the problematic area" to be solved in stages, according to the actual urgency of certain problems from the point of view of increasing the efficiency of the healthcare system reformation in Ukraine.

Keywords: Health protection system, healthcare problems, public administration, transformation, reformation, model

Use of Aluminium Metal Embedded ThujaOccidentalis Leaves Carbon (AMETLC) for Fluoride Removal from Water: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies

Dhilleswara Rao Vaddi, Venkata Subba Rao Mushini, Phani Surya Muralikrishna Mudumba

Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Pages: 480-490 | PDF

Abstract: In this research work, Aluminum metal embedded Thuja Occidentalis leaves carbon (AMETLC) is used an adsorbent for the removal of fluoride from water. On batch technique, under key factors like pH, the dosage of adsorbent, variation of fluoride concentration and contact time, 92% of fluoride removal is observed at room temperature under optimum experimental conditions with an adsorbent particle size of <75 µm. The impact of existing negative ions on percentage removal of fluoride is studied, and it is noticed in the direction of PO₄^3-> HCO₃^-> SO₄^2-> NO₃^-> Cl^-. The adsorbent is characterized by using FTIR, SEM, EDX, and XRD techniques. Experimental data reveal that the Langmuir isotherm model(maximum adsorption capacity obtained is 0.625 mg g^-1) provided the best correlation (R²= 0.988) and is well fit followed by pseudo-second-order kinetic model represents mono-layered, and chemisorptions are the rate-determining step for fluoride adsorption. Thermodynamic studies reveals better adsorption is attained at lower temperatures. The standard free energy (ΔH⁰) is observed as negative and the negative value of standard free energy (ΔH⁰) represents that the adsorption process is exothermic. Moreover, desorption study reveals that fluoride leaching takes place at a pH 13.0. In addition, succinct cost estimation was done for the AMETLC which offered one of the best alternatives for the removal of fluoride. The application of AMETLC is helpful to decrease the fluoride concentration in groundwater samples to meet the permissible limit according to BIS-2012 standards.

Keywords: Thuja Occidentalis leaves, AMETLC, Defluoridation, Adsorption, SEM, FTIR

Doorma Journals Publishing Manager