Volume 11, Issue 1, (2023)
Screening for Antimicrobial Synergism between Phytochemicals and Antibiotics against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using a Microplate Method
Akinrotoye, K.P., Lanlokun, O.A. And Akinduti, P.A.
Volume 11 | Issue 1 | Pages: 1-6 | PDF
Abstract: Agar diffusion techniques have been widely used over time to assay plant extracts for antimicrobial activity, but some problems have been identified with this technique over time. A microdilution technique was developed using 96-well microplates to indicate bacterial growth to determine their assay. The intent behind this study is to appraise the antimicrobial synergism of plant extracts and antibiotics; Antimicrobial synergism between aqueous extracts of Hunteria umbellata, Moringa oleifera, Azadirachta indica, and existing antibiotics (Azithromycin, Clindamycin, and Vancomycin) was examined on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 33591) using a Microplate method. The Microdilution technique, using a Microplate photometer was used to determine the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of both the plant extracts and antibiotics. The MICs of all antibiotics ranged between 0.39 and 100 μg/mL while those of plant extracts varied between 1.56 and 100 mg/ml. Combination studies were cross-examined using the microbroth dilution by characterizing all the expected effects as synergistic, additive, and antagonistic between various plant extracts, and the antibiotics. Synergy was observed more frequently with Azithromycin at a significant level of P>0.05. The microplate method showed synergistic effects between the combination of antibiotics and plant extracts with a significant reduction in the MICs of the test antibiotics against strains of MRSA (ATCC 33591) justifying their use during antibiotic treatment. The synergistic interactions indicated that the inhibitory potentials of the plant extracts increased; combining natural products derived from Phytochemicals and antibiotics could be another way to mitigate and fight against antibiotics resistant infectious bacteria
Keywords: Microplate Method, MRSA, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Synergism, Antibiotics, Phytochemicals
Purification Performance of Wastewater on the Sand - A Case Study Tamanrasset Region
Said Slimani, Mohamed El-Amine Dahou, Abdelmadjid Habchi, Mohammed Madi
Volume 11 | Issue 1 | Pages: 16-20 | PDF
Abstract: This work aims to test the performance of sand slow filtration to treat urban wastewater from the city of Tamanrasset, Algeria. The objective is to carry out a comparative study between two types of sand (Tamanrasset and In Salah) to show the influence of the type of aggregate on the biological filtration performance of wastewater. The analyses carried out in the laboratory showed that the filtrate pH values are between 7 and 8 (neutral medium), the values of electrical conductivity (3.6-4.2 mS/cm) are higher than that of salt water, and the purification yields of suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biochemical oxygen demand exceed 60%, 55%, and 70%, respectively. Our results show that slow sand filtration has a positive impact on the removal of suspended contaminants and biological parameters, and its purification performance is mainly dependent on the types of aggregates and raw water properties.
Keywords: Tamanrasset, Wastewater, Sand Filter, Performance Purification
Investigation of Noise Pollution in Ifo Market, Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria
Olaniyan, Olatunji Sunday, Adegbola, Adedayo Ayodele, Abass, Olalekan Abdulazeez O and Kayode, Oluwaseun Gbolahan
Volume 11 | Issue 1 | Pages: 21-26 | PDF
Abstract: Due to economic expansion, industrialization, and unplanned urbanization, noise pollution is one of the most serious issues confronting the modern world. High levels of noise pollution have physiological (auditory) and psychological consequences. The project's goal is to determine the spatial and temporal variation of the noise levels in Ifo Market, Ogun State, Nigeria. A reconnaissance study was conducted across the Ifo market to map out sampling points of the areas. Residential views and perceptions of the presence of the market in the location were determined using 100 questionnaires and social surveys across the market. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software was used to analyze the data at a 95% confidence interval. The environmental equivalent noise levels (Leq) were measured at five (5) randomly selected spots within the market in the morning and afternoon between September and October 2022 using an SW-524 LCD digital sound level meter. The meter was held at about 1.5 meters above ground levels and 3m from the noise source around each spot for 25 minutes before readings were taken to ensure good area coverage, stability, and uniformity in measurement. The average noise pollution level (Lnp) was calculated using a standard equation. The Standard deviation of the affected area by noise pollution ranged from 0.2010 to 0.4521, respectively. The equivalent noise level in the market at the 5 selected points for working days ranged between 70 - 97 dBA, respectively. The noise level generated is slightly above the permissible level which is dangerous to human health. The obtained data can serve as a piece of baseline information for noise pollution modeling and control.
Keywords: Noise level, Noise pollution, Physiological, Spatial, Temporal
Role of Health Education in the Awareness of Mosquito Breeding Sites in Public Secondary Schools in Imo State, Southeast, Nigeria
Chukwuemeka, O.E., Ugochukwu, C.E., Elekwachi, E.U.
Volume 11 | Issue 1 | Pages: 27-31 | PDF
Abstract: A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of malaria infection among secondary school students in Imo State was carried out between May and August 2022 in secondary schools in Imo State. This study adopted a survey research design that used the inferential method. A total of 399 students were involved in the study. The sample was drawn using purposive and cluster random sampling techniques. Data were collected using pre-tested questionnaires. The reliability of the instrument was assured using the Cronbach alpha statistic. The result obtained yielded a reliability index of 0.82, indicating the high internal consistency reliability of the research instrument. Mean and standard deviation statistics were used to answer the research questions. Hypotheses were tested with One Sample t-test statistic at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study were that the extent of malaria prevalence among public secondary school students in Imo State is moderate and not significantly rated above average; the extent to which Exposure to health education help students to be aware of mosquito breeding indicators among public secondary school students in Imo State is moderate and significantly rated above average; the extent to which Exposure to health education help students to be aware of their contribution to mosquito breeding in public secondary school in Imo State is moderate and not significantly rated above average. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that government should provide refuse receptacles in large quantities and place them at an interval of not more than 200 m apart in both residential and commercial areas. The findings of this study also emphasize the need for health education in schools, churches, and communities to control malaria in the area.
Keywords: Malaria, Awareness, Health Education, Knowledge, Public schools, Imo State
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