Volume 10, Issue 1, (2022)
Exploring the Photocatalytic Activity of Mn & Al Incorporated MCM-41 towards the Removal of Rhodamine B and Congo Red Dyes under Visible Light and their Kinetic Study
Jayarangarao Prathipati, Paul Douglas Sanasi
Volume 10 | Issue 1 | Pages: 1-9 | PDF
Abstract: Manganese and Aluminum incorporated mesoporous silica materials (Mn & Al-MCM-41) were synthesized using the co-precipitation method. They have been characterized using XRD, SEM-EDX, FTIR, surface area (SBET, m2.g-1), and UV-Vis DRS spectral studies. The spectral analysis explored that the mesoporosity was retained even after the acid functionalization of materials. There was a significant fall in the surface area (SBET, m2.g-1), pore size (Å), and pore volume (cc. g-1) on merging Mn and Al atoms into the skeleton of MCM-41. Their light absorption was found to be profound in the visible light as observed from the UV-Vis DRS analysis, and pertaining to these results, their suitability as photocatalysts were examined towards the oxidative removal of a xanthene (Rhodamine B) and an azo dye (Congo red). Scavengers experiment revealed that both OH· (hydroxyl radicals) and O2·- (superoxide radical ions) were the active oxidative species in the removal of the dyes. In the kinetic profile analysis, the rate of removal of the dyes was found to meet the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) kinetic model.
Keywords: Mesoporous silica, Photocatalysis, Scavengers, Rhodamine B, Congo Red
Durability Properties of Concrete Containing Waste Cathode Ray Tube Glass as Fine Aggregates – A Review
Nurul Noraziemah Mohd Pauzi, Mohamad Shazwan Ahmad Shah
Volume 10 | Issue 1 | Pages: 10-17 | PDF
Abstract: The increasing amount of waste cathode ray tubes (CRTs) due to the development of the electronic industry is a global problem. The non-biodegradable nature and hazardous substances in waste CRT glass increase the severity of the problem. Researchers suggest that the use of waste CRT glass as a construction material could be a viable solution to prevent leaching of lead to the environment and at the same time preventing natural resources from extinction. Therefore, this work presents a review of literature reporting on the effects of using waste CRT glass as an alternative replacement of natural aggregates on lead leaching, water absorption rate, and alkali-silica reaction (ASR). Preparing concrete and mortar that used CRT glass as fine aggregates offer added advantages in term of the water absorption rate. However, the percentage replacement, particle size, lead (Pb) content, types of admixtures, and techniques of treatment should be considered in ensuring an acceptable ASR expansion rate and lead leaching concentration of CRT glass concrete. The findings of this paper can be used as a guide to enhance the efficiency of recycling the waste CRT glass as a construction material with immense environmental and economic benefits.
Keywords: Cathode Ray Tube, Waste Glass, Concrete, Lead, Durability
Environmental Assessment and Compliance of Wastewater from Arzew Oil Refinery for Future Development and Reuse
Katia Ghezali, Nourredine Ben Tahar, Ghazi Otmanine, Naima Guettaf
Volume 10 | Issue 1 | Pages: 18-23 | PDF
Abstract: To acquire baseline knowledge on the nature of effluent released into the environment from petroleum refineries in Algeria, and to find more interesting treatment options for industrial wastewaters, the characteristics of Arzew refinery effluent were investigated. Industrial wastewater samples were gathered from the influent, API separator, and discharged into the sea effluent, and then analyzed for different parameters using standard methods. The analysis showed high concentrations of total Suspended Solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and Oil and grease (O&G) contained in the influent wastewater, and reduced to acceptable limits in the discharged effluent based on the Algerian standards for industrial liquid effluents (including refineries). Heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and total chromium (Cr) were also detected. The findings were compared with the liquid discharge standards of two other Algerian refineries regarding the regulation of liquid effluents from refineries. As a result of these investigations on the evaluation of wastewater treatment processes in the petroleum refinery sector in Algeria, suggestions are recommended for future research toward the development of advanced treatment technologies and the exploitation of recycling in petrochemical and refinery wastewater treatment plants.
Keywords: Assessment, Environment, Heavy metals, Industrial Wastewater, Petroleum Refinery
Nonlinear Analysis of the Kinetics and Equilibrium for Adsorptive Removal of Methyl Parathion by Powdered Activated Carbon
Abdoulaye Demba N’diaye, Youssef Aoulad El Hadj Ali
Volume 10 | Issue 1 | Pages: 24-28 | PDF
Abstract: The massive use of Methyl Parathion (MP) in the agriculture sector, has caused a setback to the environment and also has resulted in serious public health. In the present study, the nonlinear analysis method was used to evaluate the kinetics and equilibrium for MP adsorption on commercially available Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) from an aqueous solution. The adsorption kinetic data were analyzed using the Pseudo First Order (PFO) and Pseudo Second Order (PSO) models. The experimental data were fitted using, two-parameter isotherms model (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin) and three parameters isotherms model (Sips, Redlich – Peterson, Toth). For the kinetic study, the adsorption process fitted the PSO model. Among two-parameter models, the Freundlich is better described for MP adsorption on PAC. From three-parameter isotherms, the Toth model was found to be the best representative for MP adsorption on the PAC. The results of the present study showed the efficiency of using PAC as an adsorbent for the removal of MP from an aqueous solution.
Keywords: Methyl parathion, Powdered activated carbon, Kinetics, Isotherms, Adsorption
Impact of Temperature Change on Reference Evapotranspiration in Dhaka City
Md. Khairul Hasan, Farhana Parvin, Nishat Tasnim
Volume 10 | Issue 1 | Pages: 29-34 | PDF
Abstract: In Dhaka city, the ambient temperature is changing as a consequence of changing climate and urbanization. The alteration in temperature is one of the most significant influencing factors that affect Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo). The study is comprehensively designed to examine the pattern of change in ETo over the period from 1953 to 2018. To fulfill the purpose of the study, temperature data of Dhaka throughout this period have been used. The trend of ETo has been analyzed for four different seasons: Pre-monsoon (March-May), Monsoon (June September), Post-monsoon (October- November), and winter (December- February). To evaluate the statistical significance of these patterns, a Mann-Kendall rank statistical significance test has been used. The result shows different trends for different seasons. There has been downward trending during the pre-monsoon and winter seasons, where the upward trending has been found during Monsoon and Post monsoon periods. All these trends are statistically significant at the 95% significance level.
Keywords: Climatic variability, Temperature change, Mann Kendall Trend Test, Seasonal variation, Reference Evapotranspiration
The Life Cycle Assessment on Environmental Impacts of Greenhouse Crops: A Theoretical Review
Fatima Ghasemi, Vera Ferrón Vílchez, Iman Asadi
Volume 10 | Issue 1 | Pages: 35-46 | PDF
Abstract
Greenhouse crop production is fundamental to manage the worldwide demand for food. However, the required energy for controlling the temperature and humidity of the greenhouse may cause an environmental impact. The life cycle assessment is one of the most widely used management tools to help in assessing the environmental impact of a product over its whole life through four main steps: “goal and scope definition”, “life cycle inventory analysis”, “life cycle impact assessment”, and “interpretation”. This study offers a review of the prior literature to analyze different environmental impacts that can be monitored by the LCA technique in greenhouse crops according to three characteristics: the LCA phase, the type of cultivated product, and the locations and their climates. The results of prior literature about the adoption of LCA on greenhouses indicate that average global warming potential is lower in the case of cucumber and lettuce cultivation in comparison with other products, that SimaPro is the most used software to measure the environmental impacts of greenhouses through LCA, and that warmer climates lead reductions on environmental impacts of greenhouses.
Keywords: Greenhouse crop, LCA, Environmental impact, Climate, LCI, LCIA
The Occurrence and Distribution of Organic Compounds with Atmospheric PMs in Nine Cities of Gujarat, India
Riya H. Shah, Nirmal Kumar J. I, Rita N Kumar, Dipa Lalwani, Nirali Goswami
Volume 10 | Issue 1 | Pages: 55-66 | PDF
Abstract: Since the last decade, organic contaminants linked to the atmospheric particulate matter have been a major source of worry across the country. The ambient air samples were taken from nine cities using a cascade impactor at four separate stages. SEM and an energy dispersive X-ray system (EDAX) were used in Gujarat, India, to examine the morphology and elemental composition of fine and ultrafine particle sizes using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an energy dispersive X-ray system (EDAX). Si, C, O, Cl, F, Na, Zn, Al, K, Ca, Mg, and Ti were found to be quite abundant in the EDAX spectra, with traces of Sc, Ni, and Cu. Transition metal elements such as Ti, Zn, Ni, Cu, S, and Fe were discovered, indicating the influence of industry in the abundance of fine and ultrafine particles. In addition, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to examine the organic chemical contaminants that had stuck to particle matter. At nine different locations, a total of 308 organic chemicals were discovered, including 242 aliphatic and 66 aromatic chemical compounds. Vapi city was dominated by ultrafine particles. Commercial and urban places such as Ahmedabad, Anand, and Surat had more polycyclic aromatic chemicals than industrial sites.
Keywords: Cascade Air sampler, Heavy metals, Organic Chemicals, Atmospheric Particulate Matter, Major cities
Physicochemical, Spectroscopic and Bacteriological Analyses of Surface and Ground Water in Epenti-Ekori, Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State- Nigeria
Bassey S. Okori, Akanimo N. Ekanem
Volume 10 | Issue 1 | Pages: 67-75 | PDF
Abstract: A total of seven water samples, four ground and three surfaces were collected from Epenti-Ekori in Yakurr local government area for analysis. Metals (Fe, K, Mn, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Co) and nutrients (sulfate, chloride, nitrate, fluoride, and phosphate) were determined using the UV-VIS spectrophotometric method of analysis while bacteriological parameters were determined using the membrane filtration technique. The mean of the results of the physicochemical parameters of the waters was the temperature (28.33 oC), pH (6.05), TDS (248.98 mg/L), total hardness (119.70 mg/L), electrical conductivity (474.97 mg/L), and turbidity (5.57 NTU). The mean of the nutrient parameters were chloride (22.91 mg/L), fluoride (0.03 mg/L), nitrate (5.50 mg/L), sulphate (2.00 mg/L) and phosphate (0.54 mg/L). The mean of the metals were manganese (0.18 mg/L), iron (0.52 mg/L), zinc (0.12 mg/L), copper (0.09 mg/L), lead (0.03 mg/L), chromium (0.04 mg/L), potassium (2.31 mg/L), nickel (0.09 mg/L) and cobalt (0.07 mg/L). The overall mean concentrations of Fe (0.52 mg/L), Pb (0.03 mg/L), and K (2.31 mg/L) were particularly high as compared to World Health Organization and Nigeria Standard for Drinking Water Quality. In addition, the TCC values were too high indicating a poorly sanitized environment. Pearson’s correlations matrix showed positive correlations between most of the parameters. One-way ANOVA revealed that the water samples were significant of similar quality.
Keywords: Water, Heavy metals, Nutrients, Physicochemical, Bacteriological
The Impact of Moringa Leaves, Katuk Leaves and Oxytocin Massage on Quantity and Quality of Mother's Milk as Patients Health Center in Bali
Ni Putu Mastiningsih
Volume 10 | Issue 1 | Pages: 76-80 | PDF
Abstract: The problem of breastfeeding is part of the problem of discomfort in postpartum mothers for 2 hours after giving birth. This problem often causes trauma to postpartum mothers during breastfeeding, psychological disturbances, and increases morbidity in the mother and baby due to inadequate breast milk. The practice of Oxytocin massage, Moringa leaves and Katuk leaves at the same time can improve the quantity and quality of breast milk in maternal patients with 36-40 weeks' gestation. This type of research is quantitative research. Respondents numbered 30 were selected by determining purposive sampling in each group consisting of 10 mothers. Data were analyzed using a Paired t-test and Independent sample t-test with an α level of 0.05. The results showed that there was an increase in the quantity of breastfeeding. On the 3rd day, the quantity of breast milk with volume of 45 cc. In the week I with a volume of 10.50 cc, week II 86.50 cc, week III 168.50 cc and week IV as much as 275 cc. It shows that there are differences in quality on days 3 to week IV. The results of data analysis also showed that the 3rd day the quality of breast milk is rather yellow and rather thick, then the first week to the third week rather yellow and thin. At week IV, the quality of breast milk is white and runny. There is an increase in the quality and quantity of breast milk in all three groups.
Keywords: Breast Milk; Postpartum; Patients Health Center
Prospects of the Involvement of Stakeholders in Solid Waste Processing in Developing Nations
Gana B. A, Babanyara Y.Y, Aliyu Abdulkadir
Volume 10 | Issue 1 | Pages: 81-91 | PDF
Abstract: This paper has covered relevant grounds in the literature for understanding the phenomenon of solid waste, its generation, challenges, processing approaches and strategies, the underlying philosophies in the approaches and strategies, as well as case studies of the efforts made in different parts of the world, with interest in driving factors for stakeholder involvement in solid waste processing. In particular, the review found that information on the failure of existing SWM systems in underdeveloping nations of Africa, Asia, and Latin America are widely reported, but the explanation on the capacity and networking/collaborations for the involvement of stakeholders is found to be limited in scope and utility. This review has highlighted information that equips the researcher to investigate the scope of involvement of the stakeholders in solid waste processing, with particular attention to their resource capacity and networking/collaboration efforts to contribute towards bridging the knowledge gap in this respect.
Keywords: Solid waste, Stakeholders, Waste processing, Management, Sustainable
Assessment of Lake Water Quality in Gudiyattam Region using Multivariate Statistical Techniques
Krishnan Shankar Hemath Naveen and Brijesh Nair
Volume 10 | Issue 1 | Pages: 92-102 | PDF
Abstract: Nowadays, the quality of water is adversely affected by both natural as well as anthropogenic activities taking place in the surrounding area of the water resources. The present study deals with the assessment of lake water quality in the Gudiyattam region, Vellore district, Tamilnadu, India. Which, the eight significant lakes in this region were selected and monitored for their quality from May-2018 to Apil-2019. The water samples were analyzed for various significant parameters and the mean value was considered for the water quality assessment purpose during the Pre-Monsoon, Monsoon, and Post-Monsoon season. Finally, the results were interpreted as variables using Multivariate statistical techniques – Principal Component Analysis (PCA) /Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis (CA). The results indicated the existence of a lot of industrial as well as agricultural activity near Site 2 (Nellorepet) and Site 3 (Eripattrai). Especially, Site 2 revealed the highest mean value for Chromium, Lead, Copper, and Zinc compared to other sites in all three seasons owing to the agricultural runoff, dumping of leather finishing waste, and discharge of effluent from Leather processing industries, in that region. Through PCA, the complex data obtained from pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons were converted into 8,8, and 5 components. Based on the PCA score, CA has been performed to group the parameters based on the similarity of a cluster. Accordingly, the data were grouped into five, six, and four clusters respectively, for pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon. Overall, the results acquired from the study recognized the possible pollution source of the lakes.
Keywords: Lake water Quality, PCA, CA, Gudiyattam, Heavy metals
Biochemical Mechanisms of True Mangrove Plants under Salinity Stress - A Review
A. Arunprasath and V. Sankara Vel
Volume 10 | Issue 1 | Pages: 103-109 | PDF
Abstract: In the current evaluation, mangrove plants grow in salinity; have an exceptional system of adaptation, via the tropical and subtropical estuaries. The current estimate of the world's mangrove forests is not exactly half the contrast with its origin; due to the various anthropogenic activities and climatic changes, this is expected. The accomplishment of the mangroves to grow up and thrive under brutal conditions is through their outstanding morphological, anatomical, physiological, and biochemical highlights. According to antioxidative enzymes and improvements in chloroplast structure and function, the effects of salinity on mangroves have been focused. Biochemical studies have shown that plants under salinity accumulate different metabolites called compatible solutes because they do not interfere with the metabolism of the plant and the accumulation of these solutes help as osmoprotectant in plants. It was found in different plant species that salinity stress caused the collection of soluble sugars, proline, and proteins in leaf growth to be generally restricted under salinity. Salinity causes several venomous effects, such as photosynthetic rate obstruction, chlorophyll material, and damage to the penetrability of the plasma layer, and other metabolic influences. The determination of different biochemical boundaries shows the salinity tension, which is ubiquitously seen in India in the seedling of various true mangroves, notwithstanding photosynthetic pigment stabilization. Due to the high salinity content and minerals within these plants, mangrove plants are more and more susceptible to oxidative stress and damage. This study was completed to investigate the impact of salinity on different biochemical parameters, particularly NaCl.
Keywords: Mangroves, Biochemical constituents, Salinity, Protein, Osmolytes
Multi-Criteria Analysis to Choose the Suitable Technique of the Treatment of Rural Wastewater
Amal Kabbour, Latifa Mouhir, Mustapha El Hafidi, Laila Saafadi
Volume 10 | Issue 1 | Pages: 110-115 | PDF
Abstract: In order to find a solution to the problem of liquid sanitation in small communities, especially in the rural area, which suffers from groundwater contamination, source of drinking water, due to the infiltration of raw sewage from uncontrolled latrines. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop treatment scenarios in the Bouregreg pilot site, which are likely to mitigate the degradation of environmental quality and could serve as a model for the rural environment. Taking this into account, the objectives of the used approach in this work were: i) to develop a treatment processes database by carrying out a benchmarking of the main domestic wastewaters technical. ii) to define a multicriteria matrix of different treatments such as design, dimensioning, and the financial feasibility of each treatment through statistical analysis to select the appropriate variant for small communities. Indeed, vertical flow constructed wetland was selected as a suitable and sustainable solution for rural environment. Moreover, a pilot experimental setup was constructed to evaluate the potential of vetiveria zizanioides that was chosen for treating wastewater generated in campus wastewater outlet of ONEE-RABAT. Various water quality parameters such as Biological oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), and Solids matters (SM) were performed on the treated water and the overall results demonstrated that the applied system was able to remove 80 to 99 % of BOD, 71 to 90 % of COD, 93 to 99 % of SM and the parameters values of treated water are within the permissible limits for domestic (current legislation of morocco).
Keywords: Biological oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Liquid sanitation, Multi-criteria, Solids matters (SM), Rural area, Vertical flow constructed wetland, Wastewater
Adsorption of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution using Hen Feathers -Application of Different Mathematical Models to Continuous Biosorption
K.S.G.V. Manikrishna, Veluru Sridevi, Sri Himaja Pamu, M.Tukaram Bai, K.S.NV. Prasad
Volume 10 | Issue 1 | Pages: 116-123 | PDF
Abstract: Proper remediation of aquatic environments contaminated by toxic organic dyes has become a major research focus for environmental and chemical engineers in recent years. The focus of this study was to evaluate the adsorption of malachite green from an aqueous solution in a continuous fixed-bed column system. Waste materials like hen feathers, a biosorbent was proven to remove the water-soluble malachite green dye from wastewater. This study evaluates the adsorption potential of malachite green dye ions in a continuous flow adsorption column. The performance of the hen feathers was evaluated in the fixed bed column at various operating conditions such as bed height (6-10cm), flow rate (4-12ml/min), and initial concentration (10-30 mg/l). The bed height (8cm), flowrate(12 ml/min), and highest inlet concentration (20mg/l) resulted in the highest malachite green uptake of 2.829mg/g compared to other experimental conditions. The column experimental data obtained at different conditions were analyzed using three different models viz., Bohart-Adams model, Yoon-Nelsons model, BDST model, which provided a good breakthrough curve prediction. However, the results obtained from the Yoon-nelson model and BDST model were more satisfactory. The various characteristics of the hen feathers were studied using FTIR studies. The activated hen feather powder was a successful potential bio sorbent for the malachite green from the aqueous phase.
Keywords: pH, Adsorption, Hen feathers, Dye, Breakthrough curve, Fixed bed column
Feasibility Study of Biogas Production and Applications using Rural Biomass in Northern Queensland, Australia
Ammar Arif Ansari, Ahmed Khalid, Cavin Hansel Correia, Manush Dheen, Ribal Talal, Yousef Elshamy, Florian Doucet
Volume 10 | Issue 1 | Pages: 124-133 | PDF
Abstract: Cape York, in Northern Queensland, Australia, is a remote area with a limited supply of energy, making it very hard for the locals to have an easier life. Locals use diesel as a fuel for transportation which is economically harmful to the environment due to the carbon emissions. The research team found a solution for these problems and decided to design a biogas plant, which will be environmentally friendly, cost-effective and will produce job opportunities for the locals. The plant aims to produce biogas from the raw manure of the cattle from the farms in Cairns, a nearby neighborhood. The long-term plan of the plant is to be sustainable and profitable. The business plan predicts the break-even point of the business as 4 months and payback period as less than a year.
Keywords: Biofuel, Biogas, Green Energy, Sustainability, Cape York, Energy Plant Feasibility Study, Economics
The Role of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Pollution Reduction - Evaluated by Grey Water Footprint Indicator
Stejskalová Lada, Ansorge Libor, Kučera Jiří
Volume 10 | Issue 1 | Pages: 124-129 | PDF
Abstract: One of the tools for water use evaluation is the Water Footprint introduced in 2002 by professor Hoekstra. This work assesses the pollution discharged from 251 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) throughout the Odra river basin in the Czech Republic. The development of pollution production over a period of 15 years (2004–2018) together with a number of WWTPs in the Odra river basin were analyzed. The Grey Water Footprint of discharged pollution was determined both in terms of individual size categories of WWTPs and in terms of the pollution parameter that most affects the level of pollution. Total phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen were identified as the decisive pollutants that determine the value of the Greywater footprint the most.
Keywords: Greywater footprint; Odra river basin; Pollution; Wastewater treatment plant; Water Footprint assessment
Three Level Design to Estimate Dyes Adsorption Parameters using Oenological By-Product as Adsorbent
Ouazani Fouzia, Chergui Yamina, Benhammadi Samia, Saidi Aya Fatima Zohra
Volume 10 | Issue 1 | Pages: 134-142 | PDF
Abstract: In this study, Grape Marc (an oenological by-product) obtained from local winemaking was used as an adsorbent. Two ways are used to determine Methyl Blue (MB) and BEMACID Red (BR) dyes adsorption parameters' effects on adsorbent efficiency. In a kinetic way, the batch mode tests the effects of different parameters: solution pH, contact time, initial dyes concentration, and sorbent weight. The statistical way used response surface methodology with three-level designs. In the batch mode, the high dyes removal of 95% and 91.8% were observed at pH = 6 and pH =2 for BM and BR dyes respectively for initial dyes concentration of 50 mg/L. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model could better define the experimental data with a high determination coefficient R2 = 0.99. Also from the kinetic study, the two empirical correlations reflect the weak effect of sorbent weight on the external mass coefficient for the BR dye kf BR dye = 2.2.10-6 M 0.618. While the statistical results show positive effects of pH on adsorption capacities values for the BR dye removal and negative effect toward the second dye (MB). The two mathematics formulas generated by the BBD model are tested in a confidence level greater than 95% (p-value < 0.05) and the dependence percentage between the factors and the response is 99% and 98% for MB and BR dye respectively. In summary, the GM has a high affinity towards MB dye compared to BR dye and the statistical way gives more adsorption information compared to the classical way.
Keywords: Adsorption, Optimization, Three-level design, Grape Marc waste, Textile dye, Statistical study
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